پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 30 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

 Exercise activity plays an important role in increasing biomarkers such as Klotho and PLP and improves clinical  outcome in mice with MS. In the present study, we evaluated whether 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases Klotho or PLP levels and decreased TNF-α in cerebellum tissue.  

Animals were divided into two groups of training (EX) and control (Con). After 4 weeks, the exercise and control groups were divided into two groups and EAE was induced in half of the animals in the control and EX groups. In the EX-6 weeks group after 4 weeks of training, EAE induction and training protocol continued until the sixth week. In the EX-4 weeks group after 4 weeks of training, EAE was induced and the training was stopped.

Klotho and PLP levels increased in the EAE-EX1 group compared to the EAE and EAE-EX2 groups (P≤0.0001). Also, demyelination levels decreased in the EAE-EX1 group compared to the EAE group (P≤0.007). TNF-α concentration decreased in both EAE-exercise groups (P≤0.0001).

The results of this study showed that HIIT increased Klotho and PLP levels and improved clinical outcomes in the in mice with MS.

Obesity, and in particular excessive visceral fat, is associated with a number of health problems, including increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some types of cancer and early death. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between central obesity and cardiovascular fitness in male and female faculty members and Employees of the University of Mazandaran.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 300 employees of Mazandaran University. Body composition indices (BMI, circumference of the pelvis, waist circumference, neck circumference), central obesity (SBSI, BAI, WHR and WHtR), and functional indicators (number of steps taken per day and Vo2max shuttle and pedometer protocols) ) were studied. Data was analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation.

The results of this study showed a significant reverse correlation between central obesity indices (WHR, WHtR, BAI and SBSI) with cardio respiratory fitness indicators (Vo2max, Pedometer, Vo2max Shuttle and number of steps taken per day) (P≤0.05)

The findings of this study showed that the reduction of central obesity indexes is consistent with the level of cardiopulmonary preparedness in male and female faculty members and Employees of the University of Mazandaran.

A perfect test in a particular sport is designed based on the specific motor and physiological needs involved in that sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a newly-designed agility test for basketball.

The participants of the study involved 65 female basketball players from non-elite players and 105 from elite players. The designed test included various movements with and without the ball in the longitudinal range of the basketball court performed in both open and closed models. The standardized test for evaluating agility was the T test.

The results showed that, regardless of skill levels, there was a significant relationship between the participants’ performance on the designed test in both open and closed models and the T test (r > 0.8, p < .05); this correlation was higher among elite players (r > 0.9). Regardless of skill levels, the intraclass correlation (reliability) between the two performances of the newly-designed agility test in both open and closed models was high and significant (r > 0.9, p < .05). In addition, the designed test in both open and closed models could better evaluate agility when compared with the T test (p < .05).

It could be concluded that the agility test designed for basketball was a valid and reliable alternative to the T test in both open and close models and could better differentiate skill levels among female basketball players.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and chronic central nervous system with unknown etiology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined exercise training on the serum levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in women with MS, considering the positive effects of exercise in these patients and the lack of information on combined exercises.

Twenty 20-50 years old women participated and were divided into 2 comparable groups of control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) based on their multiple sclerosis and the disability grade of 2-5 (EDSS). Afterwards, the subjects participated in the training programs for twelve weeks, 3 sessions/week.

Data were analyzed using dependent and independent T-tests (α=0.05). The results revealed no difference on body weight and fat percentage. Although, exercise training significantly decreased the disability grade (P=0/002). Furthermore, exercise training did not illustrate any change in the biochemical factors such as TNF-α (P= 0/34) and TGF-β1 (P= 0/46) serum.

Comparison between the control and experimental groups revealed that the combine training would be a good option to enhance disability grade in multiple sclerosis patients. However, it revealed no effect on the inflammatory and biochemical indicators associated with this disease.

A low information is available concerning the effects of the training volume subgroups and also hypertensive patients’ characteristics (e.g. age, gender, menopause, medication use and etc.) on the amount of aerobic training induced decreases in systolic and also diastolic blood pressures. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to determine and compare the amount of blood pressure changes after aerobic training and also to separate the effects in between patients and training subgroups

Clinical trials (CTs) that investigated the effect of, at least, 4 weeks of aerobic training in hypertensive patients, published in a peer reviewed journals up to Aug 2018 were selected from Google, PubMed, SID and Magiran databases and included in the meta-analysis. Random-and fixed-effect models were used for analyzing the effect sizes were reported as difference in mean between 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the respectively 20 and 21 studies concerned with SBP and DBP with I2 values less than 50% using CMA2 software. For each trial subgroup (gender, menopause, medication use, exercise frequency, intensity and duration, total weekly exercise time and study duration), statistical significance was tested by using one-way analysis of variance and a multivariate meta-regression analysis were performed to assess correlations between the participants’ age subgroup and the both SBP and DBP response to aerobic training.  

