نشریه زیست شناسی کاربردی
سال سی و دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1398)

Propose of this study was investigation on the effect of paclobutrazol on physiological parameters of spring buds of grapes. Spraying of paclobutrazol was carried out on cultivar of Bidane Sefide at concentrations of 0, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L with three replicate contest of the randomized complete block design (CRB) in late buds dormancy in Malayer. Chosen in of proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, total protein, photosynthesis pigments and enzymes activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase of buds were measured in spring. Results were shown significant effect of paclobutrazol on parameters of proline, soluble sugar, total protein and mentioned enzymes. Treatment of 500 mg/L had the most effect on reduced of malondialdehyde levels (with 13% decrease compared to the control) and increased the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase (with 563, 478, 407 decrease compared to the control, respectively). Due to the effects of these parameters on determining tolerance to environmental stresses, concentration of 500 mg/L was determined as best concentration to improve the adaptability of buds for late cold spring tolerance

TodayToday, synthetic nanoparticles encompass a wide range of particles with unique properties and have many applications in the field of nanotechnology. Due to the emergence and lack of understanding of the consequences of using nanoparticles, investigating the effect of releasing these particles in the environment at various biological levels is important. In this study, the effects of nanoparticles of silver in concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 100 ppm on physiological parameters such as total anthocyanin, total soluble protein and enzyme activities of Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase in tomato seedlings (Solanum Lycopersicon) under in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that anthocyanin levels in response to the presence of silver nanoparticles decreased significantly to 10 ppm concentration. The total protein soluble protein increased with increase in the concentration of nanoparticles in the shoot and decreased with increasing concentrations at 20 and 40 ppm compared to the control. The intensity of expression of six protein bands treated with silver nanoparticles also changed. Increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in the medium increased the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase and decreased ascorbate peroxidase activity in the roots. However, in shoot, increased activity of peroxidase and catalase, and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase in response to high concentrations of silver nanoparticles. The results indicated that the presence of silver nanoparticles in the tomato culture medium leads to responses at physiological and molecular levels.

This research was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals of copper, zinc and iron in muscle and gill tissues of Carassius auratus, Vimba persa and Luciobarbus capito in Manjil dam. The results showed that the highest mean metal concentration in the tissues and the three fish species belonged to iron. In both Carassius auratus and Vimba persa, the lowest and highest mean concentrations of the studied metals were observed in muscle and gill tissue, respectively. In Luciobarbus capito, the highest levels of zinc and iron in the gills and the lowest in the muscle, for the copper metal were in reverse, however Gill tissue can be a good indicator of heavy metal contamination since it is the location of metal metabolism. Comparison of copper and zinc in the muscles of the species of Carassius auratus, Vimba persa and Luciobarbus capito, with global standards indicated the lower concentration of these metals compared to the global standards. Muscle tissue iron content of the three species of Manjil Dam Lake was high compared to the standard threshold of the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and low in all three species compared to the WHO standard.

This experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors by applying a type of bed (manure, manure plus superabsorbents nanocamposite and vermicompost plus superabsorbents nanocamposite) and irrigation period (no stress, 5-day and 10-day) in the farm. Shoot and root height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, root penetration depth, carbohydrate, chlorophyll, prolin, carotenoid and ion leakage cnotents were measured in this experiment. The results showed that the bed containing nanocomposite superabsorbent was significant on fresh weight, dry weight and root penetration depth. The effects of irrigation period were significant on fresh weight, dry weight, root penetration depth, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, electrolyte leakage and quality (NTEP). The quality was maintained in five-day irrigation period. The interaction between bed and the irrigation period was significant for proline and Chlorophyll which indicating the tolerance of five-day irrigation period in the bed containing superabsorbents nanocomposites.

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and evaluation of extraction methods of tannin from leaves of Iranian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and estimation of fermentative parameters by gas production technique. Mentioned methods include maceration method, boiling method, percolation method, and Soxhlet method. The results showed that the number of tannins in all the processing methods was reduced significantly compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude energy, natural detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were also increased to compare to other treatments, significantly (p<0.05). Soaking Process compared to other treatments increased significantly cumulative gas production, the fermentable fraction (b) of gas production and also increased insignificantly the parameters of rate (c) of gas production, metabolizable energy, and digestibility of organic matter. Therefore, by comparing the chemical composition and fermentative characteristics of the processed products, it can be concluded maceration method and use distilled water compared to ethanol, is a suitable method for the extraction of tannin and its use in ruminants' feedstuff.

Identification of quantitative traits loci, especially in stress, is one of the important issues in plant breeding. The present study was conducted to identify molecular markers that have a significant relationship with related traits in rice using ISSR markers and 59 rice genotypes and 21 agronomic traits in the flooding and drought stress conditions. The genotypes were based on ISSR markers in a total of 144 bands with an average of 14.4 bands for each marker, and of 144 bands, 69.17% of the bands were polymorphic. The largest polymorphic information content (PIC) was initiated by ISSR-7 with 0.49 and the ISSR-2, ISSR-8, ISSR-9 and ISSR-10 primers with the lowest PIC of 0.47. The association analysis was performed using population structure matrix with GLM and MLM statistical models using the TASSEL software for 21 variables. The MLM model was able to detect meaningful markers in flooding condition of 96 markers in drought stress conditions and related to 21 traits examined at a probability level of 5%. According to the results of association analysis in flooding conditions, the highest correlation coefficient (in the MLM model) of the ISSR27-2 allele was 29.27% ​​and in the drought stress, the highest correlation coefficient (in the GLM model) was related to the ISSR1-6 allele of 77.7 22 percent. According to the results, it is anticipated that the use of ISSR markers detected in this study, if confirmed and after being confined, is highly confident in the selection breeding programs with the help of the molecular marker.

