نشریه پرستاری کودکان
سال ششم شماره 2 (زمستان 1398)

The growing number of children with chronic diseases is a global issue. Cancer is one of the most important chronic diseases in children. According to WHO, the number of children with cancer varies from 50 to 200 cases per million children worldwide .However, the incidence of childhood cancers in Iranian girls and boys is reported to be 48-112 and 51-141 per million children, respectively .Cancer has many psychological and physical consequences for both the child and his or her family. One of the most important concerns about children with cancer is attention to their quality of life and its promotion Palliative care is one of the most important and effective ways of improving the quality of life .Children's palliative care is unique in each age group due to their certain developmental stages. For this reason, WHO has provided a separate definition for it: “palliative care for children is the active total care of the child's body, mind, and spirit, and also involves giving support to the family” .In Iran, the main problem in the treatment-care system in palliative care of cancer patients is the lack of a structure and framework for the members of the health group, such as nurses .In Iran, palliative care is a new concept, and there is no systematized program for this type of service in accordance with current needs .Palliative care for children with cancer in Iran is very important. Currently, the only institution that provides palliative care for pain management in children with cancer is The Mahak Society to Support Children Suffering from Cancer.Considering that there is no palliative care system for children in Iran, and since the number of children with cancer is on the rise, the establishment of a palliative care system for children with cancer is an apparent and important need.

Learning disorders is one of the important factors in the academic failure of some students and determining appropriate therapeutic methods can solve their educational problems and increase their sense of self-esteem. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of group play therapy on social skillsand memory performance of Primary school girl students with specific learning disorder.

This research method was quasi-experimental (pre-test and post-test with control group). The statistical populationconsisted of all primary school girl students of Ahvaz in the academic year 2016-2017. 30 students who had criteria for diagnosis of Specific learning disorder based on the revised IQ test for children (1974) and social skills scale Gresham and Elliot (1990) had social skills defects, were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 were placed. Participants in the experimental group received group play therapy for 10 sessions of 60 minutes. After the end of the educational program, both scales were implemented for both groups.

The results showed that group play therapy improvement of social skills in the dimensions of cooperation, self-expression and self-control and improving the memory of short-term visual and auditory memory in the experimental group.

According to the findings, intervention of play therapy with the aim of cognitive rehabilitation of students with learning disorder is effective in improving their executive functions and complementary therapies and hence, performing group play therapy, as a perfect interventional program, is recommended by skilled experts in order to improve the conditions of girl studentswith specific learning disorder.

There is a strong correlation between muscle weakness and the mobility children with cerebral palsy. For this reason, the focus of the intervention programs has been changed to to resistance exercises. The purpose of this study was effect of group resistance exercise with exciting music on spasticity, muscle strength and walking ability for children with cerebral palsy.
This study had a quasi-experimental design with an experimental and control group. The study population consisted of all children with cerebral palsy in Karaj city. Twenty - Seven children with spastic CP (level GMFCS I-III) with age of 8-14 years were selected as sample and were divided randomly into intervention and control group The intervention group followed an 12 weeks (three sessions per week) of resistance exercise program to strengthen the muscles the lower extremity and the control group continued their daily routines. In order to measure the spasticity were used from the Modified Ashworth Scale, muscle strength from 30second lateral Step up and to sit to stand to measure walking speed from the time 10 meter walk test, 1 minute fast walk test were used.
The results not showed a significant difference in total mean spasticity after the training period in the intervention group than the control group (p> 0/05). But there was a significant increase in functional muscle strength and walking speed in the intervention group which was significant than the control group (p <0/05).
 Conclusion Applying a resistance exercise with exciting music by providing conditions for increased motivation and participation can be an effective way to improve the motor function of children with cerebral palsy of spastic

The ketogenic diet is a method of treatment that is recommended for patients with epilepsy who have not responded to medications. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the ketogenic diet along with follow-up on drug resistant epilepsy in children referred to medical centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

This study was a multicenter prospective evaluation of a clinical intervention in 61 children with drug resistant epilepsy. Participants were included in the study by convenience sampling. According to the patient's age and the dietitian's diagnosis, each individual was treated with one of the types of the ketogenic diet and was followed up for one year. Patients were examined in terms of gender, age, weight, maternal education level, duration and type of seizures, medication use, surgical history, developmental and cognitive status, side effects at the onset and duration of the ketogenic diet, parents' satisfaction with the effect of the diet, duration of following the diet, and reasons for discontinuation of the diet. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods.

