فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 74 (پاییز 1398)

Anthony Giddens in relation to negotiated authority in the family believes that “the development of this kind of democracy has important implications for the promotion of universal democracy.« The family has a high place in social life. Because on the one hand it is the first group we come out of and get to know the world within, and on the other hand, it has the most important impact on the child who is going through his/her early life. Achieving a healthy society depends on the health of the family and the realization of a healthy family, which is subject to the desirable relationships of its members with each other. Therefore, the normalization of relationships in the family will have positive effects on human and social well-being. Of all the institutions and organizations, the family has the most important and valuable roles. An efficient family fosters healthy and grown people and of curse a healthy society. It is safe to say that an ideal family should provide the followings: first, a healthy environment for the well-being of the couple, second, a healthy environment for the upbringing of children. The division of power in the family between husband and wife is associated with the couple’s well-being and good fortune. In today’s societies, the family has undergone many changes, and it is gradually losing its old form and body and evolving in a new way. In this way, the distribution of power in the family has become an important and controversial social issue. Among all institutions, organizations and institutions, the family plays the most important and valuable role and it is from family that persons move to the world. The family has a prominent place in social life, because on the one hand it is the first group we rise from and get to know the world within, and on the other hand, it has the most crucial impact on the child who is going through early life, and these effects last until the end of life. Second, a healthy society will not be built unless it has healthy families. The present study investigates the relationship between power distribution pattern in family and social class of women for having a healthy family and society.

In the present study, for the purpose of sociological study of social class, family power distribution pattern and evaluation of independent variable effect on family variable, i.e. power distribution pattern in family, survey method and attribution method were used. In the current study, the unit of analysis is the family and the level of observation of the individual. Our statistical population consists of all married women in two different poles of Tehran city, municipal district 1 (northern part of the capital city) and municipal district 19 (southern part of the capital city) of Tehran. According to the latest data from the Iranian Statistical Center in 1396, married women in district 1 of Tehran are 114521 and married women in district 19 of Tehran are 65123; therefore, the statistical population comprises 179644 women. The sampling method is a quotient cluster available. The sample size according to the Cochran formula is 383 for the whole districts of 1 and 19 (244 in district 1 and 139 in district 19). In this study, the validity of the questionnaire was determined by Face Validity and Cronbach’s alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The result was 0.83, so the reliability of the questionnaire is acceptable.

The results show that power distribution in 54% of contemporary families is asymmetric and in 46% of families is symmetrical. Thus, the pattern of power distribution in the contemporary family is asymmetric and undemocratic. According to the results of the present study, the distribution of democratic power is prevalent in 45% of families with low social classes, while in 48% of families with high social classes, symmetric power distribution is prevalent. This research finding confirms that there is a relationship between the pattern of power distribution in the family and the social class of women, and as the social class of women grows, the distribution of power in the family becomes more symmetrical. There is also a relationship between the pattern of power distribution in the family and the ownership of valuable resources by women, and as the ownership of valuable resources increases, the distribution of power in families becomes more symmetrical. There is a relationship between the pattern of power distribution in the family and women’s access to life opportunities as well. As the opportunities for life increase, the distribution of power in families becomes more symmetrical.

According to the results, in district 1, northern part of Tehran, 51% of families have asymmetric power distribution and in 49% of families, power distribution is symmetric. In district 19, southern part of Tehran, 60 percent of families have asymmetric power distribution, and 40% of families have symmetric power distribution. Overall, the results show that power distribution is asymmetric in 56 percent of contemporary households and symmetric in 46 percent of households. Power in the contemporary families requires more equitable distribution. In many contemporary families, decisions are made through coercion and violence. In 84 percent of households that experience asymmetric decision making, decision-making is persuasive, and in 16 percent of households, decision-making is compulsory, and men use coercion and violence in their decision-making. The pattern of division of housework is estimated asymmetric in 86% of contemporary households in Tehran and symmetric in 14% of households. As stated above, it should be said that power in the contemporary families requires a more equitable distribution. The value and normative foundations of society in relation to the distribution of power in the contemporary family and the social class of women in society need to be reconsidered. It is appropriate for managers and community leaders to adopt policies to have healthy families and a healthy society and to empower women in the community as they represent half of the community.

