فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 167 (پاییز 1398)

Rural housing is an important issue in Iran due to the large number of villages, their geographical dispersion, the fragile rural economy, and the crucial role of rural development in sustainable development. Considering these subjects, policies regarding rural housing development and its quality improvement are to be deduced, which results in rural housing typologies template in different climatic condition. Scientific progress, such as development in valid accurate measurement and advancements in simulation tools provide possibilities for quantitative evaluation,. Moreover it should be noted that these patterns are extracted from existing buildings which have the potential of retrofitting. Beside the importance of rural housing topic, this opportunity facilitate the evaluation of aforementioned proposed building templates, design developments, and improvement of details for higher performance. Many researchers investigated the rural housing and building typology, in which resulted in proposing special typologies as repeatable suggestions. Due to the fact that human life is totally interrelated to energy and comfort, building performance improvement is of great significant. Therefore, the energy performance and comfort hours of the proposed schematic designed buildings, suggested by “Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation”, are studied in the five provinces with the highest number of rural households, and  the most possible variation of climate dispersion, e.g., Razavi Khorasan, Mazandaran, West Azarbayjan, Fars, and Sistan-Baloochestan.
 Therefore this paper investigate the energy and comfort performance of these building typologies in five different climatic condition, using computational modelling and simulation through Energyplus software and its graphic interface, DesignBuilder. In the next step, the improvement resulted through retrofitting activities in different parameters of the designed building, (e.g., building fabric, windows characteristics, ventilation rate, orientation), have been discussed, in abovementioned climatic conditions. The main purpose is to utilize passive solutions before using active approaches.
Based on the results, first of all the energy demand varies from 230 kWh/m2 to 435kWh/m2 in the four studied typologies in different climate conditions, which is too far from the national and international energy consumption benchmarks and accepted range in residential stock. Passive strategies including optimum building orientation, roof and wall insulation, window replacements resulted in minimum 16% and maximum 30.5% reduction in the total energy demand in different climates.
In addition this study shows that among proposed alternatives, which typology is more appropriate for each climatic condition, and which. Furthermore it shows that which energy retrofit action is more compatible for each building, i.e., lower energy consumption demand, higher daylight area, and better thermal comfort condition in surveyed building typologies. On the other hand, optimized window to wall ratio and orientation, are proposed beside the improvements resulted by each retrofit action during design process, before construction, and retrofit of existing buildings. In the other word, the reduction in energy consumption in designed buildings, or energy conservation of the existing houses based on retrofit actions of each parameters, are the main advantage of this paper. Results shows that energy production, especially in form of renewable energy resources, are of the most significance beside the abovementioned actions. Utilizing renewable energy systems (photovoltaics and solar hot water), the energy demand reduction reaches maximum 84% in comparison to the base cases. In addition, the independency of rural housing from the energy grid and the resulted economic benefits, are obviously consolidated via renewable energy production in most of the climatic condition in Iran, which to be surveyed in further researches.

