پژوهشنامه پردازش و مدیریت اطلاعات
سال سی و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 99، پاییز 1398)

Language allows us to communicate, and almost all living things have this ability. However, regarding human beings, in addition to the role of communication, it has other roles. The purpose of this study was to express the role and importance of language with an emphasis on the mother tongue in the formation of search vocabulary in information retrieval based on the subjective meanings of individuals and the content of the search. This paper is a theoretical research. In compiling this article and as a first step, with using library and overview method the identification of relevant resources and some basic theories in the domain of language was essential. Therefore, keywords such as information retrieval, mother tongue, context and meaning, information and language, and similar items were searched on the Web and other related databases. Finally, after identifying and accessing quality and relevant resources, we tried to analyze the concept of language in information retrieval with an emphasis on mother tongue and its related concepts were analyzed. Based on what can be inferred from this paper, the concepts first develop in the mind (that is, mental conceptualization), and then the concepts formed in the mind become linguistic expressions (representations or lexical expressions). Therefore, when searching for data retrieval, the users initially construct concepts in their minds as a search term, then create the most appropriate words in the search field and insert them in a database to come up with the “most relevant” results. This is the case for someone whose mental concepts and established concepts (the objective ones) are similar to one another and can lead to better results if the formation is based upon the mother tongue. Because in this state, there exists a direct relationship between mind and expression, better mental contexts or spaces will be formed. Language as the interface between user’s information needs and information system relies on the mental patterns that humans receive through their learning, and these patterns are usually formed with learning of the first language (the mother tongue). Therefore, many of our experiences are based on the concepts that form in our minds and
are expressed in terms of language, and this can often happen when information retrieval occurs. Paying due and sufficient attention to this category can help improve the design of information retrieval systems.

A word is the smallest unit in the language that has 'form' and 'meaning'. The word might have more than one meaning in which its exact meaning is determined according to the context it is appeared. Collecting all words’ senses manually is a tedious and time consuming task. Moreover, it is possible that the words’ meanings change over time such that the meaning of an existing word will become unusable or a new meaning will be added to the word. Computational methods is one of the approaches used for identifying words’ senses with respect to the linguistic contexts.In this paper, we put an effort to propose an algorithm to identify senses of Persian words automatically without a human supervision. To reach this goal, we utilize the word embedding method in a vector space model. To build words’ vectors, we use an algorithm based on the neural network approach to gather the context information of the words in the vectors. In the proposed model of this research, the divisive clustering algorithm as one of hierarchical clustering algorithms fits with the requirements of our research question. In the proposed model, two modes, namely the Sentence-based and the Context-based, are introduced to identify words’ senses. In the Sentence-based mode, all of the words in a sentence that contain the target word are involved to build the sentence vector; while in the Context-based mode, only a limited number of surrounding words of the target word is involved to build the sentence vector. Two evaluation methods, namely internal and external, are required to evaluate the performance of the clustering algorithm. The silhouette score for each cluster is computed as the internal evaluation metric for both modes of the proposed model. The external evaluation requires a gold standard data for which a data set containing 20 ambiguous words and 100 sentences for each target word is developed.According to the obtained results of the internal evaluation, the Sentence-based mode has higher density of clusters than the Context-based mode, and the difference between them is statistically significant. According to the V- and F-measure evaluation metrics in the external evaluation, the Context-based mode has obtained higher performance against the baselines with statistically significant difference.

Ontology and social tagging, despite the differences they have with each other, are the new ways of organizing, representing and sharing knowledge in the electronic environment and can help promote each other. The aim of this research is to describe the relationships and applications of these two in conjunction with each other. The present study is written with a library and conceptual approach. Necessary information was gathered using the study of printed and electronic information resources available in libraries, the Internet, and Persian and English databases. Although the position of tags is in Web 2.0 and the ontology position is in Semantic Web 2.0, but we can use tags in the semantic web and ontologies in Web 2.0. The use of ontology in Web 2.0 causes creation of semantic structure and fixes its defects and weaknesses in organizing and retrieving that resulting from difficulties related to users, vocabulary as well as system weaknesses in the tagging in Web 2.0. The use of tags in ontology, also, causes updating, making them more functional and accepting them in the user community. The lack or deficiency of these is due to the lack of attention paid to end users by ontology and also the literature and resources used to create ontologies are not up to date