Poverty is considered as a horrifying and life-threatening phenomenon as well as a multifaceted process stemmed from social interactions, political structures, socioeconomic strategies, and performance of individuals and groups. It can also be accompanied by a wide range of socioeconomic problems and political instability that can undermine solidarity between individuals and national culture. Therefore, addressing the issue of poverty as well as its associated causes and factors can be regarded as one of the most important roles of governments.

This research is a qualitative study using theme analysis method. Considering its objectives, it was exploratory and applied. The study participants included 17 family social workers of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) in Fars Province, Iran, as well as professors of relevant fields working at universities in the city of Shiraz who were selected using a purposive sampling method. The required data were also collected through semi-structured interviews and then analyzed via continuous comparison methods.

The results of this study led to 14 sub-themes and six main themes as the significant factors affecting the incidence of poverty in families receiving aid from IKRF. The main themes in this study included “Factors related to head of the family: (wrongdoer and unwanted person)”, “Factors related to family: (controllable and uncontrollable)”, “Factors related to governance: (political, legal, citizenship services, and administration of governmental organizations)”, “Cultural factors: (social and belief-related) “Geographical factors: (climate and natural resources)”, and “Economic factors: (internal and external)”. The conceptual model of the study developed based on the themes obtained from the analyses and the thematic network was drawn as follows:

Poverty is considered as a multi-faceted, complex, and long-lasting phenomenon resulting from the characteristics of an individual, family, and the environment which also affects them. Therefore, researchers have investigated poverty reflecting on its various dimensions and categories. Accordingly, this phenomenon has been categorized into “absolute and relative poverty” in terms of its intensity, it has been labeled as “capability poverty” with regard to the level of access, and it has been regarded as “multi-dimensional poverty” based on the variety of factors. Poverty has been correspondingly categorized in the form of “selective and imposed poverty” in view of the role of an individual in the incidence of poverty and also “primary, secondary, and cyclical poverty” in connection with dimension of time. Adopting these categories, researchers have addressed one or more dimensions of the factors affecting the incidence of poverty using economic, cultural, or psychological approaches. The most important innovation of this study, distinguishing it from those in the related literature, was presenting a new categorization of factors affecting the incidence of poverty which could illustrate a comprehensive, localized, and multi-level analysis of this phenomenon. The multi-level modeling made it possible to simultaneously shed light on the causes and factors associated with poverty at individual, family, environment levels for poor families, so that the required strategies to reduce poverty could be adopted accordingly. In view of the authors, poverty alleviation in a society requires concentration on all dimensions and aspects of poverty at all levels. In this respect; considering the roles of an individual, family, and the environment in the incidence of poverty as well as identifying causes and factors associated with poverty have converted it into a multifaceted phenomenon, so that lack of correct understanding of such factors at different levels and also in groups suffering from poverty covered under the umbrella of supporting organizations, can be introduced as one of the barriers to poverty reduction in a country. This issue can also lead to wrong policies, waste of rare economic resources, failure in economic programs for poverty eradication, as well as continued cycle of poverty as a culture and deterred development in a country. Therefore, the main themes and sub-themes obtained from this study could pave the grounds for developing national and provincial programs in order to reduce poverty in society and in families receiving aid from supporting organizations.On the basis of the guidelines released by the World Bank, the key to success in developing national economy is alleviating poverty. Accordingly, it has been emphasized that there is a need to take actions at local, national, and international levels in order to improve opportunities and simultaneously empower individuals and promote security for the poor to fight against poverty, which is the result of the interaction of all economic, social, and political processes that can give a boost to each other in terms of increasing or reducing poverty. In fact, progress in these domains can be the driving force to alleviate poverty. With regard to the findings of this study, it is suggested to take measures at individual and family levels through implementation of empowerment programs for head of the family and dependent members via providing technical and vocational training to unemployed and non-skilled individuals respecting the labor market needs, offering educational and counseling services in accordance with the problems of poor families, giving aid to the youth to get married or supporting poor widowed women to remarry, giving long-term and low-interest loans for employment, orienting jobs and contributing to sustainability of businesses in poor families, providing employment for the poor, in particular educated ones; offering study grants to children of poor families, giving aid to addicts to quit drug abuse, developing social insurance, specially accident coverage and retirement planning insurance, supporting patients in poor families for care and treatment, and meeting housing needs of the poor. In the governance dimension; allocation of more funds and credits to underprivileged and rural areas, development and enforcement of laws in support of the poor in terms of public services by the government, facilitated provision of cheap and easy-to-access services to the poor by the government and its affiliated organizations, supply of health needs and services, roads, water, electricity, gas, and the Internet as well as other infrastructures in far-away villages and underprivileged areas, improving levels of access of the poor to state-run organizations and agencies, delegation of further authority and resources to local officials for poverty reduction, reforms of tax payment systems to benefit the poor, and revisions of supporting systems and policies can be among strategies to alleviate poverty. Based on the findings of this study, in the cultural dimension; strengthening the spirit of social mobility, employment, and entrepreneurship in particular among the poor, utilization of talented elites and entrepreneurs to create job opportunities and reduce poverty, reinforcement of public participation and supporting cooperatives for poverty reduction, boosting the national culture of charity and philanthropy, expanding Islamic economics, especially through restoration and development of zakat, alms-giving, and interest-free loans to help the poor, and emphasis on the culture of supporting and social responsibility are among cultural strategies targeting poverty alleviation. In terms of mitigating the effect of geographical factors on the incidence of poverty, it is suggested to develop, implement, and strengthen crisis management programs in natural hazards risk areas (earthquake-prone, flood-prone, etc.) and also standardize building constructions in order to prevent human and financial losses in case of such accidents. It is also required to do planning for promoting sustainable businesses in accordance with the warm and dry areas with consideration of water resources and air conditions, provide services to mountainous and remote villages difficult to reach, implement programs to stop destruction of forests and grasslands, avoid the waste of water resources specially drinking water, and make more investments in the sector of underground resources, industries, and mines in underprivileged areas with the aim of creating job opportunities. In the end; planning in particular to protect the poor from the effects of inflation and international sanctions, preventing the closure of workshops in deprived and rural areas, developing economic infrastructure in rural and underdeveloped areas, providing the requirements for domestic and foreign investments in such areas, helping small businesses in villages and disadvantaged areas to have access to domestic and foreign markets to sell their products, averting the entry of smuggled goods to control their negative effects on domestic products, blocking the entry of foreign workforce trafficked to Iran, as well as revising the open methods of distribution of national resources and incomes are among strategies to eradicate poverty in the economic dimension.