The overall pooled net effect of aerobic training on both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were -8.72 mm Hg and -3.88 mm Hg (P=0.001), respectively. In spite of the significant effect sizes observed for all the trial subgroups (in exception for SBP in low intensity training and DBP in post menopause women), a significantly different SBP reduction was only observed among the three subgroups of the “study duration” category.

Aerobic training leads to a mild suppression of blood pressure in hypertensive patients regardless to the moderating effects from study subgroups (age group, gender, menopause status, and medication use or training dosage) with the greater reductions reported for eight to 10 weeks of training. However; a larger and longer term CTs still remains to be done because of a very large number of limitations in the conducted trials.

Exercise and Nutrition can control fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic interval training and consumption of chicory extract on levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes in obese boys with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

36 male students aged 13-15 years were randomly divided into three groups of 12 cases: training + supplement, training + placebo, supplement. Blood samples were taken as pretest and post-test in all three groups. Training groups performed aerobics training program comprised of Interval Training, 4 sessions per week for 8 weeks. During the experimental period, participants received either 200 mL daily chicory extractive for 8 weeks or placebo. Results The results of one-way ANOVA showed that serum levels of ALT and AST decreased significantly in all three groups (P<0.0001), and this decrease was higher in training + supplement group than other groups (P<0.05).

The results of the research showed that simultaneous consumption of chicory with aerobic interval training can lead to a decrease ALT and AST enzymes,thus aerobic interval training and consumption of chicory extract propose for treatment of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver

Although studies that emphasize the importance of exercise exist, the interaction effects of exercise with saffron intake on cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s patients are not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks endurance training with saffron intake on working memory and passive avoidance memory in rats treated with neurotoxin as a model of Alzheimer’s disease.

In this experiment, forty mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into 1) Alzheimer-infected control group, 2) endurance training, 3) endurance training with saffron intake, 4) saffron intake, and 5) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Eight healthy rats were assigned to the control group. The rats in the second and the third groups ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The rats in the third and the fourth groups received daily IP injections of 25 mg/kg body weight of saffron liquid extract for 8 weeks. Working memory and passive avoidance memory were measured through Y-maze test and shuttle box text, respectively. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and two-way ANOVA were run using SPSS.

The data indicated that the endurance training alone and the intake of saffron liquid extract could significantly improve the working memory (F=11.09 and P=0.002 for endurance training and F=7.51 and P=0.01 for saffron liquid) and passive avoidance memory (F=22.20 and P=0.001 for endurance training and F=25.83 and P=0.01 for saffron liquid) in Alzheimer-infected rats. Also, the effect of the interaction of the endurance training and the saffron liquid extract in reducing the time spent in the dark chamber was significant (F=23.07 and P=0.001) while this interaction was not significant in increasing the time spent in the dark chamber and the percentage of the intermittent behavior of the rats in the TMT model of Alzheimer’s disease.

It seems that endurance training and saffron liquid extract intake, improve the working memory and passive avoidance in rats with Alzheimer’s disease in TMT model.

The levels of branched-chain amino acids, an increase in obese subjects and associated with the risk of insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of circuit resistance training on the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids and insulin resistance in in obese adolescents boys.

33 obese adolescent boys (BMI≥30) with 14 to 17 years of age were randomly divided into two groups: Circuit resistance training group (n=16) and control group (n=17). The circuit resistance training was performed for eight-weeks, three sessions per week. The training program included 11 stations. The exercise was performed in the first 4 weeks with 2 sets with 70 -75% one repetition maximum, 10-12 repetitions, and in the second 4 weeks with 4 sets with 75-80% one repetition maximum, 6-8 replications. The rest between stations and sets was 30 and 180 seconds, respectively. HPLC method was used to measure the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids.

resistance training reduced weight (P <0.001), BMI (P <0.001), glucose (P = 0.035), valine (P = 0.007) and sum of branched-chain amino acids (P = 0.007) and insulin resistance index did not reach significant level (P = 0.083).

The circuit resistance training in obese adolescents improved levels of branched-chain amino acids, glucose, and insulin resistance. Given that obese children and adolescents are more at risk for various diseases, such as diabetes, circuit resistance training may prevent metabolic disorders associated with obesity.