Users have key role in information systems and their success, so they must be content and their needs must be satisfied. This matter is more important for system designers in Research Institute for Information Science & Technology (IRANDOC). Because users are both providers and users of data in IRANDOC systems. One of the solutions for this problem is developing interactive systems, in which users are able to interact with systems and to find their specific needs. Sensemaking is a concept developed to model these solutions. In this paper, by using sensemaking and combining it with exploratory search systems, a conceptual model is developed to help Ganj’s users to make sense of its services. For this purpose, 15 scientific webpages are investigated and are compared with Ganj. A conceptual model is developed and the actionable steps for implementing the proposed model are reported in three categories of short-term actions, long-term actions, and needed more research actions.

Considering the importance of learning information literacy skills in students' academic achievement, evolution in teaching such concepts and skills is important; therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the components of gamified online tutorials for information literacy to provide a framework to increase internal motivation and students' level of learning in information literacy. The present research is a qualitative study using content analysis method to examine two categories of selected articles from four scientific databases which identify important components for developing gamified online tutorials for information literacy. After removing repetitive and unrelated articles, 18 articles related to the elements of online information literacy tutorial and 17 articles addressing motivational and game strategies based on the three components of self-determination theory (autonomy, competence and relatedness) were selected. To determine the content of information literacy tutorials, 81 online tutorials were reviewed from the PRIMO database. After reviewing the articles, 32 essential features for designing an online information literacy tutorial were classified into three groups: structural, content and educational elements. After studying papers in the field of gamification based on SDT, 11 elements of structural and content-based gamification and 27 motivational strategies were identified to meet three requirements of competence, autonomy and relatedness. The review of the content of online information literacy tutorials also showed that they should be designed in 5 modules. The Information Literacy Gamified Online Tutorial Based on Self-Determination Theory (IL-GOT-SDT) Framework can be used as the basis for further research into online information literacy tutorials. It is suggested that gamified online information literacy tutorials should be designed in consistent with the conceptual model of this research and its effectiveness should be evaluated for learning information literacy as well as the self-determination behavior of students.

The purpose of this study is identifying the influential factors in creating query suggestions. The query suggestion has become one of the most fundamental features of web search engines that help to user formulate the query and meet the information needs by providing possible keywords. In this research, in order to identify the effective factors in creating the query suggestions had used a systematic review. For this purpose, keywords of English and Persian language related to query suggestions have been searched in foreign scientific databases such as Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus, Online Willy, IEEE and internal databases of Magiran, Scientific Information Database of Jihad, and Cilivica to were found articles related with the effective contextual factors in creating query suggestions. In order to systematic review, method of Wright et al. (2007) was used that include seven steps: determination of  research question, determination of protocol, literature search, data extraction, quality appraisal, data analysis  and result. After search for Persian and English keywords and matching them with entry and exit criteria, 36 articles were selected to extract effective factors The findings of the systematic review in the field of the query suggestion show that five factors of location, time, user search sessions (including the user's current search session and user search history), hybrid factors, and other contexts were effective in creating query suggestions.Identification the influential factors in creating query suggestions helps researchers and those who interested in this domain to use appropriate contexts in accordance with the characteristics and conditions of the search tools and help the user to retrieve more relevant information.

The purpose of this research is to match the content retrieval with images in the articles of scientific databases. The research method is a correlation-based procedure and the statistical population of the present study is the scientific databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, Medline and Web of Science. Six papers were extracted from each base along with a separate issue. First, the title, abstract, problem statement and conclusion of the articles were inserted into the software Etreme Picture Finder, separately. Then, the images related to title, abstract, problem statement and conclusions the articles were extracted from the relevant software. The images extracted have been inserted into the Visual Similarity Duplicate Image Finder software. The results show that the highest level of content matching was found with the images in the WebAsiensis database and the least amount of match in the database of the SinjServer. There were also the most similarities between the titles, the problem statement, the abstract and the conclusions with the images of the articles in the bases.Failure to observe the standards of visualization in the images used in scientific articles was a serious challenge. Images that have been removed from image editors (text, color, edges, margins, etc.) have not been recovered, and if recovered, they have had a fairly similar resemblance. The lack of comprehensiveness of the superficial capabilities used was the next challenge. Another problem is the non-observance of or compliance with a standard style sheet in the layout of images in the articles. Some images have been brought to the articles regardless of the text. This item was found to be smaller in the Web site, but was seen in many other sites