Adolescence is a time in which the values having been formed in childhood will have the opportunity to grow and mature. Besides, it is a period when an adolescent who is more susceptible to danger, may make hasty decisions that would probably lead to unfavorable behaviors including delinquency. Thus, the adolescents need to learn and master certain social skills. Social responsibility is a skill that makes the individual obliged and committed regarding the consequences of his/her decision on himself/herself and others. The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of social responsibility training on attitude towards juvenile delinquency in adolescents

This is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all the female secondary high school students within the age range of 15 to 18 years old in Tehran. A sample of 92 students (45 intervention group and 47 control students) was selected from two districts of Tehran. In order to educate social responsibility, a learning protocol was designed which was different but interconnected, and included the followings: social consciousness, responsibility and its types, choices and consequences, respecting the feelings of others- respect for social diversity, rights and responsibilities, solving the problem peacefully and designing models for social responsibility (Table 1). To assess the subjects’ attitude towards the delinquency, Delinquent Behaviors Questionnaire was used. The subjects received social responsibility training for seven sessions of 90 minutes lasting for two months. Then, the post-test was given. To analyze the data, SPSS24 Software and Paired and Independent T-Test, One Way ANOVA and Multivariate Analysis of Variance were used.

The mean age of participants in the study was 16.39 (S.D=0/67) years old. Based on Fisher’s exact tests and Chi-square tests, participants in the intervention and control group did not differ significantly in terms of demographic characteristics such as age, the parents ‘education, the prisoner in the family and the parents’ smoking. Result of Paired and Independent T-Test suggested that in the intervention group, the positive attitude towards delinquency significantly decreased and negative attitudes toward delinquency increased significantly; however, in the control group, significant difference was not observed for any of the dimensions of attitude towards delinquency (Table 2). The findings of Multivariate Analysis Of Variance showed that the pre-test score of positive attitude towards delinquency explains 6% and 22% of the variations of post-test scores of negative and positive attitudes, respectively. In addition, the pre-test score of negative attitude towards delinquency explains about 32% of the post-test variations of negative attitudes (Table 3).