Khajoo fish is one of native fishes existing in the northeast of country. Regarding the ability of this species to live in the different habitats, 124 fishes from Tajan and Kavir basins were caught in seven different locations in the northeast of Iran. The left side of the samples was shot and 17 landmarks (sign mark) were digitized to extract body shape data. There was a significant difference between the bodies shapes of all five populations studied. Most of these differences were related to changes in the muzzle region, head depth, chest and thoracic position, indicating the flexibility of these parts in response to the environmental conditions of the habitat of the populations under study. Having a mouth with abdominal position, head shape, spindly body shape were common features among members of this species, which could indicate the generality of the shape of the body of this species, which for species that are found in variable environments such as rivers life, can be an advantage.

In order to compare the geometric morphometrics of teilehkhus (Capoeta capoeta) populations, 713 specimens from 32 rivers in Caspian Sea, Urmia and Harirud basins were examined. Specimens were anesthetized in 1% clove oil solution after catching by a seine net and fixed in 10% formalin and transfered to laboratory for further studies. The specimens were photographed in a sililar condition by a Cannon 8MP and land marked in Tpsdig2 software. Superimposition of the landmarks was performed by Procrustes analysis to eliminate non-shape variations in TpsRelw. The Canonical Variate Ana;ysis (CVA) results of geometric morphometry showed significant differences among the populations and Harirud population was fully separated from Urmia populations. Caspia Sea population overlapped the both other populations. The Cluster Analysis (CA) grouped Harirud and Caspian Sea populations as a separate group from Urmia population, indication a more similarity between the Harirud and Caspian Sea populations. However, for more details, molecular studies are needed.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is one of the oil crops which well adapted to Iran's semi-hard land. High content of omega-6 fatty acids in safflower oils representing an advanced semi-long chain poly unsaturated fatty acid (SLC-PUFA) pathway in the plant, and make this plant as a suitable candidate for SLC-PUFA pathway engeeniring. Tissue culture optimization and plant regeneration is a prerequisite for any genetic engineering procedure. In this research, the optimisation of tissue culture of Golmehr cultivar was done. For this, regeneration of three explants include root, hypocotyle and cotyledon on MS riched by different concentration of TDZ/NAA and Zeatin/NAA was investigated. Shoot propagation, shoot elongation and root induction studied in the present work. Shoot regenerations were obtained in TDZ=0.5mg/L with 28.8%, TDZ=0.5mg/L+NAA=2mg/L with 25.15% and TDZ=0.5mg/L+NAA=2mg/L with 24.53% was obtained in hypocotyle, root and cotyledon explant respectively. The highest propagation was observed in BA=0.5mg/L+Thiamin-HCl=4mg/L treatment for regenerated explants. However, BA=1mg/L+NAA=1mg/L treatment have no significant effects on the regeneration of callus inducing explants. In this research, we obtain less than 4% rooting in shoots by hormonal treatment.

Chemical demulsifiers that are used for breaking water in oil emulsions, are toxic and have adverse side effects for environment. So, biodemulsifiers have been suggested as an environmental friendly alternative. The aim of this study was to achieve biodemulsifier producing bacteria. For this purpose, biodemulsifier producing bacteria were isolated from deposits in oil reservoirs in petroleum refinery through enrichment in saline-based enrichment medium with liquid paraffin and screened in quantitative and qualitative screening methods. Optimum growth condition of the selected isolates as well as the effect of carbon source on biodemulsifier production were assessed and these isolates were identified based on phenotypic methods a sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. As a result, HS20 and HS22 isolates with 71.43 and 85.71percentage demulsification of water in kerosene were identified as Alcaligenes sp. strain HS20 and Alcaligenes sp. strain HS22, respectively. Optimum temperature, pH and nitrogen source for HS20 were as 40°C, 7 and NaNO3 and for HS22 were 35°C, 7 and NH4NO3. The HS20 biodemulsifier was extracellular while in case of HS22 was in both extracellular and cell attached forms. Both isolates were able to produce biodemulsifier in the presence of hydrophilic and/or mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic hydrocarbons. The results of this study showed that these isolates have appropriate biodemulsifier production and emulsion breaking. Therefore, evaluation of their potential to improve the breakdown of undesirable water in crude oil emulsions at industrial scale is proposed.

In the current study, the effect of different concentrations of cadmium (0, 200, 400μM) on  root and shoot growth, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorophyll  and anthocyanin contents, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity were investigated in three varieties of soybean plant (Telar, DPX, Caspian). The results showed that Cd treatment caused reduction of root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll a content in all three cultivars with the highest reduction in Telar. Significant increase in total phenolics and anthocyanin contents and PAL activity was observed in all the three soybean cultivars with the Cd treatment. The content of MDA in all three cultivars was significantly increased in 400µM concentration of Cd treatment as compared to control. The results of this study indicated that Telar cultivar was the most sensitive cultivare to cadmium stress compared with Caspian and DPX cultivars.