نشریه برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 4 (بهار 1397)

Urban privacy is of particular importance in planning, directing and controlling the development of cities. The rapid growth of urbanization, the uncontrolled expansion of cities and their surrounding lands, especially in developing countries, have made planning challenges for metropolises very difficult. Management and planning for Tehran's metropolitan area in recent decades, pave the way for the challenge among various stakeholders who each want a share of the periphery of the city for themselves. The main purpose of the research is to identify the issues of integrated management of the Tehran metropolitan privacy. The methodology of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Secondary analysis of existing documentary-library information, related plans and maps were used to collect data to analyze the current status of privacy. In order to validate and provide the model, semi-structured interviews with urban experts were carried out and through Maxwell's software the qualitative content analysis of the interviews was conducted. The findings of this study show that legal, managerial, institutional and physical-spatial issues in the integrated management of privacy in the Tehran metropolitan area have been disturbed so that a number of administrative and institutional divisions in the Tehran metropolitan area have been violated. The cities located in this area are one of the major issues in the Tehran metropolitan area. Therefore, considering these issues and examining privacy challenges, an integrated model, tailored to the current structure of Tehran's privacy management, has been proposed and presented.

Fewer scholars have dealt with the trends of urban plans in Tehran during recent years.  This article aims to obtain a general view of urban thinkers on the most significant and successful urban design projects which have been implemented in Tehran from 1980 to 2015. The main question seeks how professionals categorize and evaluate these projects. To this end, the Delphi method was applied, and five groups of urban experts consisting of 40 members professional in urban sociology, urban design, urban planning, urban management, and architecture, took part. In addition, opinions of mayors, municipalities, city councilors, and consulting engineers for each Tehran district have been taken into the account.  Based on the panel view and compared to the literature review, the paper has categorized Tehran’s selected urban designs into four categories including urban frameworks, transportation plans, urban architectures, and public open spaces. It reveals the projects which have not been selected by the panelists contain important categories for Tehran and  vary from urban furniture to energy-efficient scales. However, the number of successful projects has grown and especially the peak belongs to public open spaces and urban architectures during the last five years. Based on the current trends, this study suggests that the urban design projects in Tehran in the near future must shift toward projects with participatory and ecological approaches, healthy city studies, focusing on the improvement of distressed urban fabrics and providing housing projects.

The present study investigates the attitude of the people of Tehran (District 19) towards wall painting depicted in the public spaces of city.The theory of stimulus-response was used to examine people's attitudes. The conceptual model had three processes: attention, accuracy, and acceptance. Also, the functional, aesthetic, and identity effects of wall paintings were evaluated. A survey was used and the population of the study consisted of residents of District 19 in the year 2015/16. The sample size of 500 was calculated through the Cochran formula and a a two-stage sampling method was implemented. The results of the study show an increase in paintings of "Nature and Urban Life" more than any other theme. Attention and perception of wall paintings play an important role on the functional, identity, and aesthetic effects. Of course, the impact of perception component is more than attention. People's perceptions of wall paintings have been analyzed in three themes: "Nostalgic perception" (mainly wall paintings of martyrs, war, and officials), "religious identity perception" (mainly of religious paintings), and "critical perception" (other wall paintings).

An important issue creating mush problems throughout the city of Shiraz, which is also an issue that officials of the city are struggling to overcome, is the study of the traffic status of Shiraz, and also the study of multi-purpose stops and park and rides available throughout the city in order to fulfil the present and future needs of Shiraz. This shows the necessity for studies to be conducted on the matter. Hence, the present article aims at locating and investigating the functional role of multi-purpose stops and park and rides in Shiraz. To achieve this goal, preliminary studies were conducted on the theoretical foundations of the problem, and it was then attempted to identify the influential indicators. Modeling, designing, and creating the necessary database in GIS were applied to enter Shiraz city data layers and attempted to identify potential areas for building multi-functional parking lots and stops by applying coefficients influencing each of these indices using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM). The results indicate that the appropriate spots for establishing Park & Ride locations are Central, North and North East of Shiraz, and based on field studies, 54 potential points outside of the city traffic limit and 39 points inside and in total 93 potential points were selected and prioritized.

It seems that we are not in harmony with the changes of the Tehran metropolis as the capital city of Iran. We often encounter what Cowell and Owens call an implementation deficit. The pursuit of methods that are obviously ineffective and futile, or as Barbara Tuchman calls it, wooden-headedness, the inability to escape the dominant structural and institutional algebra. This structural and institutional algebra indicates a change in attitude and paradigm in this regard. Instead of focusing on Tehran's formation as a process and turning it into an issue, we deal with it as a project. While many factors turn Tehran into a problematic metropolis, it still continues to work. We need to do a reverse engineering of the process that has led to the creation of Tehran over two centuries. There is a need for fundamental change in the outlook towards customary processes and procedures, with a holistic, systemic, process-based, and far-sighted approach. A comprehensive, integrated, and systemic approach instead of a reductionist and abstract attitude; looking into the future rather than the present; a process-based approach instead of a project-based one; a program-centered look instead of a routine one. These are all solutions to Tehran's problem and the organization of the capital issue. The results of the analysis emphasize an integrated and systematic strategy of management in the framework of regional and transregional connections. They also focus on an ecologic attitude toward expanding the metropolis and creating balance between the natural and man-made environments.

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the policies implemented in the housing sector to reduce inequality in housing affordability in the urban areas of Iran. This study aimed to use the Gini coefficient and the data of the statistical plan of household income and expenditure surveys of the Center of Statistics of Iran in order to study inequality in housing affordability in urban housing in the form of three indicators of housing price to income ratio, the ratio of the cost of housing to the total household cost, and the space used by each person during the periods of 2006 and 2016. The results show that the highest level of inequality is related to the housing price to income ratio and the lowest is the ratio of cost of housing to total household costs. Furthermore, the Gini coefficient of income, the ratio of housing prices to income and space used by each person during the period under review is decreasing. Female head-of-households, illiterate head-of-households, and private-sector workers were identified as target groups supported by housing programs. The results suggest that increasing income inequality will increase inequality in housing. Hence, the adoption and implementation of appropriate policies and strategic plans to provide housing for people in need of society and reduce inequalities should be the priority of planners and policymakers in the housing sector.

Industrial application is one of the applications whose proper layout can protect the natural and human environment from the negative effects of the deployment of industrial use. Hence, in this study, considering the standards of safety and accessibility of natural and human criteria in the city of Ardabil, a land zoning of Ardabil was carried out to determine the appropriate location for the establishment of industries. The research was conducted with application purposes in mind, and in terms of its nature and method, it was a descriptive and analytical research, which means that using the existing standards, the industries are located in the studied area. The results of this research indicate that the lands suitable for the establishment of industry of 43720 hectares of land are included in the study area. Given that the AHP model only has the ability to identify suitable and unsuitable areas for the establishment of industries and cannot determine priority and preference fo the deployment of industries in the appropriate places, the capabilities of the ARC MAP software were used to identify and isolate entire areas suitable for at least 200 hectares. Using the VIKOR model and the 8 effective criteria for locating industries, he identified areas were prioritized. The results of the research show that the current location of the industry in the city of Ardabil is in conflict with the optimal areas identified. Also, 6 new areas for the establishment of industrial units in the Ardebil district were identified and prioritized for the establishment of industries in these areas.