Responsibility and its types    What does personal and social responsibility mean? A Review of the previous session A review of students’ perception of responsibility Understanding various individual and social responsibilities Familiarization with the responsibility training program Understanding the importance of learning responsibility in adolescents Brainstorming- group discussion- Watching a short movie about social responsibility Choices and consequences    Making a choice means accepting its consequences. Understanding the importance of predicting the consequences of a choice Understanding the short-term and long-term consequences Understanding the impact of our choices on our lives and the lives of others Group discussion - Watching a short video clip Respect for social variations - Respect for the feelings of others  Understanding differences of individuals helps making better choices and respecting the feelings of others    Understanding a variety of social differences The importance of respecting differences and diversity in society The importance of considering the differences and social diversity in our judgments. Brainstorming- group discussion- Understanding rights and responsibilities  For every right, there is a responsibility. Understanding the concept of rights Understanding your rights and the rights of others in society Understanding various social responsibilities (religious, political, environmental, social, economic, cultural) Understanding the relationship between rights and responsibilities  Brainstorming- group discussion-Role play- In-class activities Solving problems peacefully  Solving a problem peacefully benefits individuals as well as society.  A review of the third session: choices and consequences Students’ understanding of multiple ways to solve a problem Students’ understanding of peaceful solutions Understanding the need to choose a peaceful solution Brainstorming- group discussion-Role play - In-class activities Designing role models for social responsibility (as a parent, a school principal, policeman or a mayor)    Every society (small or large) has its own rules and values that affect the choices and decisions made by its members. Students’ understanding of the role of leadership and management Students’ understanding of the necessity of laws and norms and respecting them Students’ understanding of adults’ roles    Competition in the form of class work - Student group activities - Brainstorming

The findings of the study showed that social responsibility training could be effective in promoting attitude and social competencies and decreasing adolescents’ tendency to resort to deviant patterns, such as delinquency. In addition, the results of Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed that this training is more effective in younger adolescents.

Political participation is seen as one of the major indicators of development. As part of the human capital of any society, women can play a decisive role in governing the country with their political participation. In the process of changing patterns of life, the phenomenon of “political participation” means “opportunities for many citizens to engage in political affairs” and it can also be referred to as a point of intersection of cultural and political structure in any society. Political participation can be meaningful at both mass and elite levels, but in any case, it has always been prevalent among different sections of society, both men and women.So women in every society appear to be a central force whose employment and activities along with men as part of the active population of society have a great impact on the growth, development, and building of society, but when women are involved in the process of political participation in a way, like downtown voters, they only go to the polls on the elections day.The widespread propaganda of enemies in political and soft warfare and their cultural aggression and their major efforts are focused on reducing political participation, especially that of women, with excuses such as the lack of democracy and oppression of women in political, social, cultural, and other spheres. A scientific study of the factors that influence women’s participation and their attitudes in this regard, and especially the factors such as self-concept, which influence the process of women’s development and personality formation during their life experiences, can be of great importance and necessity. Thus, in general, women’s participation, especially in politics and decision-making, plays an important role in the development and modernization of each country. Besides, taking the importance of this partnership into account, every country should strive to remove the cultural, social, political, and economic barriers to women’s participation so as to re-socialize women and understand their abilities to provide the ground for the growth and prosperity of society in all fields. Therefore, regarding the relationship between political participation and self-concept, it is also important to build on women’s personal experiences in the field of political participation and to influence their relationship with the environment of fundamental change.