Environmental subjects, in general, and energy issues, in particular, do not have a prominent role in rural research projects in Iran, and this is accompanied by negative environmental consequences, such as excessive energy consumption in rural housing. A significant amount of energy in villages is used up by dwellings, and the form of rural fabric is a major factor affecting this issue. Most of the previous research has focused on the analysis of energy use on a small scale and in the form of a single building while; the environment and surroundings of buildings affect energy consumption as well. Therefore, the energy usage in the neighborhood scale has been largely overlooked and needs a thorough investigation. Designing the neighboring units in a manner that absorb the maximum solar radiation may have a direct effect on the thermal behavior of individual buildings. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze the effect of the rural fabric’s form and also floor area ratio (FAR) on solar radiation absorption by rural buildings. Thus, the effects of three parameters in rural fabric i.e. the orientation of buildings, the height of the buildings and the rural building configurations, on annual solar radiation absorption have been studied. In the first step, the existing forms of rural housing and different layout of the rural fabric have been identified and seven patterns for rural housing were found. These seven patterns include Type A: building footprint located on the northern part of the plot; Type B: U-form; Type C: L-form; Type D: the central courtyard form; Type E: Two-sides houses; Type F: the central courtyard and an exterior yard; Type G: Kiosk form. Then, the effect of two orientation and height parameters on the selected patterns is investigated. To measure the effectiveness of the orientation parameter on the amount of solar radiation absorption, each of the mentioned patterns is rotated 180 degrees between 90 to 270 degrees. In the next stage, the number of building floors has changed from one to three, and once again the amount of solar radiation absorption has been measured. Thus, 7560 models have been simulated by using Grasshopper plugin to Rhino software and then graphical data have been attained using excel software. The results imply that the impact of “form of rural housing”, “the height of building”, and “the orientation of building” on solar radiation absorption of rural houses is 70%, 40%, and 8% respectively. And, if constant Floor Area Ratio is assumed, the change in pattern type affects the solar radiation absorption. Also, results show that "the central courtyard and an exterior yard" has always had the highest amount of solar radiation absorption than other indigenous housing patterns. The next priorities are “the central courtyard” and “Kiosk” patterns in terms of solar radiation absorption. Furthermore, in rural residential fabric with the same FAR, if we change the height of buildings, we will see different results in terms of the amount of solar radiation absorption and the energy consumption of the buildings. The findings of the present study influence the design of rural fabric, the determination of FAR, and the type of rural housing pattern for the planning and designing of villages.

Vernacular architecture is among the most valuable phenomena, which has manifested cultural, historical, social, religious values and so on by itself. The values inherent to vernacular architecture of each city reflect the thinking of the people from that city. Therefore, the peace and quality of people's life can depend on preserving the same architectural values. Preserving and integrating of vernacular architecture values express the secret of human’s integration with their physical environment, which leads to sustainability in every language and culture. Iranian houses are also considered a direct reflection of traditional culture and spiritual values of life and an institution with a multidimensional function, more than a physical structure, that is influenced by society and social relations, culture, religious belief, economy, life style and environmental conditions. Given that vernacular architecture is the symbol of identity, culture and civilization of any region, it seems that the contemporary building designs should be proportional to the vernacular architecture and cultural characteristics of that region. This architecture has met their requirements and desires by reflecting knowledge, careful consideration of the environment, respect for nature, application of time-based technology and spatial capabilities of people. Vernacular architecture is in harmony with nature and environment, the achievements of which are to maintain the comfort of the inhabitants, and it includes maintaining construction cycle, returning to the environment and reusing sustainable resources and the environment. With the environmental and climatic varieties in Iran, different types of vernacular architectures, with identity features, have been formed in this land, and understanding them can be helpful in accurate design and construction of spaces without any defects as is useful in identifying Iranian architecture. On the other hand, new constructions have brought changes in the previous trend of villages, which has created uninhabited, disharmonious and unorganized villages. In this regard, it is important to recognize the factors influencing the formation of rural housing shape and structure. The research questions are, (a) What are the factor(s) influencing vernacular architecture of villages? (b) Which factor(s) has the greatest influence on space in the vernacular architecture of Nosmeh village in the Shamshir rural district? In order to answer the research questions, in the theoretical phase, a framework was presented with the qualitative approach, desk research and using the analytical-descriptive design. In the practical phase, using field studies, preparing a questionnaire and interviewing with local people, the theoretical framework was evaluated using statistical tests in relation to vernacular housing of western Iran. Finally, the findings were analyzed and surveyed using logical reasoning in relation to the theoretical framework proposed in this research and it would be specified that which factor(s) have the greatest impact on space formation. The results of the research indicated that the index of physical construction principles with the maximum average (4.27) was ranked first and geographic location with the minimum average (3.67) was ranked last. In general, four main factors, in other words, physical construction principles, i.e. welfare, beliefs, opinions and geographic location had favorable conditions in the order of priority in terms of effecting the construction.

