فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات
پیاپی 56 (پاییز 1398)

In the past two decades, the dramatic increase in commercial spaces, especially malls and megamals in Tehran, has been a topic of great interest. But so far, there is insufficient information and accurate statistics on these modern commercial spaces. On the other hand, the term Shopping Centers, although widely used and common in the academic world and everyday life, is equally ambiguous. In Iran, due to the lack of international standards and the lack of a database and accurate statistics, these ambiguities are far greater. And not only do we not know enough about the number and formations and taxonomies of Tehran's commercial complexes, but there is also no accurate knowledge of the geography and history of these modern commercial spaces. for this reason, in the first step, it is necessary to provide basic statistics and conceptual clarification based on different classifications of commercial complexes.In this article, which is based on the results of a research carried out between 1976-1976, we will study the typology and classification of commercial complexes and their types according to their geographical status and historical eras.According to the findings of this article, the largest number of shopping malls and multi-purpose malls and properties were concentrated in the carpet weaving period and most in the north and west areas of Tehran, Also, the construction of these business centers, their proximity and distance from each other and their location, were not subject to any specific logic.

Cultural policy is a controversial issue in academic and political sphere in Iran. Based on the findings of this research, it can be claimed that ambiguity is one the key peculiarities of cultural policy as a policy sector in Iran. This ambiguity is expressed in different ways in terms of policy contents, expectations, mechanism and outcomes. This situation makes the policy sector a subject of political conflicts, policy inconsistencies and evaluation challenges. Differences between ambiguity as a consequential effect of the structural characteristics of the policy sector and as a deliberate choice for policy makers are identified. The results of these in terms of the policy forms that are generated for the cultural sector, and the creation of disagreement about these, and about the rationality and legitimacy of cultural policies are discussed. Also, the results of ambiguity in terms of expectations, clarity, implementation effectiveness and the control of policy are taken into consideration.

This research attempts to answer the question that what are the strategies of cultural policy making for students to use social networks to fulfill the missions of the academic system, especially knowledge management?Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to answer this question. In order to study the way students use social networks, a randomly selected sampling method among students from 7 top universities in Tehran and a tool for interviewing 14 university professors in the field of cyberspace used to provide strategies for cultural policy.According to research findings, the majority of students' approach is simply to share the content of others. 25.5 percent of students said their first priority was that they were simply sharing the content of others, and only 11.7 percent of students said they were focusing primarily on content production. 23 percent of students also tend to spend on content and 18 percent of students tend to download. This indicates that Iranian students are consuming in social networks and messengers. Therefore, it seems that social networks and messengers in the country have not been able to become knowledge management tools at universities. The reasons for this and the provision of policy strategies through in-depth interviews with professors have been taken into consideration. Also, the results of the deep interview indicate that in the field of strategic politics, we need to promote critical thinking and increase media literacy among students, professors and university officials. In addition, simultaneous policies in hardware and software are necessary.

Twitter is getting into Iranian life with an accelerating speed. Its Persian members are growing and youths are using it more and more as a platform of socialization and communication. Recently, changes in this young generation language have been addressed in the form of vulgarism and sexual words. It is easily noticeable even in public places and spheres. Twitter as a public sphere has been monitored by this research in order to see if this linguistic change is objective and real. Is there any identity movement behind this sudden change of language usage between Iranians. What properties does this change have?In order to do so, we applied a socio-linguistic approach within an anthropological aspect to assess such an incident. With a qualitative method of content analysis, we analyzed the numerical distributions and quantity of These sexual insults in Twitter of which Persian Language users have posted.This research orients around a possible hypothesis of the emergence of new identities among Iranians with anti-language, anti-discourse or anti-ideology as indicator signs.

Moving societies towards individualism and becoming more familiar with the various lifestyles through media and virtual social networks has made lifestyle an important issue in the field of individual and social life. This research, by relying on the conceptual literature in the field of lifestyle, and using virtual ethnographic method and collaborative observation with use of the qualitative content analysis method, has studied the Instagram pages of 53 active female users in this social network which lifestyle features and components were visible in posts and images women shared, from the perspective of the way they represent their life style in this social network over a period of approximately six months. The present study showed that women, by displaying their everyday experiences and roles, such as family roles, occupation roles, education roles and etc. in the public domain of Instagram, seek to provide a new definition of the life of Iranian women and make sense of the activities which seems to be missing or insignificant in public point of view. In their words, these are women who give value and credibility to the roles they play. Women with different social conditions, pursue or display a variety of interests in their user pages on social networks. and try to emphasize on their differentiation with others by re-presenting various situations and things.

In this article, we have been looking to study the mechanisms of gender performance in charitable work of women in the social network of Instagram, based on Judith Butler's theory of gender performance. Philanthropist women also seem to have a lot of activity in virtual networks. Therefore, we have come to recognize the concept of display and performance of gender identity, the mechanisms and the implementation of gender in the activities of women in the Instagram. The conceptual framework of this paper is based on the concept of "gender discourse" and its related concepts. In this regard, using Lazar's (2007) feminist critical discourse analysis, we analyzed the activities from the profile of 4 active women in Instagram with emphasis on gender as the focal point. The results indicate that:1-Women's philanthropic activities in cyberspace as a different gender performance.2-Women's philanthropic activities in cyberspace as a representation of closure.It seems that gender language acts as a "patriarchal discourse weapon."

