فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 62 (پاییز 1398)

One of the serious issues of spatial planning is to determine planning regions at different levels and on different scales. Hence, in most cases, the boundaries of administrative units or even their composition are the basis for measures. It can be argued that the fundamental problem arises when the question of planning is raised at the micro and lower levels of the provinces and districts, in the formal sub-regions and areas. The concept of the "constellation" has emerged in recent years as an alternative to these small levels of spatial planning, which represents the "district" unit. The key question in this regard is to what extent does the delimitation of the administrative divisions, which are often based on political considerations, conform to the requirements of planning? And can these units be considered as "functional regions"? In this context, this paper attempts to study these issues by considering the District Zia-Abad of Qazvin as a case study, while investigating these problems, using qualitative methods of discussion and relying on the “structural-functional dynamics” approach, to identify the opportunities and barriers to the formation of functional regions at the micro level, and the effectiveness of this level of space arena in the form of such administrative subdivisions. The results of the study show that the efficiency of constellations as functional regions depends not only on the deliberation of subdivisions, but also on the modification of infrastructure, the associated investments and effective support in the allocation of facilities and credits, the proper condition for the interaction and the functionality of existing settlements at the constellation level

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the effect of blocking systems on Iran's poisoning during the period 1975-2015 using the Blocking numerical index. The results showed that in the cold seasons most of the blockades affecting the atmosphere of Iran were in the northern Atlas. Also, the study of the severity of effective blockades affecting Iran's climate showed that the strong blocking is moderate in terms of the highest number after the blocking, indicating that Iran was more affected by moderate blocking (74.6%) and then strong (21.1%). The number of weak blocking is very low (4.3%). Due to the frequency of occurrence of blocking also was found wet Iran in months. Cold, the core of the blocking in between longitude 30 ° west and 30 ° East over the Atlantic formed and as the warm season approaching, the core the land was transferred to the regions dominated by positive changes in parameters affect precipitation. Also, in Bandal's review in different seasons, it was revealed that in winter, with the retreat of the adjacent high pressure and the strength of the polar vertex, along with the occurrence of strong and long blockades, the average rainfall is more than the other seasons.

The location of the tribes and religions in the territory of the country is of great importance in the management of space and space development. If there are ethnic groups in the border regions and there are regionalismist tendencies among those ethnic groups, this situation poses a country with a range of opportunities and threats. On the one hand, the existence of peoples in the border regions can act as geopolitical hinges and promote the sphere of influence of the country, and, on the other hand, ethno-regionalist tendencies can face the country with security, political, economic and social threats. Iran, with its unique position in the Middle East, has many tribes and religions in the border regions, which are also geographically located on the other side of the border. Kurds in Iran have many common interests with the central core of the country. But the security approach and security priority on development in the Kurdistan region, emphasizing the border regions of Kurdistan province, have caused the potentially natural and human potential of these regions not to be fertilized and the underdevelopment of these areas produces reproduction Get security issues. This applied research and using descriptive analytical method and Internet library sources has been used to collect the data. The factors affecting the security approach in Kurdistan regions are emphasized on the border regions of Kurdistan province, using existing data. has done. The results of the research show that geocultural, geo-political, geo-geomechanical and geostrategic factors have affected the security approach in the Kurdish regions of Iran with an emphasis on the border areas of Kurdistan province.

In December 2011, popular uprising swept away Middle East and Africa north and wondered the world. This uprising led to Chain and unprecedented protests in the Arab region from Tunisia, Egypt Morocco to Yemen and Bahrain and took the protests to the street to call freedom, justice, democracy, human right and in one word “change”. Purpose of this research is present of comprehensive percept of Arab uprisings and explanation of popular sudden and spontaneity uprising in Middle East in year 2011 and until now. Method of research is descriptive and analytical method. This research based on credible sources is looking for to answer to this question “what causes and fields led to failure of Arabic revolutions and return of instability and continuing tyranny to Arab world. Findings of this research shows that sets of internal and external causes and varieties such as lack of essential cultural contexts (conditions) to establish of democracy, lack of political and judicial Institutionalization, weak of developments and economic and military Institutionalization and intervention of extra0regional power such as America, lack of Charismatic and empowered leader and weak of Discourse and people mobilization and…..have contributed in defeat revolution of Egypt ,Libya and Yemen and continuation of tyranny and Deficiency of democracy in Arab world. This research using theory of John Furan and Goldstone is going to explain why and how rise of different results in Arabic countries after Arab uprising year 2010 until now.