Given the influential role of government actions and policies in the development of rural housing, plans and programs related to housing development, should be approached by holistic approach, In keeping with the villagers' needs, while upgrading the fortification of the houses, preserving the native architecture in terms of the aesthetics and functional diversity of the various rural home spaces. Today's rural housing in the country faces two issues: first, the limited number of rural housing development plans, and second, the high volume of deteriorated housing in the countryside. The province of Kurdistan currently has 121,238 rural housing units, which face numerous weaknesses in terms of quality and quantity. To this end, the present study seeks to answer the following question: How were the social, economic and physical effects of the Special Housing Improvement Project implemented in the rural areas of Kurdistan province?
The present study is an applied one and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The statistical population of the research is 38,467 renovated rural housing units in the province. Data were collected through library and field study methods. Based on cluster sampling method, three cities of Qorveh, Kamyaran and Sarvabad were selected. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of samples and 316 individuals were determined. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed by experts and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its reliability. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test and significance-performance (IPA) technique were used.
The results of the t-test on the social dimension of rural housing show that the health component consisting of four propositions has the most desirable t-statistic with a significant level of 0.000 and mean 4.17, has the most favorable t-statistic and housing policies have had positive effects on this component. In order to examine the economic impacts of housing development policies, three components of core livelihoods, energy and fuel, and sectoral mobility, comprising 10 propositions, were used. Findings show that in all three components, the level of significance shows a desirable value (0.000). Concerning the physical dimension of housing, the findings show that the specific housing improvement plan has caused a physical transformation of the structural resistance dimension of housing. It can also be noted that the improved physical security status averaged 3.94.
Government policies have always influenced rural housing in various dimensions and reflected physical changes in the texture of these settlements. The findings showed that as a result of the implementation of the Special Improvement Plan (SIP), social transformation in rural housing has occurred and the health components have been improved qualitatively. These positive changes can be attributed to the transition from multi-family housing to single-family residence (reducing household density in residential units), the creation of sanitary spaces in the housing (kitchen, toilet and bathroom) and the separation of livestock storage spaces from households. The Special Economic Improvement Plan has had significant impacts, especially in the energy and fuel sectors, as well as on economic mobility and dynamics. But housing development policies have also had adverse effects on the economic dimension, including damage to livelihoods. With the decline in the level of new housing infrastructure, many of the spaces that are complementary to residents' economic activities have been eliminated, and somehow the livelihoods and economic structure of households have fluctuated negatively.

Many rural development projects and projects are not being evaluated. Therefore, rural developers rarely know their short-term and long-term implications. On the other hand, in order to achieve efficient service and comprehensive coverage of services in all rural areas, emphasis is placed on reaching the hierarchy of rural areas, and to achieve these two objectives, the preparation and implementation of rural villagers' plans and rural development plans in order to distribute optimal services and the creation of an appropriate body for improving the socio-economic development in the village are considered. Given the passing of several decades of implementation of rural guide plans as the most comprehensive organized intervention in the physical environment of villages, the question should be answered as to how far the goals of the rural settlements are to be achieved in the direction of the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements.
The studied villages are located in the political district of Roshtkhar district of Roshtkhar district in Razavi Khorasan province. According to the census of 1395, the rural area has 26 villages inhabited and 4672 households.12 villages were selected as the sample for this research The present research in the field of "methodology" in the framework of "descriptive-analytical" method. The measurement tool in this study was a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of households in villages of Roshtkhar rural district in Roshtkhar (N = 3192). To analyze the data, an unlimited exploratory co-ranking test (Johansson method) was used to examine the effectiveness of the conducting scheme on each of the variables.
Results & The findings showed that among the research indicators, locals were satisfied with the two indicators of quality of housing and network development. So that in the context of the index of quality of housing, rural households in the field of monitoring of construction, change and improvement of materials used in the construction of housing, households from the table variables and pavement passages, the construction of new passages, pedestrian and road improvement, and the quality of newly constructed roads are satisfactory and the implementation of the guiding plan has the greatest effect. On these two indicators. In addition, the evaluation of the effects of the design in the villages of Roshtkhar district indicates that the implementation of the guiding plan in the villages of Fat-Abad, Sa'adat-Abad, Mahdi Abad, Abbas-Abad and Fardagh, all of which is a type of villages in the plain, compared with other villages.
