نشریه دانش زیستی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1397)

Milfoil with the scientific name Achillea Millefolium is perennial ,stable plant from Asteraceae family. this plant grows in different parts of Iran and world. milfoil mainly containing of essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins and have various health benefits. due to the extensive use of essential oils of milfoil in indifferent field of medicine, cosmetic and nutrition ,it was also suggested that the chemical compounds available in this plant could be identified in various stages of plant development. Methodology Achillea millefolium had collected during the prior stage of flowering ,after that and fruiting stage of Dizin region in Tehran province from second half of July to the early August in 2014.the samples essential oil after completely drying the plant was extracted using by Clevenger apparatus after with water distillation method and essential percentage determination of each sample, the Gas chromatography (GC( and the Gas chromatography connected the mass spectrometry )GC/MS( to identify qualitative and quantitative combination of essential oil constituent was used. normal alkans consist of the most combination of plant essential in each 3 stage before the flowering ,flowering and fruiting which the percentage of this combination was mentioned during 3 stages 46/8%,42/1%,32/4% of the total essential components respectively..in flowering and fruiting stages also ,the oxygenation monoterpene 8 Cinoel -1 has the most abundant after nonadekan composition. based on similarity of the available percentage matter ,the essential before flowering has more alignment than the essential flowering .

The genus Delphinium belongs to the Delphinieae tribe and Ranunculaceae family; in Iran according to flora Iranica has 29 species with zygomorphic flower. In this study, the morphological information of flower and spur in Delphinium species was studied to determine the importance of these characters in identifying species of this genus. Inflorescence condition, flower color, sepal flower, the color of sepals and petals comparative to each other, spur shape, spur curvature and spur tip were investigated. Statical analysis was conducted by SPSS software and cluster analysis was performed by Average linkage method. The results showed that flower color is one of the important traits in identifying Iranian Delphinium species, so that these genera are divided into two groups of yellow and non-yellow flower. Also, shape and spur curvature can differ from cylindrical, attenuate and inflatum. However, these character don’t correlate with distribution and the area where plant is grown. D. saniculifolium has a inflatum spur among specimens. Herbarium image of flower in different species are presented.

In order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizers (Azetobarvar-1 and Phosphate Barvar-2) on yield and yield components of corn (S.C. 704) under low irrigation conditions in second cropping, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2016-2017. The main plots consisted of irrigation interruption at 8 leaf stage, emergence of male inflorescence and normal irrigation as control. Fertilizer treatments were considered as subplots including Azetobacter-1, Phosphate Barvar-2 and the combination of Azetobarvar-1 and Phosphate Barvar-2. The results showed that irrigation and fertilizer treatments had significant effect on corn height, stem diameter, ear diameter and ear length, number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Most of the studied traits were declined due to irrigation interruption, but the impact of irrigation interruption at emergence of male inflorescence stage was more pronounced on 1000 seed weight, seed number per row, grain yield and harvest index. the combined use of Azetobarvar-1 and Phosphate Barvar-2 enhanced the plant height, number of seeds per row, biological yield and grain yield of corn by about 10.7, 31.2, 10.6 and 33.7 percent compared to the use of Azetobarvar-1 and 18.7, 3 / 17, 16.5 and 11%, respectively, in comparison with Phosphate Barvar-2 under irrigation interruption at the emergence of male inflorescence stage.

Chicory is used in traditional medicine as a kidney protector and stone breakers. In this study, the effect of chicory stem aqueous extract on the prevention of calcium oxalate stone formation in the kidneys of rats was investigated. 24 male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups as follows: healthy control, received ethylene glycol and prevention groups (administered 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal [i.p.] dose of chicory stem aqueous extract along with 1% ethylene glycol for 30 days. On days 0, 15, and 30, urine volume and the urinary levels of citrate, calcium, uric acid, creatinine, and pH and on day 31, the serum levels of calcium, uric acid, and creatinine were evaluated. RNA was extracted from kidney tissues and cDNA was synthesized. The expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α -coding genes’ were evaluated by real-time PCR technique. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test in SPSS. In the prevention groups calcium urinary level (day 15 and dose 50 mg/kg), citrate (day 15) and serum calcium, uric acid, creatinine, as well as TNF-α expression had reduced significantly. Urine volume (day 30) and IL-1β-coding gene’ expression (200 mg/kg) had increased significantly. Cichorium intybus L. stem is probably causing a decrease in serum parameters and urine calcium at the dose of 50 mg/kg due to its diuretic properties. But at the dose of 200 mg/kg, it has no effects on preventing nephrolithiasis and increases renal inflammation caused by increased IL-1β and some urinary parameters.

Considering the economic value of fish belong to Cyprinidae family, and the importance of ecology in the exploitation of marine resources, diversity identification of whitefish (Rutilus frisii kutum) was conducted in the Sefidrud, Karganroud, Anzali lagoon, Chamkhaleh and Chelvand estuaries in Gilan province. For this purpose, 30 fish were collected from each river. After measuring thirteen morphometric and 9 meristic characters,the mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum sizes, and coefficient of variation of all studied parameters in each river were calculated. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA, and the groups were compared by Tukey test. Average of the morphometric characters in the rivers was 7.4, 10.06, 10.46, 12.36 and 12.75 percent, respectively. Due to significant difference (P <0.01) in the mean of studied parameters and high coefficient of variation among five rivers, the whitefish were different. The average of coefficient of variation in most morphological traits increased from western estuaries to eastern one, and the difference of traits is proportional to estuaries distance. Sefidrood showed the highest differences in morphometric traits and the lowest one was observed in Chelvand. The average of coefficient of variation of nine meristic traits in above rivers was 6.56, 6.48, 6.36, 6.36 and 11.5% respectively, and seven of them have no significant difference. The results showed that independent’s of spring whitefish are in the studied rivers , but due to the low mean coefficient of variation in the meristic characters of them, probably the environment has been effective in the population’s diversity.

Addition of prebiotic and also some compositions which can affect survival rate of probiotic strain is considerable several years ago. So, in this study, production of heated and non-carbonated probiotic doogh and study of its chemical composition and sensorial properties were explored. Five treatments were prepared, T1 as a control sample without probiotic strain and maltodextrin, T2 and T4 containing 1 and 2% of maltodextrin respectively and 108 cfu/ml Lactobacillus acidophilus, T3 and T5 containing1 and 2% of maltodextrin respectively and 108 cfu/ml Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Results showed that treatments containing higher concentrations of maltodextrin had more survival rate during storage, however survival rate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus was higher than Lactobacillus acidophillus during storage period. Acidity (dornic) was increased during 10 days of storage period. Sensory evaluation showed control sample and T2 samples had highest score and acceptability among all treatments, however, on the basis of obtained results, T2 was the highest similarity to control sample and was the best among other treatments.