Tourism is a growing industry in recent years, with many positive economic benefits and benefits. For this reason, optimal marketing in this field and attraction of the audience is very important and, given the advancement of industry and technology in the present day, this marketing needs to be done through ICT, and the identification of the categories in this field is very important. High up. Accordingly, this research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the basic components of ICT in tourism marketing using structural equations of case study in Ardebil province. A sample of 385 experts, experts and experts of Ardebili were studied in a manner that The purpose of the research was to complete the researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that 4 components of hardware, software, infrastructure of information and communication technology, knowledge management, expertise and innovation, and the variety of information technology application are the main drivers for the explanation of tourism marketing based on ICT. Are. Among the identified components, the category of infrastructure of information and communication technology has the most direct effect, as well as innovation and diversity has the most indirect effect, and in the identified components of the component can explain a large part of the tourism marketing variable. Based on the results, the designed model is an effective tool for identifying and evaluating the effects of tourism marketing components on the basis of ICT

In the structure of the political economy of the world, some countries are developed and some are developing. Some countries are not only not being developed due to geopolitical fragility and threats and internal crises and the external environment, but also on the path to development. Afghanistan is now considered to be one of the world's worst-hit and underdeveloped countries, with no clear prospects for development, nor at the level of the basic development theorem, nor with clear, coherent development strategies, nor with any operational guarantee document. These problems in Afghanistan are rooted in internal and external issues of geography, culture, politics and security. Therefore, planning for the country's territorial development depends on solving these problems. Strategic planning with a framework and political and security considerations can reduce security threats and political challenges and, as a result, territorial development. Therefore, this article attempts to analyze the internal and external factors affecting territorial integration in Afghanistan from a geopolitical point of view. In this regard, there are two questions to be asked: 1) What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and geopolitical threats of Afghanistan in its spatial planinng? 2) How can the landscape of the land in Afghanistan be mapped based on internal and external geopolitical factors? This paper has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner, and the required data is also compiled in a library, documentary and bases and websites.

In recent years, the urbanization, use and land cover of cities, especially the adjacent residential areas located on the periphery of the city, have been affected by human activities. In order to be aware of the changes process as well as to optimize the management of future user changes in order to properly plan the combination of Markov chain and automated cells is one of the best methods and tools that shows the changes in past years and also with regard to past changes. Predicts changes for the future. Considering the fact that in recent years Kermanshah City has had significant changes in land use. Therefore, in order to find out the type and extent of the changes in the area above, the Landsat 7 and 8, 1993, 2003, 2013, 2018 have been used. After visualization, Fuzzy Artmap and Crosstab comparisons were used to detect and evaluate the changes. Also, to predict the process of change, by March 2033, a combination of Markov chain and automated cells has been used. The results of this research showed that over the past 25 years, about 34.42% of the change in utilization has taken place in the studied area, mainly due to human activities, including the expansion of settlements and lands built on agricultural land In all directions around the city of Kermanshah.

Crisis Management and planning based on critical issues as rescue and emergency evacuation in urban land uses is very important. This approach in Isfahan is necessary. Concentration of heritage land uses in central area of Isfahan along with Factors such as inadequate access, narrow streets and alleys, spatial incompatibility, structural maladaptation, gradual erosion of the building and lack of systematic planning in heritage spaces has been caused the historical land uses of Isfahan to be vulnerable in potential disaster. Method of research in the paper is descriptive and analysis- survey and its type is fundamental and practice. The research with emphasis on field work, check list and AHP model is trying to analysis of vulnerability of heritage land uses and their prioritization in emergency evacuation. Structure of research has been established on Basic Indicators, Management criteria. The case study is 420 heritage building of Isfahan the documented in national list. Results that showed Isfahan third district is very vulnerable and in the first priority of evacuation and rescue based on 0.49 weight in basic indicators and 0.53 weight in management ones. First, fifth, sixth and other urban district of Isfahan are in next stages. Identification and classification of monument based on degree and severity of destruction, reinforcement of buildings, training of evacuation operations and civil defense in land use are major strategies in disaster management of these land uses.

From the beginning of the formation of the Islamic government, this religious school has always emphasized in the sacred books and the narrations of its elders about respect for Muslim communities and the necessity of communication between them. The outstanding manifestation of these concepts has emerged in the cities of the early centuries of Islam. This has led the Islamic city as a space for the development of other Islamic fundamental principles and principles. However, with the emergence of modern thinking and the emergence of numerous movements, we see that many of these concepts have been met with considerable damage. This is considerably more significant in neighborhoods with a rich historical, religious, and civilian background, and its inhabitants can face the challenges of identity. The 20th district of Tehran is also one of the most valuable areas for this study, with the aim of measuring the readings of its inhabitants from the perspective of the Islamic city. Following the extraction of indices and sub-indexes related to the Islamic city from the opinions of experts and the conceptual modeling of the research, using the design and distribution of 50 questionnaires in the spectrum of 5 likert options, the characteristic The findings of the Islamic city were derived from the perceptions of the inhabitants of the 20th area using inferential statistics. The results of the findings suggest the fact that from the viewpoint of citizens, the most vulnerable factors that led to the deterioration of the quality of the 20th district of Tehran from the Islamic point of view were physical and environmental factors, and social and value factors are at a later stage. have.