The research method in this study was descriptive (survey) and purposeful. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women of Tehran who were of political age and eligible to participate in political activities, including elections. According to the Census of 1395 (2016) in Iran, the number of these people is about 3.5 million. In this study, Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size. According to the statistical population, the sample was composed of 389 persons. Also, multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select and access the samples. For this purpose, Tehran was first divided into 22 municipal districts as the first cluster. Then, four districts were randomly selected from among the 22 districts. Based on sampling, districts no. 2, 6, 14, and 17 were selected. Then, in the selected areas, the second clustering, namely, the designation of neighborhoods was performed, and three neighborhoods in each district were selected using simple random sampling. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to estimate the reliability of the questionnaire. In order to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, pre-test was performed on 26 statistical population before data collection. Cronbach’s alpha for both scales of political participation (0.724.) and self-concept (0.753) indicates the reliability of these scales and the high internal consistency and consistency of the items.

Based on the results of the background variables (respondents’ image), it can be stated that the highest level of education was for bachelor degree holders (37%), indicating the appropriate level of education of the respondents to collaborate with the researcher. The highest age ratio was related to 18-27 year olds (30%) and the highest marriage rate was married (51%).

In the end, it can be said that understanding the factors that influence political participation, especially among women who make up half of the country’s active population, is very important in the fate of the country because if they do not participate, democracy will not literally exist in the current society. The right choices are not made in different elections and political events. The notion that women are based on the status of society and the patriarchal system in a way that makes them inferior to men and weaker than them makes them incapable of choosing right or inclined to participate in political affairs and political participation, and women perceive themselves to be so. Besides, their religion, age, abilities, and gender, if reinforced, could well form a high level of political participation in the society, which also confirmed the relationship between the two variables, and whatever the women’s perception as regards themselves and their religion, gender, and their abilities and age, and generally high level of self-concept, have greater level of political participation and democratic system.

Adoption of a child is a complex social construct that is often challenging and does not always result in immediate happiness. Children who are adopted, particularly those with a history of adversity prior to adoption, are at the risk of developing problems in behavioral and emotional self-regulation, attention deficits, or inhibitory control; as well as problems due to attachment security have been specially observed among the children adopted in older ages. If adoptive parents are unaware of adopted children’s problems and unprepared to deal with these issues, they may become emotionally and psychologically incapacitated, so they may not be able to provide adequate care giving. Understanding the challenges faced by the adoptive families can empower them in finding solutions to help the child in bonding within the new family unit. Considering recent increase in child adoption prevalence as a family completing manner in Iran; few comprehensive studies have been done to verify adopted children’s behavioral or physical problems. Therefore, the present study aims to clarify challenges which adoptive families experience in this area.

To achieve the objectives of this study, a qualitative research was performed according to grounded theory approach. Thirty adoptive parents participated in this study. First, samples were selected through purposive sampling, then by theoretical sampling to achieve saturation. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s (2018) approach. In this approach, constant comparative method was used for data collection and analysis. It consists of four stages: analyzing data for concepts, analyzing data for context, bringing process into the analysis, and integrating categories. The validity of findings was ensured through member assessment, data mining, deep description, and prolonged exposure to the research environment.

Six main categories emerged from the data analysis: “adoption threatening factors” represented phenomenon, “child’s physical and behavioral issues” appeared causal conditions, “child and environment potencies” appeared as a protective intervening factor, whereas “child’s preadoption adversities” and “influences of children with special needs” demonstrated threatening intervening conditions and “parenting strategies” displayed measures taken by adoptive parents in order to manage their adopted children. The category of “adoption satisfaction” was the consequence of applying these strategies. These results have reflected in following diagram:

Analyzing participants’ interviews revealed that most of the adopted children in the current study had been exposed to adverse circumstances during early childhood. Child’s preadoption adversities such as experiencing abuse or being neglected by their birth parents and early depriving institutional rearing was found to have a lasting impact on child’s physical and psychological health; in other words, internalizing or externalizing problems, attachment or adjustment problems such as emotion regulation problems, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attachment problems, specifically reactive attachment disorders (RAD) were the highly reported problems among the adopted children. Some adopted children having troubles in regulating their negative emotions acted out their grief in spurts of crying spells, tantrums, or violent or self-destructive behavior that made the adoptive parent feel shocked, helpless, and overwhelmed. Some prenatal predispositions such as prenatal exposure to drugs, unwanted pregnancy, and experiencing stressful environment by birth mother increase the tératogenèse likelihood of premature birth in adopted children. Therefore, the brain impairment or physical deficiencies were likely to occur. Some of these problems had not been diagnosed in institutions prior to adoption. Almost 40% of adoptive parents who participated in this study reported that their adopted children had at least one considerable medical problem that had not been diagnosed before adoption, or at least adoptive parent did not inform about disease. Moreover, among the adopted children, both the inhibited and disinhibited forms of RAD were reported. Some adoptive parent reported that their adopted children exhibited aversion from being hugged and preferred to sleep in their own bed; some other children were found to be friendly with strangers and were willing to go home with strangers, seek physical contact from or proximity to strangers. Most of the children in this study had cognitive and social skills deficiencies due to early neglect and privation background. In some cases adopted children had considerable language delays in time of adoption. In other words, at the time of adoption, adopted children demonstrated delays in all developmental domains, including gross and fine motor abilities, language, cognition, and social–emotional development. Adoptive parents who had children with special needs withstand more troubles and restrictions, and they were likely to spend more time and money to take their adopted children for severe treatments. Children’s behavioral problems or their incapability made the adoptive parents restrict their social relationships; therefore they got deprived of many positive affection reinforce circumstances. Even adoptive parents marital intimacy was likely to be affected. However, when children entered a more intimate, enriched, and stimulating environment and gain friendly and responsive care from their adoptive parents, many of them exhibited developmental improvement.

Providing the necessary ground for economic growth and development is one of the main goals of policymakers, experts and managers of all governments, especially in developing countries, such as Iran. In this regard, firstly, factors necessary for economic growth and development should be identified and then conditions should be prepared for acceleration of growth and development by promoting and improving situation of these factors. In economic growth literature, physical capital, human capital, and technology have been introduced as the main factors of growth. Although better life or welfare can be understood in different ways, it is necessary to pay attention to people’s health and livelihoods so as to let them take advantage of economic development and motivation to move forward with development (Langlois and et al., 2012). For example, when the workforce plays a role in the production process with all power that expected continue to live after retirement for significant years, and will have the opportunity and health to take advantage of this hard work (Maclean et al., 2015). Improving health and providing health services is an essential aspect of socio-economic development, since health and well-being are can be referred to as a basic aspect of life quality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting decision making of Iranian households living in the deprived provinces to enter the health market.

In this study, sample selection models and Hackman’s two-step estimation method were used to identify the factors influencing household decision making. It is worth noting that given the difficulty in choosing a sample, it is necessary to use sample selection models to obtain reliable estimates. In this study, household budget information from the Statistical Center of Iran, and data on 6940 households living in deprived provinces and 15324 households living in relatively deprived provinces were used.In this study, STATA software, version 11 was used to examine the factors affecting decision making of Iranian households living in the deprived provinces to enter healthcare market. The reason for choosing the software was its proper features and popularity. In the present study the following hypotheses was examined:- Economic factors (income and insurance) affect decision making of Iranian households living in the deprived provinces to enter healthcare market.

The present study classified a quantitative research according to problem nature and its data. Although some descriptive statistics are used in this study, the main method of analysis was parametric type of inferential statistics, and studying the effects of factors impacting on decision making of Iranian households living in the deprived provinces to enter healthcare market using regression. Considering the sample composition in terms of households entering health market, sampling models can be suitable for estimating health care costs of households living in deprived provinces. In other words, the high percentage of households who has not entered the healthcare market led to a non-random sample.

The results show that gender, health insurance services, smoking costs, number of children, the youth and elderly, urbanization, and the level of province development are the most important factors impacting on decision making of households living in deprived and relatively deprived provinces to enter the health market (the coefficients are significant at all three levels of 1%, 5% and 10%). Also, the head of household marital status (that is significant at levels of 5% and 10%) and education (that is significant at levels of 10%) are other factors that can affect decision making of households living in deprived and relatively deprived provinces.As explained, in the Hackman’s two-step method, the selection equation estimated using Probit method, so the coefficients of this equation differ with marginal effects; thus they have not numerical interpretation capability. Accordingly, the analysis related to this equation is limited to expressing how communication (direct or reverse) between explanatory variables and probability of households enter the health market.In order to ensure that households living in the deprived provinces have appropriate health and treatment conditions, more health care products and services in these areas should be provided, especially in rural areas; at various educational levels, health promotion should be considered as culture and; and insurance plans should be focused on covering all members of the community.

