نشریه مطالعات عمران شهری
پیاپی 9 (تابستان 1398)

Livability is a concept that is associated with some concepts of life, quality of place and healthy communities. Nowadays, urban population growth, urbanization, and the resulted problems have sharply removed living standards and livability standards from these cities. Meanwhile, the quality of life, and consequently, the livability of cities has declined sharply. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial-local livability of Ilam city areas through a descriptive-analytical method.The statistical population of this study consists of residents of 4 districts of Ilam city, 383 of whom are selected by stratified random sampling. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity is confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability is confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (o.72). One-sample T-test, and Friedman rankings are used to analyze the data. The results show that residents believe that spatial-local livability of Ilam city is moderate and unfavorable in terms of accessibility (m = 2.936), educational (m = 0.065), recreational -welfare (m = 0.001), and residential (m = 3.001) dimensions and is desirable in the dimensions of transportation (m = 3.362) and health-care (m = 3.181). The livability of Ilam urban areas is also ranked as Region 1, 3, 4, and 2 in order of priority.

Damages caused by the rapid growth of personal vehicles in metropolises are unbearable and any increase in these vehicles will cause traffic jams, which is a major cause of delays at intersections. For this reason, the researcher has attempted to make suggestions to address this problem. The present research is applied in terms of its objective, the required data of which are collected using field studies. HCS software is used to calculate service level after extracting delay, volume, and capacity variables and importing these specifications and prescriptions. Afterwards, a brief comparison between intersections is performed. Findings show that there is a high volume and consequently delay at all intersections examined in Isfahan Hakim Nezami Street, indicating low service levels of these intersections. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increase in delay at city intersections results in a very poor performance of the transport system and the city passageways blockage. Synchronization of intersections is a very optimal way to get rid of this problem.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the geographical dispersal status (one of the main elements of passive defense) of urban population of mid-eastern provinces of Iran with the passive defense approach. The research method is a combination of documentary, descriptive, and analytical methods. In this study, the models of comparing the percentage of the population of province center with the total urban population of other provinces (to measure the concentration of population in the center of the province), rank-size law of Zipf and the prime urban pattern have been used to measure the geographical distribution of urban population of the mid-eastern provinces of Iran (passive defense). The results of population concentration model show that among the five provinces surveyed, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces with 64.07and 34.01 concentrations and urban population percentage in Mashhad and Kerman have the worst situation (fifth rank) and the bestsituation (first rank), respectively. Examination of the prime urban index in the provinces under study shows that all the provinces surveyed face the prime urban phenomenon. In this regard, the city of Mashhad is the worst among the provinces surveyed. The results of Zipf rank-size model show that the urban population of Khorasan Razavi, Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, North Khorasan and Kerman provinces is different from Zipf rank-size model, which are -51.25, -36.03, -26.20, -23.78, and -21.26 from the worst to best, respectively. The situation in Khorasan Razavi and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces is worse than other provinces. According to the results of different models of this study, it can be concluded that Khorasan Razavi province with 64.07cumulative percentage of urban population in Mashhad has 10.25times more population in Mashhad in comparison to the urban population of the second city of the province and is -51.25 times far from the ideal population, which makes it the worst (non-compliance with passive population defense) among the provinces under study. Also, Kerman province with 34.07cumulative percentage of urban population in Kerman has 2.57 times more population in Kerman in comparison to the urban population of the second cityof the province and is -21.26 times far from the ideal population, which makes it the best (compliance with passive population defense) among the provinces under study.

The growth of the population, the increase in motor vehicles, and industrialization have bring fundamental changes in human life. Although these changes have led Iran toward progress and development, new problems and shortages such as housing shortages, traffic issues, climate and environmental pollution, destruction of natural resources, destruction of indoor recreational resources have been about. Today, with the increase in urban population and the growing trend of urban construction, there is a decrease in green space per capita and the problems that arise, such as the loss of ecological balance and ecological order, the uneven urban texture as well as the lack of open spaces for leisure time for citizens, and so on. The present study is a descriptive-analytical and applied research that focuses on five main criteria (population, physical dimension, land value, natural and flood risk zoning) using GIS software and analytical hierarchy process. It is hierarchical. For this purpose, spatial data are collected and then, in order to model each criterion based on its value and importance in locating green space, appropriate weight is considered for each criterion. Finally, the optimal pattern weight for green space development is determined using the overlap of thelayer with the same weight. The results indicate that due to the integration of urban parks in the western part of the region, the location of urban parks (especially the inhabitants of the eastern part) is not well distributed and does not meet the current needs of the local population and its future population.

Urban Security is considered as one of the important and necessary components in urban life, which should provide citizens with safety in urban environments. Planners and designers of social spaces, especially cities, are trying to provide security for users through identifying security threatening factors especially in public spaces. In this regard, the current research aims to study urban factors affecting security of public space of 22 Bahman Square of Ilam City. The present study is an analytic-interpretive and applied type. The population includes the inhabitants of Ilam City, 384 of whom are selected as the research sample by Cochran’s method. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire, whose face validity is confirmed and its reliability is confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.939. Data analysis is performed using exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software. The results indicate that the seven factors explaining sense of security in order of priority include night security, socialization, pedestrianism, aesthetics, environmental comfort, environment structure and direct supervision.

The concept of social capital is a multidimensional and influential concept in many areas of society and has a special place in development as well. They are more inclined to live healthier and happier lives and participate in community activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social capital in sustainable development of Arak. In terms of purpose, the present study is a combination of "descriptive-analytical" methods with regard to the nature of the subject and the components under investigation. The statistical population of the study includes all residents of Arak city. The statistical sample was selected using Cochran formula with 5% error of 390 (the population of Arak city was 591737 according to the Census of 1395). The data were then analyzed using SPSS software. The results of one-way t-test showed that both categories of social capital and sustainable development indicators of Arak city are in an average downward position.