مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال ششم شماره 5 (پیاپی 26، آذر و دی 1398)

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in the general population, which disappointment is the main cause of it, and can lead to addiction. Therefore, by identifying all affecting factors and, all conditions needed to prevent addiction can be provided.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of depression and disappointment and their relationship with Substance addiction tendency among high school students in Divandareh city in 2018.

This is a cross-sectional study. All high school students in Divandareh city included in this study. The sample size was 370 people according to the Morgan table. The sampling method was stratified and the tools were the Beck standard Depression and disappointment Questionnaires and the substance abuse questionnaire. Exclusion criteria included disinclination to participate in the study or incorrect completion of the questionnaires. Data were analyzed by T-test, Spearman correlation and Chi-square tests.

370 students were included in this study. The prevalence of disappointment in the study was 66%, On the other hand 265 of students had low depression, 79 had moderate depression and 26 students had high levels of depression. There was a significant relationship among disappointment and GPA (P=0.012), economic status (P=0.006) and smoking history in students (P<0.001). Also depression had a significant relationship with age (P=0.009) and gender (P=0.032) as well.

Depression and disappointment play an important role in quality of life and predict addiction tending in adolescents. And that students studied need more mental health services overall.

The new approach to school is that the combination of individual and social roles affect the growth and progress of students at school. Thus, along with individual factors such as personality traits, academic identity, and academic engagement, attention has been paid to factors such as the school climate and the interpersonal conflict resolution skill that is more closely related to the social dimension of the school.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between school climate and conflict resolution strategies with academic identity which is mediated by personality traits (conscientiousness).

The research method was correlation and path analysis. The statistical population of this study included all second grade female students of Dezful city in the academic year of 96-97 and a sample of 300 students were selected by stratified random sampling method. The data were collected through a school climate questionnaire, conflict management questionnaire, personality trait questionnaire (NEO), educational engagement questionnaire and educational identity questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive and path analysis statistic methods.

The results showed that all the impacts of the hypothesized model, except the conflict resolution strategies, were significant on identity and academic engagement (P<0.05).

The school has a direct impact on academic commitment and academic identity, and conflict resolution strategies help to improve academic engagement through a personality trait.

The 2D: 4D ratio is a predictable marker for prenatal testosterone, associated with a wide range of different sexual behaviors.

The purpose of the present study is to focus on 2D: 4D and its possible role as a biological marker that affects spatial abilities in male and female athletes.

The present study was descriptive-correlational. Samples were selected in form random available. The sample consisted of 40 female athletes and 40 male athletes. To evaluate spatial abilities, the mental rotation test (MRT) and targeting ability were used. Also in this test were used of eye tracking device for the purpose of reviewing eye movements during task performance targets. To test the pre-natal testosterone, the ratio of the second to fourth finger was measured by measuring the length of the fingers by tape measure. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient.

The findings showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between the second to fourth finger ratio and spatial abilities (p<0.01). Also, there was a significant relationship between 2D:4D and visual attention indices in this study (p <0.01).

The findings could explain how men and women Hyperandrogenic benefit from the effects of enhancing the function of androgens in sports that spatial abilities associated with better performance.

People with stutter, like other people, are prone to suffering from fears, stress, anxiety and anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive flexibility, cognitive avoidance and mood in male students with and without stuttering in high school language in Tehran.

The method of this research is comparative causative research. The statistical population of this study was all male high school students in Tehran during the academic year of 2017-18. Out of the education districts, District 18 was randomly selected from among all schools in the educational area, a sample of 30 male students with stuttering disorder was selected through stratified sampling and 30 students without stuttering by cluster sampling as sample size. In order to collect the research data, Dennis and Vander Wall Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Sexton and Dugas Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, Toronto mood nougat and Riley Stutter severity were used.

The results of the analysis of the research data showed that the mean scores of stuttering students in comparison with normal students in cognitive flexibility were lower, but in cognitive avoidance and alexithymia were upper (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed that people with stuttering disorder are weaker in cognitive flexibility variables than in their normal students, and in cognitive avoidance and alexithymia compared to normal students.