Evaluation of the project in Roshtkhar villages showed that implementation of the Hadi project was different in the villages of the study area. Local people have little satisfaction from the results of the project conductor. The conductor project in plain villages has been more efficient than other villages. It can be said that the effects of conducting the plan on the physical development of the villages of the region are not the same and conducting the conducting plan In the meantime, it allows for the development and rehabilitation of a systematic physical environment that is targeted at rural households.

Environmental issues are not unique to a particular community or geographic location but are transnational. As a result, it is clear that the problems that arise in any part of the earth can have different consequences elsewhere. Today's environmental crisis is due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of environmental issues. According to Fritiov, educating environmental consciousness is the first step towards sustainability and is essentially a prerequisite for humanity's future environmental awareness, the ability to understand the principles of environmental knowledge and to live by them. One of the basic assumptions in environmental studies is that many environmental problems can be resolved by increasing public awareness about the environment. In other words, environmental awareness is believed to be the key to solving many environmental problems as a result of sustainable development. Villages as one of the places to live due to their special proximity to nature, have the greatest impact on the environment and also receive the most impact from the environment; Have an important role and impact on the environment. For this reason, today's awareness of environmental issues as one of the most important programs in countries, especially developing countries, is being addressed in order to achieve sustainable environmental development. Comprehensive Sustainable Rural Development approaches are now seeking to penetrate new development paradigms to provide a secure framework aimed at reforming and enhancing key concepts in development policies such as sustainability, self-sustained participation, awareness and awareness. Are environments.
This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and orientation, Its results are applicable to developers and experts alike. In terms of time, as this research is conducted at a specific time interval, it is one-dimensional type of research. In this research, in terms of logic or research approach, this study seeks to specially analyze the factors affecting the environmental awareness of the villagers in Gorgan. In this study, our statistical population is about 8 households (at present) living in 8 villages. A sample of 277 individuals was selected using Cochran volume determination formula. For accuracy, 280 subjects were selected as statistical sample. A simple sampling method was used to complete the questionnaire to assess the environmental awareness of the villagers. Samples were randomly selected from the villagers. The sample size was proportionally distributed among the villages and then the samples were randomly selected from the villages.
The findings of the research indicate a significant relationship between social factors and environmental awareness of the villagers, and the results also show that there is no relationship between economic factors and environmental awareness of the villagers. The study also showed that the first step in the process of environmental education is access to information through the media. The results of this study showed that, essentially, the condition of humanity's future survival is environmental awareness, the ability to understand environmental principles and live by them.
Most of the research has focused on the impact of environmental awareness on environmental behavior and has not paid attention to the influence of factors on environmental awareness, especially economic factors affecting this factor.

Kandovan historical village is one of the most important attractive tourist sites on rocky architectures in East Azerbaijan province from the Skirts of Sahand Volcano NW of Iran. This village with unique landscape and rocky historical architecture is on the surfaces of a tuff layer. Nowadays, natural surface weathering of this architecture and intensity of decay phenomena in Kandovan village rocks causes of poor living conditions, ruination, and seasonal residence or nonresidential conditions. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the consolidation effectiveness of volcanic tuff-stone on Kandovan rocky architecture. For this propose petrographical, physical and mechanical properties of natural, weathered and treated rocks such as distribution of minerals, bulk density and total porosity, dry and saturated unit weight, water absorption, capillary absorption, slake-durability index and uniaxial compressive strength UCS; with different improvement materials are characterized using polarized microscope,  and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)). The improvement materials Nano silicate (NS) and Ethyl Silicate (ES). 
The results show that Kandovan lithic tuffs have poor durability and are very sensitive to predisposing factors to deterioration and this inherent vice instead to harsh climate caused the erosion of surface weathering. It can be seen that both consolidated materials retrofitting and improving the Kandovan stone conditions, and these materials increased rock strength compared to weathered and fresh stone samples.