For the first time, the concept of American Dream was used by James Adams in 1931, and his idea of United States of America as a land where dreams will be fullfield, and life for everyone will be more comfortable and acceptable. In the United States (US) people must have equal opportunities for success. This dream is not the dream of having luxuary cars and royal lives, but the dream of having a land with a social order in which people must be known for what they are and not because of their familes or what they have. The American dream is about the hope and talent of change, which suggests that all people through hard work can succeed and have the potential for a happy and a successful life. Many people think that American society believes in the idealist goals embedded in American dream. For people who believe in the American dream, everything is accomplished through hard work, but one should also point to the roots of inequality in class, race, and ethnicity, thus it means an American dream is not accessible to everyone. American sociologist Merton, in the 1940s, became curious about the “American Dream” and became a perversion for American society. He proposed his curiosity in the form of a theory called “Structural Pressure”; according to this theory, a dream was evolving under the name of an American dream that was able to bring everyone from nothing to everything, which for a long time, was the biggest and most powerful incentive. Merton, in other words, concluded that the American dream, which was promoted and encouraged mainly by the media, has implications for society. In the present study, inspired by Merton’s main idea, it is allempted to discover the aspirations or goals of the youth of Iran, seeking to find factors which identify the factors that contribute to shaping the Iranian dream and discover the structural factors shape the aspirations and dreams of the Iranian youth.People’s whishes are not created in a purely personal and individual way, but the objective position of people in society determines the ceiling of wishes. Dreams or wishes of people are influenced by external conditions and differ depending on the living conditions of individuals. Wishes are different from one another, the desired wishes of a particular class are impossible and unattainable for the other class, which is a class distance among various social groups.

In the present study, to achieve young people wishes, a qualitative exploratory method has been used. The results have been obtained by qualitative method through an in-depth interview technique concering young people living in Tehran. The sampling which structured on economic and cultural capital, was carried out in two ways: non-probabilistic sampling while questions generated from responses (snowballing) and random (selection). Samples were collected in the northern and southern parts of Tehran, based on high and low cultural and economic capital. Samples from the north of Tehran were selected in the National Library of Iran and samples from the south were randomly selected from Shahreray and Khaniabad.

The wishes of individuals originate from the primary and secondary habits of the family, educational environment, peer groups, etc. People’s wishes are more individually oriented than social. The boys’ wishes for education, employment, and marriage are different among those with different economic and cultural capital. Among the lower classes, career is more important than education, but in the upper classes, the importance of education is highlighted. Girl’s wishes are education, marriage, and calm life, and ultimately a goodcarer basis. Young people with higher education and medium-sized middle-class incomes have the desire to study at the best foreign universities.Findings of the research indicate the distance between the two classes having different levels of economic and cultural capitals; among the upper middle-class youth they preferred to be university professors and working for private sector (rathe than publice sector) or running their businness. They wished to study to receive a Ph.D. and a post-doctoral degree. But young people at Bachelor’s level are satisfied with Master’s degree, and they wish to get a gob at public sector because they belived that state-run jobs are better. In terms of marrage, young people look for a calm life and true love. In other words, their dreams are closer to each other despite their economic and cultural backgrounds, and they mostly like to marry someone from their own sociocultural level.The findings of this research also show that there is a concordance between objective fortune and subjective wishes, and people’s wishes are distinct by their economic and cultural capitals. The youth living in northern part of the city, are almost sure about achieving their wishes. The middle class has strong voluntarism and ambitious wishes. The youth from the southern areas also adapt there wishes to their living conditions, which leads to the sterilization of the dialectic of wishes and probabilities. People with a high cultural capital were found to have a common dream to continue studying at universities outside of Iran; therefore, the typology of wishes have come to terms with economic and cultural capitals.

The wishes of young people in different social classes are different from one another it is due to the fact that aspirations are shaped by the objective and real situation of every individuals, and the conditions of life that shape ambition, achievable wishes, impossible desires and other kinds of wishes. Living condition in Iran as far as economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions are concerned, are verey important and have a direct influence on the personal lives of individual. They also have a direct effect in shaping these individuals goals and dreams. This is due to the fact that the transition of the Iranian society condidering economic and social dimensions, and in general its recognition as one of the developing countries, have shaped the condition to meet the needs and also the means necessary to be realizaed.

population aging refers to an age imbalance of the population so that the ratio of young population decreases while aged population grows. Decrease in fertility rate and growing life expectancy are the two key factors in emergence of population aging. The macro economy effects of population aging on economic growth was examined based on the effects of two factors including decrease in fertility rate and increase in life expectancy.