Personality and related structures have been considered as one of the fields of study in psychology and psychiatry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate structural relationships of Meaning in life, Personal Growth Initiative, Life orientation and wisdom with authentic personality in college students.

In a hypothetical structural model of relationships between research variables, 166 students (85 boys and 81 girls) of University of Isfahan were selected by available sampling. They were evaluated with Meaning in Life, Life Orientation (Scheier and Carver, 1985), Personal Growth Initiative (Robitschek, 1998), Three-Dimensional Wisdom (Ardelt, 2003) and Authenticity personality Scales (Wood et al, 2008).

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between life orientation, meaning in life, Personal Growth Initiative and wisdom with authentic personality in students. The results of structural equation modeling also showed that optimism, Personal Growth Initiative and wisdom have a significant relationship with authentic personality of students. The evaluation of hypothetical model with fit indexes demonstrated that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model. The results showed a significant correlation between the orientation of life, Personal Growth Initiative, the authentic personality and meaning in life.

The findings of the present study, in addition to practical implications, has provide a useful framework for identifying the components that affect the formation and development of authentic personality in students.

One of the most important components of the life of students is the need for progress.

This study aimed to study the role of self-regulation and alienation in predicting students' motivation was.

This study was correlational The study population included all high school boys and girls schools Pars Abad city administration were studying in the academic year comprised 2017. One hundred and Twenty students were selected from this population through multistage random cluster sampling and they were asked to respond to Questionnaires of self-regulation, alienation academic and achievement motivation. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and multivariate regression tests.

Results showed that Achievement motivation total score of alienation, components of the sense of meaninglessness and disability, isolation negative relationship with self-regulation has a significant positive relationship. Regression analysis also showed that Regression analysis also showed that 48 percent of the variance in student achievement motivation by elements of alienation and self-determination.

The study shows that self-regulation and alienation educational ability to predict achievement motivation as significant. Accordingly, predicting the motivation for student progress through variables such as self-alienation and self-regulation, indicates the need to pay attention to deep and sustained personality structures in future interventions and researches.

Studies show that attitude toward seeking psychological help significantly contributes to the receiving professional psychological services. Thus, measuring the attitude toward these services has been imperative for researchers and policymakers.

Regarding the lack of a proper scale, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the attitudes toward receiving professional psychological services scale-short form (ATSPPH-S) among the Iranian older adults.

This cross-sectional (descriptive) study using a multistage cluster sampling technique was conducted on a sample of 200 community-dwelling people aged 60 years and above in Tehran city. Psychometric evaluation of ATSPPH-S was assessed through face validity and confirmatory factor analysis. The WHO well-being scale (WHO-5) was employed for predictive validity. Moreover, internal consistency reliability was examined by Cronbach's alpha.

Face validity of the scale was accepted by the expert panel after reviewing and revising. The scale had a significant and positive correlation with WHO-5(r=0.26). The CFA revealed that the ATSPPH-S structure was a valid model (CMIN = 2.229, GFI = 0.929, CFI = 0.943, RMSEA = 0.079). The ATSPPH-S Cronbach's alpha was 0.84.

The results showed ATSPPH-S is a valid and reliable scale for measuring attitude toward receiving mental health services among Iranian older adults. Therefore, the ATSPPH-S can be used in future research after more consideration.

Bipolar disorder is one of the most problematic disorders around the world. According to the long course and the tendency to relapse into this disease, effective psychological interventions are important.

The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of psycho-educational intervention on improving Ego impairment, human representation, and special indices in patients with bipolar disorder.

In this quasi-experimental tow-group study (experimentation and control group), with measurements in pre-test, post-test and follow-up, 30 bipolar patients were selected from patients with bipolar disorder that were hospitalized in the present or past in the Kowsar psychiatric hospital in Semnan. They were randomly assigned to experimental group (n=15) and control group (N=15). Improvement of Ego impairement, poor human representation, good human representation and special indices were tested in every five stages of the pre-test, post-test and 3 follow - up phases by Rorschach test. Then the data were analyzed using repeated measures designs.