For a long time, Naraq plain has been accommodating different types of habitation, such as residential fields to mastery houses.  Based on some evidences, Naraq’s primary core is located in the western half of the town and in the Lower (Paien) neighborhood. In the further development of the town, the Upper (Bala) and Bazaar neighborhoods are formed in the east and north of the older neighborhood. House is the main constituent unit of each urban area, and houses determine the shape and atmosphere of the neighborhoods. Therefore, houses are an important part of the town, and their recognition, not only helps us in being familiar with the architectural features and habitat of a region, but also provides a better understanding of the settlement that includes houses. Nonetheless, houses in Naraq are more likely to be destroyed than the town itself, as many of them have been destroyed in recent decades. Destruction of these houses will lead to the disappearance of patterns of residence and the culture based on it; where houses are closely associated with the natural environment and natural landscape of the town and thus inevitable in the formation of the primary cores and the recent town. Based on this, the paper seeks to identify the most important examples and types of houses in Naraq in the form of a typological study. The research method of this study is based on field studies and survey, and analysis and interpretation of samples based on the main spaces and organs of the house. In this regard, all historic houses of the Qajar period of the town, which were accessible, have been surveyed, their plans have been prepared and their spaces have been identified. In the following, efforts have been made to study the possibility of combining important spaces together and their role in the formation of a particular type of dwelling. During the study of twenty examples of historic samples and based on their spatial organization, houses are categorized into three main types, called "formal", "vernacular" and "semi-formal". Based on the combination of mass and space and the type of yard, the formal type is divided into three sub-categories: "formal with central courtyard", "formal linear" and "formal combinatorial". The commonality of formal houses is their placement in a particular residential neighborhood (Upper neighborhood), and their major difference is the existence or absence of a pattern of terraced gardens around the town in the courtyards. The vernacular type, which has the highest density in the Lower neighborhood, is formed on the basis of the room and their composition, and based on the shape of the courtyards and the social class of the owner or owners can be divided into two sub-categories "family vernacular" and "communal vernacular" types. In the vernacular and the formal houses, the influence of the neighborhood indicator and the concentration of a particular type within one neighborhood are observed. But in the third category, which is socially belonging to the prosperous class living in the Lower neighborhood and it was built in the development period of the town and in accordance with the vernacular pattern, it cannot be identified by relying on the location of the house. The reason for this is indications of the presence of the pattern of formal houses in homes within the range of vernacular types. So in this third category, the patterns are combined.

Since the establishment of rural settlements in the world, a few of these settlements have been displaced due to different causes such as natural disasters, protection of natural resources and areas, wars, development projects including access to resources, services and facilities, and other factors. The villages subjects to such displacements are ought to ensure the quality of living in the new settlement. But investigations reveals that in spite of positive aspects of these displacements in improving villagers’ conditions and quality of life including improvement in environmental conditions, better access to infrastructural and welfare services, etc., some part of displaced villagers are not satisfied with  the way of their displacement and residents. Moreover, villagers’ life quality in new villagers is one of the main concerns for authorities and planners of rural development. In Ilam Province, due to different reasons, some villagers have been displaced or are to be displaced as well. Villages of Eslamiyeh, LariniOlya and LariniSofla in Sirvan Township have been displaced due to physical limitations and the impossibility of development and execution of constructive projects in them, Sartang Village in Ivan Township due to being in the basin of Kangir Dam and Farrokh Abad in Dehloran because of high level of underground water have been displaced. Therefore, the present study aims to assess villagers’ life quality in displaced villages in Ilam Province using a descriptive-analytical method. The population of the study included heads of households residing in the studied villages as N=320 who were considered as participants using the all-numeration method. In the present study, to collect data, documentary methods such as reviewing books, statistics books, and field method such as interviews, observation, and questionnaires were used. To collect the ideas of the population, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Its validity was confirmed by a group of experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha as 0.775. The data were analyzed using one sample t-test and ANOVA in SPSS software. Findings of the research indicated that according to villagers’ opinion, from 8 components of the study, villages were higher than the moderate level in 4 components including cultural-educational, security, settlement and subtractions components and lower than the moderate level in the other 4 components in terms of life quality including leisure time, hygienic and treatment, environment, engagement and income components . In other words, the studied villages have been able to satisfy villagers in terms of cultural-educational dimensions, housing, and infrastructures, but in terms of leisure time, healthcare, environmental quality, employment, and income, villagers’ satisfaction has not been realized. In addition, the studied villages were divided at three layers using ANOVA and Tukey test by considering dimensions of life quality. This issue indicates the existence of a significant difference among the studied villages in terms of life quality. Regarding the results obtained from the research, the most important problem of villages, except for Farrokh Abad Village, is the economic dimension. Investigations indicate that except for Farrokh Abad Village, the economic dimension of displacement in the project of studying villages has not received proper attentions .At the end, some suggestions have been presented   for improvement in the situations of the studied villages and improvement of similar projects in the  future.

