فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 34، زمستان 1398)

Tehran and Alborz provinces are important zones from an economic, social and political activities point of views in the country; most of the habitations in these provinces were built in areas which are in the risk of landslide. This research, studied the damages and physical-infrastructural vulnerabilities in these areas, considering the landslide hazardous zones based on the earthquake and rainfall incidents.

The present study were scored and compared 11 indices which affect landslide incident by using hierarchical group analysis method; after compiling landslide susceptibility maps, infrastructure, and buildings, equipment and facilities vulnerability in cities to the incident was assessed.

According to the findings, there is a very high, high and medium probability of landslide risk in the northern strip, some parts of east and south of Tehran province and north and west of Alborz province. The development of physical and infrastructural elements in Tehran and Alborz provinces in these zones has caused high and medium vulnerability in this field. Subsequently, the probability of secondary disasters such as explosions and fires in some parts of the studied zones is assessed as high and medium.

Considering the probability of landslides in cities and suburbs in Tehran and Alborz provinces, first, it is necessary to reduce the vulnerability of existing physical-infrastructural elements to landslides as a priority for urban planners and regional authorities. As well as, every future planning and development of urban and regional physical-infrastructural elements in these zones should consider the possibility of landslide.

Estimating the vulnerability rate of urban textures in seismic incident following a major earthquake (aftershocks) is crucial in decision making and crisis management. For this purpose, it is necessary to calculate the vulnerability of buildings due to the successive incidents and to use them in the vulnerability estimation for probable future aftershocks. Seismic fragility in reinforced concrete buildings with shear wall affected by a secondary incident due to seismic continuity is calculated in this paper.

The studied buildings have 4, 8 and 15 floors. Opensis software was used for nonlinear analyzes. For this purpose, twenty seismic sequences which presented in previous valid studies were used. Seismic fragility curves to collapse level following increasing nonlinear time history analysis were estimated; for this, numerical models of studied constructions following the first incident damage were analyzed.

According to the results, in addition to present the seismic fragility of reinforced concrete sheets with shear wall and the effect of the first incident amount on this parameter, the changing process of this index due to Iran 2800 Standard Change in three recent editions has been studied; the results showed that the probable demolishing of studied frames affected by the second incident, is significantly increased if the frame were damaged in first incident.

It is essential to consider the aftershock impacts on damaged structures under the first incident in order to risk management and decrease the damages. The results of this study showed that increasing the amount of demolishing due to main earthquake the probability of the structure collapse will increase significantly following the aftershock. On the other hand, recent editions of Iranian seismic guidelines in choosing design method, has a significant impact on the reduction of aftershock damages.

The necessity of pre-disaster reconstruction planning is obvious since Iran is located in the Alpine-Himalayas seismic belt as well as according to several earthquake experiments in different urban and rural regions. Qom is one of the high risk zones in Iran (code 2800). On the other hand, there aren’t any experiments for temporary settlement after earthquake in concentrate population zones and metropolises in recent decades, which make inappropriate using previous experiments in rural and sparsely populated cities.

 The qualitative-quantitative and descriptive-analytical methods of field and survey studies were used as research method in this study. Library studies and observation tools, documentation and interviews with authorities and experts, as well as superior maps and documents were used, also, in order to collect data.

Comprehensive planning of temporary settlement in Qom should be compiled based on a comprehensive and reliable database, considering the demographic characteristics at different urban and local scales. It is also necessary to present a classification based on temporary settlement indexes in order to use whole capacity of hostels for pilgrims and urban open spaces, as well as considering their number and capacities, to determine the actual capacity of each area during planning phase.

As a result, capable options for settlement in Qom are classified in eight categories based on the temporary settlement indexes obtained from professional texts and global experiences, specialized literature and global experiences. Then, each category was considered and their capacity and locations classified into eight district of Qom. Finally, prioritizing these alternatives by comparing them based on existing indices. Complementary projects at the urban and local scale are given priority in a table, as well as.

Since buildings are constantly exposed to threats, it is necessary that they be fully prepared to confront with all threats and their damages. Therefore, using the passive defense basics and principles in designing and constructing the buildings are considered obvious and undeniable. To prevent or reduce disasters caused by flood, earthquake, and war and so on, solutions such as using smart buildings may be used. Making smart buildings is a way to strengthen the buildings, increasing construction’s longevity, reducing the buildings’ maintenance cost after construction as well as reducing energy consumption during construction.

This descriptive-analytical research is used library studies. First, probable threads to buildings and making smart constructions, as an effective way to reduce risks with passive defense approach, were studied and identified. Then, equipment to making smart buildings in architectural part, in order to preserve defensive assets, was prioritized by using similarity decision making method to ideal option or TOPSIS.