The findings indicated that Barcelona psycho-educational intervention is effective in improving Ego impairment, object relationships and thought process in patients with bipolar disorder. In addition, in reducing the effectiveness of this intervention method, the time factor is not affected (p< 0.05).

The Barcelona psycho-educational intervention caused to improving Ego impairment, object relationships and thought process in patients with bipolar disorder.

Cognitive impairment is a common feature in the elderly and seems to affect other abilities and behaviors of this group.

The present study aimed at comparing the executive functions and false memory in two age groups of 60-70 years and 71-80 years in Tehran.

This is a causal-comparative descriptive study. The statistical population consisted of all the people above 60 years old attending the Retirement Organization of Tehran in 2018. Two groups of 100 participants were selected for the 60-70-year and 71-80-year groups through the convenience sampling method. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the false memory test were used for data collection. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and MANOVA.

The results showed that the elderly in the 71-80-year group had poorer performance in WCST than the 60-70-year group. In addition, the false recall and false recognition subscales of false memory were significantly lower in the 60-70-year group than the 71-80-year group.

According to the findings of the present study, executive functions and false memory decrease in the elderly with aging. Therefore, it is very important to provide cognitive empowerment services to enhance the executive functions of the elderly.

Neuroticism is defined as a general tendency to experience negative feelings. This factor is very important in psychology to predict of people’s behavior.

The peresent study aimed at Predicting neuroticism based on attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas in clients of counseling centers in the City of Qom.

This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all patients of counseling centers in Qom in 1395. A sample of 77 women and 50 men were randomly selected. Measurement tools included NEO Personality Inventory (NEO long form, NEO-PI-R), the Young Schema Questionnaire (long-form third edition of 232 questions) and Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used.

The results showed that the entire early maladaptive schemas and all three attachment styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) could significantly predict neuroticism of clients of counseling centers (P˂0.05), (P˂0.01). Although all early maladaptive schemas and all three attachment was negatively correlated with neuroticism, and also three schmas namely abandonment/instability, insufficient self-control/ self-discipline, and negativity/ pessimism and two attachment styles that are secure and ambivalent predicted neuroticism more accurately.

Results revealed that the simultaneous role of attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas is significant in the Prediction of neuroticism. They imply that in counseling sessions with patients who suffer from neuroticisim, the counsellor must take into consideration the early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles.

Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of curative drug therapy and cognitive rehabilitation on the active memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Ahvaz city.

The sample consisted of 45 from students with ADHD (two groups of 15 experimental and one control group of 15) who were selected by multi-stage random sampling. The research method was pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with the control group. For collecting data, questionnaires were used to test the prevalence of direct cultivars.

For analyzing the data, covariance analysis, Bonferron's post the pursuittest and SPSS software were used. The results of the study showed that cognitive rehabilitation has a different effect on the active memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in relation to drug therapy. In other words, the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on active memory was more effective than drug therapy, which has been continued in the follow-up phase of 1.5 months.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by cognitive rehab has more and better effects for the treatment of chidren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Health is not merely the absence of illness and it includes psychological and social well-being. Psychological and social well-being seems to be influenced by parental parenting styles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the canonical correlation between parental perceptions with psychological and social well-being of students.

The design of this study was descriptive-correlation and statistical community consisted of undergraduate students of Payame Noor University of Mashhad in fall semester of 2018. The sample size was 235 students was selected using multistage random sampling and completed Perceptions of Parents Styles (Robbins, 1994), psychological well-being (Ryff, 1989) and social well-being (Keyes, 1998) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Canonical Correlation and SPSS.25 software.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between parenting styles and psychological and social well-being. The common variance of parenting styles and psychological and social well-being was 34%.

Hence, it seems that warm and friendly behavior along with parents' affection toward children can have sustainable impacts on children's mental health.