فصلنامه روان شناسی و دین
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1398)

Psychological studies show that one of the main causes of criminal behavior is disorders and dissonances in interpersonal behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the educational package of interpersonal behavior modification with Islamic approach in reducing the criminal behavior of prisoners. This research is a kind of experimental design with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population consisted of all male prisoners of Qom Prison in 2017 among which 40 eligible inmates were selected and assigned to experimental and control groups through random sampling. The research tools were: Checklist of Criminal Behaviors, Interview Form Based on Azerbaijani Religious Orientation Questionnaire, and Researcher-Made Training Package. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA. Statistical results showed that the calculated value of F in group factors, test run time, and test run time and group interaction were significant for all criminal behaviors at P < 0.0005. The results showed that the implementation of interpersonal behavior modification training package with Islamic approach significantly reduced the criminal behavior of the experimental group compared to the control group. Therefore, a reduction in interpersonal behavior training package with an Islamic approach can be used to reduce prisoners' criminal behavior.

"Hypocrisy" is a psychological phenomenon that, according to Islamic texts, is in conflict with the criteria of mental health. This study seeks to recognize and identify similarities and differences between the two concepts of ethical hypocrisy and cognitive dissonance in psychology. The purpose of this study is fundamental research and qualitative approach that uses conceptual-content analysis method to gather information. The hypocrisy, according to Islamic texts, is: "An abnormal psycho-behavioral condition that includes any apparent dichotomy within or between interpersonal relationships". In the etiology part, from the perspective of Islamic texts, motivational factors (such as fear and greed), psychological preparedness (such as prejudice and sense of disgust), and behavioral factors (such as lying and backwardness) were identified as the most central factors of hypocrisy. In the etiology part based on the two concepts of ethical hypocrisy and cognitive dissonance, self-interest was identified as the only psychological factor. The result is that in the concept of hypocrisy based on Islamic sources, the key concept in the definition of hypocrisy, i.e., "any dichotomy of appearance and inside", is also reflected in psychological theories and concepts such as ethical hypocrisy and cognitive dissonance. In the etiology part, the existence of common concepts such as "greed" in Islamic literature and self-interest in psychological texts can lead to the synergy between religion and psychology.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Quran reading on anxiety and cognitive/behavioral coping strategies in hemodialysis patients. This study was experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The subjects of the study were selected and studied using regular random sampling method from hemodialysis patients of the hemodialysis ward of Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad, having experimental group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). All participants completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire and the Billings and Mouse Stress Questionnaire at the beginning of the study and two months after treatment. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of covariance analysis showed that reading the Quran significantly reduced the mean scores of anxiety and emotional coping strategies in post-test. Quran reading had a positive effect on reducing anxiety and emotional coping strategies in hemodialysis patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spiritual intelligence training on social skills and adaptation of children with physical and motor disabilities in Gonbadkavus city. In this quasi-experimental study, all 60 children 5 to 10 years old (40 girls and 20 boys) with physical-motor disability were selected from welfare and rehabilitation centers of Gonbadkavus city and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (each containing 20 girls and 10 boys). After pre-test on experimental and control groups, experimental group received 10 sessions of 1 hour (for three months) intervention on spiritual intelligence skills training. Finally, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were collected by two questionnaires of Matson Social Skills and Rutter Child Adaptation in two stages of pre-test and post-test. The results of covariance analysis showed that spiritual intelligence training had a significant effect on social skills and adaptation of children with physical and motor disability. Therefore, it can be said that spiritual intelligence training can improve social skills and adaptation of children with physical and motor disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to develop a therapeutic protocol according to mindfulness based on activating spiritual-Islamic schemas and comparing its effectiveness with communication imaging therapy on marital satisfaction of female university students. The statistical population consisted of married female students of Islamic Azad University, Kangavar Branch, in the academic year of 2015-16. Of them, 42 were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. All three groups completed Jadiri Marital Satisfaction questionnaire. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the error level was less than 0.001 and the univariate analysis of variance showed that the difference between groups in all dimensions of dependent variable was less than 0.001. Post hoc test showed that in these components, conflict resolution, sex, leisure time, offspring and parenting, mindfulness intervention group based on Islamic spiritual schemas had significant difference with error imagery intervention group at error level less than 0.001. The results showed that mindfulness based on spiritual-Islamic schema intervention was more effective in increasing marital satisfaction than communication imaging intervention and control group. This increase was also maintained at follow-up.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and metacognitive beliefs with anxiety in students of Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr Branch. This was a correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University Azadshahr Branch in the academic year of 94-95. Sample size was determined by sex and college by quota sampling of 180 men and 180 women. Data gathering tools were Abdullah Zadeh et al. spiritual intelligence, Wells meta-cognitive beliefs, and Cattell anxiety questionnaires. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of multiple regression analysis in order to predict students' anxiety based on their spiritual intelligence and their metacognitive beliefs showed that approximately 18.92% of the variance of students' anxiety scores can be explained by their spiritual intelligence and their metacognitive beliefs. The variables of spiritual intelligence and metacognitive beliefs are significant in this equation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of attachment to God and spiritual health in predicting optimism in male and female students. The descriptive method was correlation. The statistical population consisted of all high school students in Jolfa city in 2014-2015, out of which 200 were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. The instruments included questionnaires of attachment to God, spiritual health and optimism which were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that optimism was positively and significantly related to overall spiritual health score, but it is inversely related to avoiding intimacy with God and the fear of being excluded from the attachment to God. The results of regression analysis also showed that 54% of the variance of optimism is explained by spiritual health and avoiding intimacy and anxiety of rejecting attachment to God.