73.8 percent of the parents were satisfied with the effects of the ketogenic diet on improving drug resistant epilepsy in their child. In addition, following this diet resulted in improved cognitive status in 42.6 percent of cases and reduction of anticonvulsants in 18.1 percent of cases. About 40 percent of the participants experienced no adverse effects either initially or during the implementation of the ketogenic diet. In others, fatigue at the onset of the diet and constipation during the diet were the most commonly observed adverse effects. Unfortunately, only 19.7 percent of the patients continued the ketogenic diet for 6-12 months. The main reason for early discontinuation of this diet was reported to be the lack of mother's or child's cooperation due to implementation difficulty and unpleasant taste.

Our findings confirm the beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet on the improvement of drug resistant epilepsy in children and propound a necessity to apply strategies for improving the compliance with and adherence to this diet in the study area.

The main problems of children with learning disorder are in cognition and their sensations. The present study aimed to investigate the comparison of active memory and sensory processing styles in boys and girls with writing learning disorder.

The methodology of this descriptive study was the Control-case study type. The statistical population of this study was all girls and boys by the age of 8-10 suffering from the writing learning disorder in Gorgan City during treatment in a writing disability center in summer of 2018. According to the research methodology, the stratified random sampling method was used and 50 boys and 58 girls were selected from each group as samples. According to research tools, Dunn's profile (1999) was received from the parents of the children and Daneman & Carpenter's ​​ active memory tool (1980) was asked from the children directly, and the information related to processing and storage in the memory was received. Data were analyzed with regard to multivariate variance analysis method.

the results indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups of boys and girls with writing learning disorder in subscales of processing and storage of the active memory variable and the subscales auditory processing, multisensory processing and indoctrination associated with the physical state of the body motion of the sensory processing styles variable (p <0.01).

with regard to the results obtained, the boys group is in worse conditions in active memory and sensory processing styles, which require a special attention by therapists and more focused therapeutic approaches.

Hospitalization of a child is one of the main causes of stress and anxiety for parents. Considering the importance of providing family-based care, understand the need of parents by nurses is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the needs of parents and nursing support of hospitalized children.

In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 150 parents of children admitted to the pediatric ward of hospital for at least 24 hours were selected by convenience sampling method. Parents' needs were assessed by individual interview using two questionnaires of "the needs of hospitalized children’s parents" and "nursing support of parents".

The mean and standard deviation of parents’ needs was 152.78 ± 2.35 and nursing support was 72.01 ± 16.52. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant and direct correlation between the needs of parents of admitted children and nursing support (r = 0.45, p <0.01).

With the increasing needs for parents, the need for nursing support also increased. Understanding the needs of parents by medical staff, especially nursing staff plays an important role in the provision of nursing care and support. Therefore, by increasing the understanding of nursing needs and support, we will increase the quality of care and satisfaction of patients and their caregivers

Cancer is a common disease in children. Chemotherapy, as one of the most important treatments for cancer, is associated with feeling of depression that can have negative effects on the treatment process. The aim of this study was to determining the effect of clown therapy on depression in children with cancer under chemotherapy.

This clinical trial study, was carried out on 77 children aged 7-15 years with cancer undergoing chemotherapy in one of the educational hospitals of Zahedan in 2018. The participants were selected using convenience sampling method.  The researcher was dressed as a clown and welcomed the children. The intervention group and clown participated in various games during two weeks (each week 2 sessions and each session for 2 hours) in the oncology department room. The control group received routine care. Data were collected by Child Depression Inventory (CDI) before and immediately after the intervention.