What has been represented in family photos in Iran since Naser al-Din Shah’s day thus far, is not all that had happened in reality of the everyday lives of Iranian families, rather some topics and individuals have always been removed from the family photo’s context or have been marginalized. The article, by investigating absent and present signs in the context of family photos through social semiotics in the context of the Iranian society, has answered the following questions:Which signs are recorded in family photos and which signs are forgotten, or are intentionally deleted from the family photo context? What are the reasons for deleting or the absence of these signs in family photos؟ It is obvious that some absent signs in family photos can be attributed to the social, cultural and perceptual structures of any age. This article is a review of the literature of absence, and by indicating the relationship of absence with concepts such as presence, prohibition, death, and memory from the perspective of Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Christian Metz, and Jacques Fontani, categorizes and defines the signs of absence in family photos. The findings of the research indicate that there have been four types of prohibition in the course of family photos in Iran: thematic prohibition, discourse prohibition, presence prohibition, and media prohibition. In this case, the prohibiting power of social and cultural discourses in elimination and causing absence of individuals in the history of family photos in Iran, has had greater effects than other barriers.

Nowadays environment of each person is dominated by massive amounts of different advertising messages in the society that is produced and presented with the aim of influencing on different segments of society from various media. Advertising has a profound effect on shaping people's consumption behavior, so these advertising messages have various positive and negative effects on social relations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of television advertising on increasing consumerism and consequently to the reduction in emotional attachment of individuals. This research is practical in terms of research purpose and is Experimental Research in terms of its nature and is survey in terms of research strategies. The statistical population of this research is people in the city of Rasht that are exposed to television advertising. So for examining hypotheses, a questionnaire was distributed among 309 participants. To test the hypothesis, is used correlation method and structural equation modeling and typically SPSS 20 and AMOS 22 software. The results indicate that the pressure of advertising have a significant effect on the consumerism, Attitude to advertising and emotional attachment variables. Also the influence of advertising attitude on consumerism and the influence of consumerism on emotional attachment has been proven. On the other hand findings of this study indicate that Attitude to advertising had no significant effect on emotional attachment.

This study investigates the impact of the Internet on Cultural Capital and creating Online Cultural Capital in Virtual Space. In this study, the theories of Manuel Castells and Howard Rheingold on Internet and Cyberspace and the theory of Pierre Bourdieu on Cultural Capital are used as Theoretical Frameworks of Research. The research method is Social Survey Method and studied statistical group is the students of Kashan State University and Kashan Medical Sciences University in 2013-14 academic year, that among them, using Cochran's formula, 380 people are selected, as the Sample Size. The results of this study Show that there is direct and significant correlations between the variable of Cultural Capital and various dimensions of using Internet, that is the variables of “Duration and extent of use of the Internet”, “Proficient in the use of internet”, “The Use of Internet Scientific Sites”, “The Use of Internet Art Sites”, “Shopping Internet Cultural Goods” and “The Use of Virtual Social Networks”. Also, the results of the Regression Analysis and Path Analysis shows direct impact of the variables of “Proficient in the use of internet”, “The Use of Internet Scientific Sites”, “Shopping Internet Cultural Goods” and “The Use of Internet Art Sites” on the variable of “Cultural Capital”.

In contemporary consumer society, people pay attention to their health and happiness, because any social and cultural activity and any form of self-construction is bodily oriented. Body management, in its complicated form, is completely pervasive among most of the social classes and groups. This research is about to study the contexts and reasons of people’s interests in consuming medical commodities and drugs among Sanandaj inhabitants. So the theory of consumer society is the theoretical framework of this research. The method of study is grounded theory and the data were gathered by way of individual deep interview, as a qualitative technique. Theoretical-purposeful sampling was selected to select the interviewed. The findings show that social-normative expectations and financial-cultural challenges are facilitating contexts, while commodification of health and beauty and consumerism are casual conditions of this phenomena. Gaining social approval, social opportunities and identification are the main reasons, moreover, commodification of body, individualization of identity and mental disorders are the most important consequences of this phenomena.

The role and the penetration of the newspapers' publication in the Eastern countries, especially in India have considerably influenced the content and the ideas governing the journalism in Iran. This study was carried out based on the conventional content analysis to compare the content of three newspapers, Ḥabl alMatīn [The Firm Bond], Vaqāyiʿ i Ittifāqīyah [Chronicle of Events] and Ṣūri Isrāfīl [Seraphʾs Trumpet]. The analysis of outcomes was based, in one hand, on the content, the kind of attitude and the style of the articles, and on the other hand the general appearance and the layout of the newspapers' content. In terms of content, emphasis of the articles of all the newspapers on logging and/or hard news is similar, while the editorials were dynamic and attractive. The horizons of the newspapers under study lacked the sense of research and investigation, and were exclusively informative, with no attention to trends. The Ṣūri Isrāfīl's tendency towards critical writing originated from the Persian journalism in India and the critical editorials of Ḥabl alMatīn newspaper. In general appearance, the overview of method, style and kind of layout of the articles, there are similarities between the newspapers of the both countries such as the application of Nastaliq font, common logos and layouts along with arrangements of columns and classifying of the articles. Although most of Iranian researchers believe the impact of the Western journalism over the Iranian one, this study showed that the writing style and the general appearance of Iranian newspapers predominantly follow the same trend of journalism in the East. Lack of tendency of journalists towards analysis and commentary; their more attraction to hard news and no attention to processes; along with no attempt to exit from the historical framework and avoid the deconstruction within their professional work imply the professional and stylish similarities within the Iranian journalism and the Eastern countries, especially the Persian journalism in India.