Urbanization and increase of population, and consequently development of small and large towns are among today's trends. The sustainable development of the mentioned items is bound to having an efficient urban management and planning. Urban management focuses highly on the issues of metropolises, large cities and sometimes mid-sized ones, and it gives much less attention to the managerial issues in rural urban areas. However, if rural urban areas can be economically independent, they can play a significant role in flourishing and booming their surrounding environment through holding a major share of production, investment and human resources.

Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the challenges and strategies of rural urban areas which have recently turned into towns.

This is a descriptive-analytical research which collected its data through the documentation and field techniques. The population included households residing in East and west Bandpey district of Babol town, among which two hundred households were randomly selected as sample using the Cochran's method.

Finally, after information collection and analysis, it was concluded that such rural urban areas are facing fundamental issues and obstacles such as waste disposal and separation, poor performance of urban bodies, low engagement of citizens in urban projects, etc. which can be resolved through adopting strategies such as reinforcement of urban organizations, development and expansion of services and urban facilities, utilization of local potentials, etc.

Considering that village-cities as a city-village link play an important role in regional equilibrium, the study of the challenges and challenges of the future and the determination of the spatial development strategies of these settlements is an innovation of this research

There are relatively few karstic masses in the Hezar masjed-Kope Dagh zone where any geomorphological karst studies can is important be based on karst land form, calcareous aquifers, correlations of karst forms with karst hydraulic system, and land use and management in this area . This research is aimed at identifying and classification Karst forms basins in order to better and more accurately identify the karstas of this basin and to play an important role in land management projects in Karst areas .The research tool includes topographic maps, geology, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, digital elevation model (DEM) and ARC GIS software .After the boundary of the studied basin and identification of its karstic forms, the methods of classification Cvijic, Walthem, Komatina, and Herak for categorization of karstic forms of this basin were used.The karstic study of this basin shows that its karstic forms have a high diversity and include a variety of karren, Doline, karst valleys and karstic springs.The study of the karst forms of the Kalat basin revealed that, according to the Cvijic classification, these forms were in the row of transition karsts, based on Walthem and Fokes classification in the row of young karsts, based on the classification of the Komatina in the row of synclinal karst and based on the classification of Herak in the row of the karstic Orogeny.

Informal settlements is one of the most important aspects of urbanization in Iran, in a way that not only in the big cities but also in the medium-sized and small towns, these kind of phenomenon exist. One of the cities in Iran that engage in this phenomenon is Torbat Heydarie that requires the utilization of comprehensive application for problem solving. The aim this study is to organize the informal settlements with empowerment approach in Torbat Heidarie city. This study is developmental-practical and the method of it, is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information is done in two way; library and survey (questionnaire) and for analyzing the data, the methods of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regression, were used and in order to provide the empowerment strategies of informal settlements, initially the Delphi technique was used to make the planning participatory and in the next stage, the swot strategic model was used. The statistical society are some of informal settlements of Torbat Heydarie, such as areas of high Rabat, areas of low Rabat, Koye Emam and Heidar Abad and the sample size are 400 people that were chosen by the multistage cluster sampling method. In this study, each of the indicators of authority delegating and participation, security indicator and social and economical indicators are considered as a independent variable with empowerment approach to the dependent variable. Among them, social and economical indicator have the most effects on the empowerment approach. According to multiple regression model, social and economical indicators have the most effects and in the next step respectively, assignment of authorities and participation indicator and security indicator in achieving the empowerment of informal settlements have priority. The result of swot model indicated that aggressive strategies placed as a initial priority of informal settlements empowerment.

Security has always been one of the most important human needs, this notion is defined once a person is present in an urban space. Therefore, the physical aspects of the city play an important role in its quality. One of the leading approaches to reducing crime, and consequently increasing security, is CPTED, which was inspired by Jane Jacobs's "Eyes on the Street" and Oscar Newman's "Defenseless Spaces" theories. But these theories have neglected addressing the quality of people's presence in the community and its relation with security issues. Bill Hayler's Space Syntax theory examines this phenomenon as a relation to co-presence of citizens. For this purpose, the present paper first examines the environmental security in Sarasiab neighborhood of Tehran using a checklist, based on the CPTED principles and strategies. Then, using Depth Map software, the neighborhood map has been extracted and the impact of space syntax on its environmental security has been evaluated. The results of the above findings, which have been gathered in the SWOT table, indicate a low level of environmental security in the Sarasiab neighborhood. For this reason, it has come up with the necessary suggestions for promoting environmental safety in the form of strategic design principles. Finally, modeling the impact of proposed physical changes to improve spatial configuration, interconnection and environmental security has been carries out.