Digital identifier systems are considered as one of the main areas of application in the identifiable Web approach in digital object theory. Based on the nature of these identifiers, which are based on the implementation of the resolution mechanism and also their differences from other identifiers, the syntax structure of these identifiers has particular importance. The syntax is a set of rules used to combine characters to form an identifier string. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the syntax structure of different digital identifier systems through an illustrative evaluation method and two sequential steps. In the first step, through a Delphi method, a framework was designed to evaluate the structure of systems’ syntax. The framework includes 11 performance indicators: Uniqueness, machine readability, stability, interoperability, simplicity, scalability, verifiability, granularity, character insensitivity, human readability, and syntax resolution. In the second step, 6 well-known global digital identifier systems were mapped in the framework and compared through an illustrative evaluation and TOPSIS methods. According to the findings, DOI (Digital object Identifier) and UCI (Universal Content Identifier) have a robust performance in their syntax structure and Handle, ARK (Archival Resource Key), URN (Uniform Resource Name) and PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator) systems have mediocre performance in this component. Furthermore, the solutions of the robust performance systems in verification, including using the resolution mechanism, the TCP / IP protocol, and the identifiers with check digits in the suffix, as well as the advantages of qualifiers, in particular, in the more precise identification of the Identified object are discussed. These results can be used by researchers of this field and administrators and users of these systems.

This research is an applied research in which the thematic and methodological trends of Iran library and information science research have been studied through a scientometric approach. The research community is comprised of all research papers and Proceedings that have been published by Iranian researchers in the period from 1970 to 2016 in LIS journals indexed in The WOS. Citespace is used to analyze and visualize the Iranian Co-citation network. The cluster analysis of LIS Co-citation network of Iran in the period from 1970 to 2016 led to the identification of five clusters or specialties. The title of the largest and smallest specialties in terms of the entity frequency of each cluster was awarded with 17 and 7 abundances, respectively, to two The "Web Impact Factor" and "Information Literacy" specialties. According to the results, metric studies have played a significant role in shaping the intellectual structure of library and Information science of Iran in the period studied. The results of the analysis of landmark and pivot documents in the co-citation network of Iranian studies indicated that the "Web Impact Factor" and "Information Behavior" were the most significant and most Pivotal specialties among other recognized specialties. The results of the content analysis of the five detected clusters in terms of their methodological structure during the period from 1970 to 2016 showed that Iranian library and information science have been influenced by a great deal by the methods of metric studies.

Information systems (such as databases and library software) are associated with various beneficiaries. In other words, It should be verified that how beneficiaries in the field of information systems think and what values experienced in the use of this systems. It is important to exploit the knowledge of all the beneficiaries (customers) of a product or service can help to promote the product and innovative service delivery, and finally, leads to value creation for all parties. This can be achieved by analyzing the knowledge (cognitive) structure of beneficiaries’ through exploring their ideas, preferences, beliefs and values during the use of a product or service. Purpose of this research is to investigate cognitive structure of triple groups of beneficiaries of Digital Libraries' (DLs) software in Iran (users, libraries and designers) based on Means-end Chain and sketch up their cognitive map using these systems. The cognitive structure can be identified through analyzing the mental models of beneficiaries and sketching their Hierarchical Value Map (or cognitive structure) which leads in value co-creation through identification of their needs and expectation of using these systems. This study is an applied research with cognitive approach using survey method and mixed method for data gathering. Research population included two groups of 1) DLs' software in Iran (Azarakhsh, Papyrus, and Sana) and 2) their beneficiaries (16 users, 21 libraries & 5 designers). Data gathering performed with interview (using Laddering Techniques) and directed content analysis (using MaxQDA software).Drawing Hierarchical Value Map (HVM) or cognitive map of beneficiaries figures three end values such as 1) "quick access to information resources", 2) "exploring (retrieving) needed information resources", and 3) "dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge" and mean value of "finding more information about information resources", functional consequences such as "avoid wasting of time in searching" and "promoting searching precision", and cognitive-sociological consequences such as "feeling comfort in using system" and "disambiguation of information needs". Designers of DLs' software should consider important values, consequences and attributes for their designing to meet essential needs and fundamental expectations from these systems