As a result of disasters, a large part of community suffers from psychological trauma. Post disaster housing provision and construction projects face serious challenges and obstacles. On the one hand, the psychological problems of survivors, which lead to a sense of helplessness and lack of control over their destiny, stress and anxiety, and on the other hand, environmental threats that destroy remaining community’s structures and complicate problems even more by creating unfamiliar place and shelter. The secondary stresses caused by these processes, damage and affect survivors resources and ability to cope with trauma. Secondary sources of stress include inappropriate, contradictory and sometimes dangerous interventions in the mentioned process and policies of providing temporary housing would have a lasting impact on community and psychological consequences. Clearly, different types and characteristics of temporary housing have an objective role in response and coping mechanisms to trauma. There is little comprehensive documentation on policies, environmental characteristics, and types of temporary housing affecting the psychiatric recovery of disaster survivors in Iran. The present study, based on the expected characteristics of temporary housing in the context of trauma-informed care framework with environmental stress reduction approach, considers the effects of this particular type of trauma and subsequent recovery process in Iran and comprehensively ranks the psychological supportive environmental characteristics and shelter providing policies. The nature of this study is post-event research with qualitative and quantitative approach. The research methods include: content analysis, Delphi and group hierarchical analysis methods. Due to the lack of theoretical richness in disaster psychological healing in temporary housing in Iran, in-depth interviews with a heterogeneous group were performed. Panel members were a university professor with teaching background in designing and planning settlements after disaster; a disaster socio-psychologist; two PhD students in related fields and from two different universities and one expert with field work experience in temporary housing. Experts were selected in a targeted and sequential manner. The selection criteria were, 1) Doctoral degree or doctoral student in the fields of reconstruction and disasters; 2) Working experience or having authorship and research in the considered subject, and 3) Field trips to the disaster affected areas during the temporary housing phases. Then using content analysis related codes of interviews were extracted. In order to formulate the theoretical framework, in the second round of Delphi among the extracted indicators, effective criteria were selected by panel and hierarchical structure of research, including five measures of  environmental restoration, environmental affordability, control, cohesion and environmental stimuli, and 26 sub-criteria and two common temporary housing options in Iran (gradual and prefabricated) was formed. In the third round of research, group hierarchical analysis was performed with experts participatory, with questions in the form of pair wise comparison with five spectra. According to the research findings, the role of improvement restoration, stimulus elimination, environmental affordability, control and cohesion, respectively, are effective in reducing environmental stress. The most important sub-criteria affecting survivors' healing and adaptability in temporary housing are security, physical dimensions and features; risk eliminating factors; territory control capability; flexibility of space and design; stability and constancy of housing; Physical-environmental stimuli; appropriate distance between temporary housing; housing intervention ability; control over space and spatial organization are predictable. Consequently, the gradual housing provision policy in the temporary housing phase, within the framework of mentioned approach, has been assessed as more effective than pre-fabricated housing. Effective factors in this process were physical-emotional safety; choice and control, and the enhancement of cooperation and participation which causes reassurance, empowerment, psychological cohesion, and thus Survivors' trauma healing.