According to the performance of the smart system in buildings, it can be said that regarding the security of the users, the application of this system in the architectural part of building considering the basics and principles of passive defense will have a greater impact on its protection and security and increase its defensive assets than other parts of the buildings. Therefore, the subsystems of architectural parts in making smart building have been evaluated.

According to the results of TOPSIS analysis in prioritizing the equipment for making smart buildings, smart glasses, smart doors and CCTV, respectively, are introduce as new and dynamic technology which combination with passive defense objectives, facilitate crisis management in each three conditions of before, during and after crisis.

Flood damages and losses include a wide range of environmental, social and economic damages; therefore, all dimensions of flood damages need to be considered in the process of flood risk planning and management. The present research was conducted with the aim of introducing the integrated assessment framework in relation to damages incurred by flood considering four concepts of direct, indirect, tangible and intangible damages for Nodeh Khandooz city of Golestan Province due to the flood event occurred on 17 April 2016.

In this regard, the flood zone along the Khorma-rud River was identified (150 m from river banks) to determine the regions at risk. To estimate the costs of direct and tangible damages caused by the flood, a part of the related information was collected through consultation with related offices. The estimation of indirect and intangible costs was also carried out through field surveys, interviews with local communities and through compiling and filling of a questionnaire.

The analysis shows that in the direct-tangible damage group, the most damages were imposed to the infrastructures and agriculture sector that are about with the value of 6000 and 5950 million Riyals, respectively. In the indirect-tangible damage group, the second highest damage was incurred due to interruption in business with about 87 million Riyals following the costs of passages reopening and clearing (about 350 million Riyals). In the indirect-intangible costs group, the most damages are considered due to disorder and chaos that were created, as well as distressing, discomfort and mental damage that were created and losing trust in authorities with about 154, 149 and 124 million Riyals, respectively.

In summary, most damages in the Nodeh Khandooz city were attributed to direct and tangible damages (92.40%). However, for integrated management purposes to achieve sustainable development, in addition to considering direct and tangible costs, indirect and intangible damages should be considered, although the damages identified in these groups seem less valuable.

Human society has historically been faced by a variety of natural and unnatural disasters, so, every year, 200 million people affected by the disasters. Iran is among the ten high risk countries in the world, with India, Bangladesh and China fourth behind in Asia. The global crisis, due to the magnitude of the accident, the numerous affected populations, and the limited capacity to respond of the authorities in a short time, caused high demands of relief, health and medical needs, so the management requires coordinated and proper use of all national material and human resources. In this regard, identifying the strengths and improvements in crisis managements, based on world-class scientific models and using them in order to improve the next crisis management quality may be very effective.

This is an applied study according to the objectives of crisis management research; on the other hand, this is a descriptive-analytic research based on quality and method. Crisis management in Iran (case study, floods in Luristan and Mazandaran, and Kermanshah earthquake) considered by using Little John six step model and field survey, documentation, discussion with senior executives of government agencies related to crises (governorship, county offices, municipality, electricity, water, gas, telecommunications, Red Crescent, emergency, fire departments, etc.) and a questionnaire in which numbers 9 and 1 scored as maximum and minimum, respectively.

According to the evaluation by Little John model, designing the crisis response (4.7) and necessity planning (2.9) showed highest and lowest scores in Iranian crisis management, respectively. The whole crisis management assessment shows the average less than medium (4.6). a system for sending and distributing the required items (2), information system to individuals and managers of crisis management department (1.8) are as the weakest parts of crisis management and the rapid establishment of water and gas services as well as the rapid distribution of required items are as the best crisis management sectors (6.6).

Even though the great efforts made to improve the quality of crisis management services, and high probability of natural disasters in Iran, special consideration in this field is necessary. Improving some standards such as a system to register the information of places and people as well as rapid informing to crisis management members, may have effective results in future crisis managements.

Using common terms and synonyms, such as concepts related to natural crisis managements, is one of the major challenges in interdisciplinary topics; which are apparently similar but have different meanings and practical implications. “Natural disaster” is one of these terms. The main purpose of this study is to describe the common and professional term in science and creating common language for crisis managements experts.

This is a theoretical study based on library documents, and then the collected data were analyzed and described.

A systemize classification based on the disaster’s sociological aspect; finally a definition of disaster will present to the effect that disaster is a condition which create due to reduction of social resilience and confronting capacity of society against natural hazards that will cause social and spiritual vulnerability. The Farsi translation of the term consists accident, incident and role in its social concept.