The effects of population aging on economic growth in Iran and some of the macro economy variables were examined using a modified overlapping generation model (55 cycles). Simulations were performed in MATLAB for the two scenarios of decreasing fertility rate and increasing longevity and their effects on economic growth of Iran. The initiation year was 1994 and the model was calibrated using Iran economy data from 1994 to 2017. The forecasts were produced for the years after 2017 until 2050.

The results showed that the decline in the growth rate of birth rate had a notable effect on the decrease of the growth rate of real and per capita GNP. In addition, an increase in life expectancy or longevity did not have a negative effect on the growth rate of real GNP and increased per capita GNP.

Until 2016, more than 70% of Iranian population were at working age (15-64) and less than 6% were at old age. Assuming that fertility rate remains at replacement level, the country will face a serious challenge by the aging population by 2030 and the population over 65 will constitute 15% of the population by 2045. Fast and wide population changes have placed Iran among the countries that expect an aged population by the mid-21st century. The factors effective in the aging population in Iran include increase in life expectancy and decrease in fertility rate.

Non-governmental organizations (NGO) are considered an inseparable part of today's world. Supporting NGOs as one of most important kind of NGOs that spread in Iran try to improve vulnerable groups situation. Main question of research is "what are the main social problems constructed by NGOs and with which technics do they constrauct the Social Problems?"

Main method of research is grounded theory. In this qualitative method technics for data gatheringare are observation and semi-structured profound interview; 23 interview with NGOs members and observation of 34 social problems oriented NGOs in Tehran province.

According to research findings, "child labor", "exploitation and abuse of children" and "marginalization", are the most important social problems in NGOs. Also "street children", "children living in impoverished areas" and "children deprived of education" are the main vulnerable groups who NGOs focused on them and seek to solve their problems. also some technics for social problems construction are "Tangible damage", "solving of micro dimensions of problems", "solving of critical dimensions of problems", "priority of new dimensions of problems", "Linguistic, Dramatic and Behavioral clame making", "Linking problems to personal and everyday life", "Wave attention to the issue" and "Emotional proximity to vulnerable populations".

NGOs try to show some social problems to society and addressing them as general, harmful and solvable issues. This act infact is construction and Highlighting social problems by NGOs. Non-governmental organizations as active social groups can interven in social problems and what they consider to, is a reflection of most important social problems and issues of society.

urban planning expected achievements in Iran, despite its long history, have not been satisfactory & they have not been able to materialize the welfare promised. even the most recent urban planning methods, often based on collaborative patterns, have not responded to the needs of citizens. Failure to implement these programs is affected by several factors. Lack of participation due to behavioral patterns of citizens is considered as an important obstacle. Thus the purpose of the present paper which is based upon a field study, is to identify socio-behavioral barriers that have caused urban residents to be reluctant to participate in collaborative approaches; the case study is a historical neighborhood in Qazvin city named Bolaghi.

The paradigm of the study is interpretational; this kind of epistemology requires "qualitative" techniques in order to measure effectively those barriers mentioned above. Therefore, the technique used to collect data through "in-depth interviews" with the residents of the Bolaghi neighborhood.

The study led to the production of a list of about 70 types of barriers to participation in 14 categories, originating from the behavioral patterns of citizens with in a largely cultural-historical context. Also, in a comparative study, it was found that the use of an asset based community development (ABCD) model could eliminate about 35 to 40 percent of citizens' behavioral barriers and to elevate residents’ participation.

The review and alignment of the participatory planning process is essential by improving the understanding of the existing situation in the urban community of Iran and considering the behavior patterns of the citizens. Behaviors that are mostly reactive and in a complex structure combined with governance policies. Therefore, it is important to formulate appropriate planning patterns. As experience has shown, the use of participatory models solely based upon Western experiences will not be fruitful taking Iranian context into consideration.