The mean depression score in intervention group after intervention (28.94 ± 15.21) was significantly lower than before intervention (37.92 ± 13.98) (P<0.001), whereas in the control group, this difference was not significant. The mean difference scores of depression after clown therapy between the two groups was significant (P<0.001).

Clown therapy reduces depression in children with cancer under chemotherapy. Considering the negative effects of depression on the treatment of these children, the use of this method in children's clinical units is recommended.

Cochlear implantation is a cure for hearing impaired or deaf children who can't use hearing aids. Parental attitude to post-cochlear implications can be effective in the process of child rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the parents' attitude towards the consequences of cochlear implantation in children referred to the Besat cochlear implant center in Hamadan, 2019.

  This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 parents of children with cochlear implantation. Research units were entered into the study by census method from April to September 2018. The research instrument was demographic characteristics questionnaire and parental attitude towards the consequences of cochlear implantation questionnaire. After completing the questionnaires by the research units, the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA and independent T-test at a significant level of 0.95.

parental attitude towards the consequences of cochlear implantation was significantly related to the age of the child, lasting duration of cochlear implantation, Categorization of Auditory Performance and Speech Intelligibility Rating (p<0.05).

According to the findings, the more children received higher scores in the Categorization of Auditory Performance and Speech Intelligibility Rating, the parents had more positive attitude toward cochlear implantation, and the more the age of the child and the duration of the cochlear implantation, the parental attitude towards the consequences of cochlear implantation were more positive about the implications of cochlear implantation.

The demonstration process helps to develop social skills and reduce aggressive tendencies. When a person performs his anger in a free space without criticizing the scene, he becomes insightful about his own behavior and others, which leads to a deep understanding of his relationship. This study aimed at effectiveness psychodrama on Increasing Social Skills and Reduction of Aggression in Afghan Immigrant Labor Children.

The research method was quasi-experimental study pre-test and post-test. The study population consisted of all boys Afghan Immigrant Labor Children Imam-Ali society. 30 of child labor with the highest scores in Nelson’s Child aggression questionnaire (2000) and lowest scores in Social Skills Inderbizen & Foster (1992) were randomly chosen. Then 15 subjects were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. For 15 of 15 sessions, 60 minutes of psychosis were performed and after the end of the sessions, tests were again performed. No action was taken on the control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The findings showed that the use of psychodrama techniques in group method has a significant effect on the increase of social skills of Afghan immigrant labor children. In the experimental group (P <0.05, F = 25.59). It is also observed that the use of psychoanalytic techniques in a group method has a significant effect on the reduction of aggression among Afghan immigrant labor children in the experimental group (F = 18.38, P <0.05).

The results showed that psychodrama affected on Increasing Social Skills and Reduction of Aggression in Afghan Immigrant Labor Children.

The family as a social system impact of disrupt of every member of the system. The existence of a child with disabilities result in irreparable harm to the family and mothers suffers more other members. Because of the central role of the mother at home and interaction with the child, she encountered the psychological stress. Therefore, the present study conducted to analysis the experiences of mothers in caring of a disabled child.

The research method was based on qualitative method and with descriptive phenomenological type. The participants were selected by sampling by target by 2018 in Roadbar city. For gathering information used the semi-structured interview. In order to achieve the research goals, gathering data were continued until Theoretical saturation by 18 mothers with disabled children who were register in the Rudbar welfare organization. The interviews were analyzed by seven step Colaizzi’s method.

The findings of this study showed that the experienced of mothers can be classified as four main Contents including; negative feelings and reactions, concern about the child’s future, stigma toward disability and pain and suffers of mothers from inadequate professional support and financial resources.

 the findings indicated that the mothers with disable child has many problems and suffers the painful experiences. These issues and concerns about her child’s is harder when mother lives in small and countryside. It seems that the psycho-educational classes could be developing the life skills and self-efficacy in mothers. On other hand, awareness of society for reducing the stigma and seeking for advocacy of mothers and disabled person should be helpful.