نشریه نامه انجمن جمعیت شناسی ایران
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Despite the substantial changes in the contemporary family buildings throughout the world, the behaviour of fertility and childbearing in many societies including Iran still rests upon marital union as a key and vital prerequisite for fertility and childbearing. In this line, the present study focuses primarily on marriage patterns from a demographic perspective, and examines the major dimensions and determinants associated with attitudes towards marriage patterns. This analysis identifies marriage patterns by such indicators as ideal age of marriage for girls and boys, endogamy, polygamy, the place of marriage in women's priority. The results of this article is based on a survey conducted in selected rural and urban areas of Iran, that includes 4267 males and females aged 15-64 years old. The preliminary results of this analysis indicate that the ideal age of marriage for girls and boys are respectively 21-24 years and 25-27 years old; almost half of the respondents are in favour of endogamy; education and marriage have the highest rank in women's priority; and males hold a substantially more positive attitude towards polygamy than females. These general patterns, however, are significantly affected by such demographic determinants as age, gender, urban-rural areas of residence, marital status, education, religiosity, and gender attitude.

The ideal number of children is one of the important indicators in the study of future fertility change. This paper examines the impact of value-attitude variables on fertility preferences and ideals of 14906 samples of respondents over 15 years of age living in urban and rural areas of the country. using a secondary analysis of the National Survey of Values and Attitudes of Iranians collected in 2015. The findings indicate that where the ideal of two children among Iranians 48.1%, around 43% referred to the three children and more as the ideal of childbearing. The results of multivariate analysis show that even with the control of economic-social and demographic variables, value-attitude orientations such as attitude towards gender equality and religiosity have significant effect on the childbearing preferences of individuals. Individuals with a traditional gender perspective have 13 percent more ideals than modern ones, and individuals with moderate religiousness have 10 percent less ideals than those with a high religiosity. The results show that although the desire to more than three children, but the realization of family fertility preferences requires the implementation of policies and supportive programs to facilitate childbearing.

Improving the educational level can be considered by researchers and policymakers due to the impacts have on the employment and income opportunities. In recent decades, given the rapid growth of women's higher education and the entry of more educated people into the labor market, it has been expected to reduce inequality and poverty through women's employment throughout the country. According to 2016 census, rural areas with about 27% of GDP only 2.13% of the women with higher education in the country. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between higher education with jobs and income. For this purpose, a sample of 19381 households is used to collect data on “labour force” surveys in different years and the “cost-effective” rural households of 2015. According to the results of the logistic model, although female-headed households have a lower chance of being employed than male-headed households, The chances are higher if they have a college education. Thus, by gaining jobs and reducing inequality, they will have a positive effect on the growth of GDP in the countryside and the whole country. Due to the clear link between high education and employment, with the qualitative expansion and development of knowledge-based economies in universities and research institutes, the reduction of inequality and poverty as well as the growth of production at the regional level will not be unexpected.

The phenomenon of immigration from the city is influenced by various factors and results from the opinions and decisions of individuals who migrate to achieve prosperity and better facilities. The present paper seeks to use an analytical descriptive approach, utilizing immigration Theories of Pull-Push, Human Capital, Relative Deprivation and Neoclassical Migration Theory, the impact of indices affecting the willingness of people from Abadan to migrate using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. A hierarchical analysis model and a topical analytical model). The statistical population of the study is Abadan residents. Five clans were selected using multistage cluster sampling method and 385 residents of the city were randomly selected. Required information was obtained using a survey method and a questionnaire. The results show that the economic index has had the most impact on the inclination of people from Abadan to other parts of the country among different indicators (geographic climate, welfare, economic, social, cultural and security services). Also, the highest coefficient of influence among the components of the economic index is related to unemployment and low income.

For many people, entering into retirement is an important phase in life cycle with significant economic, social, demographic, and familial consequences. Transition from employment to retirement is an important role transition in the life course, but there are a little scientific researches conducting on this subject. The present paper examines problematic of free time among retired men in Tabriz and explore their coping strategies with time use in the post-employment period. Using qualitative approach and ground theory, we interviewed 23 retired men in Tabriz. The data analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. Findings presented in framework of storyline (including 10 main categories such as hopeful-others, dualism of religious orientation, healthy retirement, generative-sportive socialization) and paradigmatic model. The results of the study indicate that retired men in Tabriz experience various time use strategies. In other word, retired men use different strategies for spending their leisure time and dealing with turmoil, but these satrategies always are not constructive. In fact, in spite of all gratifications and enjoyments which this period have, some of retired men may not be able to have a happy feeling and confront with decreasing material and spiritual capital.

Increasing Life expectancy in the demographic transition is one of the most important demographic developments in Iran in the last century. This study, after evaluating and leveling the death data of Iran Census Bureau and Iran Census in 2016, investigates hopeful changes in terms of causes of death. Findings showed that in recent decade, mortality coverage has increased significantly so that after evaluation and leveling the data can be calculated directly using the Iranian life tables. According to Fraser, the Rectangularization of Mortality is being formed and there is still much potential for improving mortality reduction at the age of 50 to 70. In 2016, five major causes of death (cardiovascular disease, cancers, accidents, Respiratory, infectious, and parasitic diseases) accounted for more than 71 percent of deaths. Removing them adds to the hopefulness of 9.6 for men and 10.8 for women. Cardiovascular diseases and cancers are important causes of death in old age and adulthood. Death due to events of all ages, especially in young men, is observed. Iran still has great potential to reduce mortality at all ages. Therefore, after identifying bottlenecks, it can be hoped that, with

According to the vital role of agricultural sector in economy of Iran, the effects of population and agricultural value added changes on agricultural energy intensity was investigated for 24 provinces in Iran by employing annual data from 2001 to 2016. The panel auto regressive distribution lag (Panel ARDL) was applied after testing the panel stationary properties of the variables. The results showed that the relationship between migration from rural to urban areas and agricultural energy intensity are negative and its elasticity in the long run equals -0.07 percent. Agricultural population and increase in agricultural human activities have significant positive relationships with agricultural intensity and the long-term elasticity of the working population in agriculture is 0.326 percent. The empirical results support a statistically significant inverted U-shaped relationship between agricultural energy intensity and value added of agricultural sector. Also, the point of return for the Kuznets curve was about 15 trillion Rials. To decrease the environmental effect of energy consumption intensity, the renewable energy and green energy should be used.