It is well documented that oxidative stress provides neurodegenerative in multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight week combined exercise (aerobic- resistance) with consumption of coenzyme Q10 on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in female with multiple sclerosis.

60 women with multiple sclerosis (EDSS less than 4, 20-60 years old) were selected and randomly divided in to four equal, (Q10 (n=15), combined training-placebo (n=15), combined training-Q10 (n=15), placebo (n=15)) groups. For 8 weeks, experimental group and Control group consumed Q10 and placebo 300 mg CoQ10 daily, respectively. Subjects in experimental groups performed an aerobic-resistance training program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week).Fastig blood sample was taken from all subjects before and after performing protocol. For within and between group mean difference comparison, Repeated measures Anova and Tocky were used, respectively (P< 0.05).

A repeated measures ANOVA showed that serum level of SOD and Q10 notable increase in experience groups than placebo group (p=0.001).But there was no significant difference in serum level of (MDA, GPX, TAC) between all groups (p>0.05).

Although combined training with moderate intensity and coenzyme Q10 could increase serum level of SOD and Q10 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis .but failed to show any significant effects on the antioxidant capacity dnd MDA in woman with Moltiple Sclerosis. We suggest limited consumption of antioxidants supplementation during exercise, to save the adaptive effects of moderate exercise in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

The Tweak/Fn14 pathway regulated various physiological responses including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration and apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of SNL on the expression of Tweak and Fn14  genes in the EDL muscle of Wistar rats after HIT training. 

For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups of control (C) (n=12) and training (HIT) (n=12). After one-week familiarization, training group participate in four HIT training. Then, they were randomly assigned to HIT (n=6) and HIT-SNL (n=6) groups. At the same time, the control group was divided into two groups: control (C) (n=6) and SNL (C-SNL) (n=6). 4 weeks after the SNL, wistar rats were sacrificed  then EDL and soleuse muscle exetracted.Then gene expressions of Tweak and Fn14 measured with Real time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA.

The results showed that inactivity via SNL has a significant increased of the expression of Tweak and Fn14 genes (P=0.000and P=0.002, respectively). Also, performed before SNL reduced the expression of Tweak and Fn14 genes in SNL-T compared with SNL-C (P=0.0001 and P=0.001 respectively). In addition, the findings indicated that SNL had a significant effect on the weight of soleuse muscle mass/ tibia length (P=0.01). On the other hand, HIT training before SNL significantly increased  ratio weight soleuse muscle mass/ tibia length (P=0.03).

The decrease in activity by SNL is associated with increased in expression of Tweak and Fn14 genes. On the other hand, HIIT training have been effective in reducing atrophic genes. According to these findings, performing HIT training before inactivity can reduced the muscular atrophy process.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a continuous period of aerobic exercise on heart rate variability by using nonlinear methods in young academic male university.

A total of 28 young academic male were randomly divided into study groups (control group; aerobic training group). In the pre-test and post-intervention period, all parameters of heart rate variability were measured by time method and heart rate sequencing. The standard deviation of the recorded sequences was then interpreted using the Poincare plot method. In order to compare the differences in the research stages, independent and depended T-tests were used.

The SD1 in comparison with the control group (p = 0.01) and the pretest (p = 0.01) and the SD2 was significantly higher than control group (p = 0.01) and pre-test (p = 0.02). After transfer to normal SD1n, compare to the control group (p = 0.02) showed a significant increase and did not increase the pre-test comparison (p = 0.08), SD2n compared to the control group (0.04) p), there was a significant increase and had a non-significant increase compared to the pre-test (p = 0.02). Comparison of SD1 / SD2 compared to the control and pre-test group did not show any significant difference (p≤0.05).

Regular and continuous implementation of moderate intensity aerobic exercise improves cardiac neural responsiveness in young academic male .

Training with blood flow restriction (BFR) to the active muscle has taken to consideration of researchers as a new training method. Studies have shown that BFR training is simultaneously effective in improving cardiovascular and muscle fitness components. Accordingly, to better understand the mechanisms involved in these adaptations, the purpose of this study was to investigate of concomitant stimulation of aerobic capacity and protein synthesis related signaling after walking with blood flow restriction.

On two different occasions, five healthy untrained male subjects were asked to perform (i) a BFR walking exercise at an exercise intensity of 40 % of VO2max; and (ii) similar exercise bouts without BFR (Ctrl). For each condition, Baseline and 3-h post-exercise muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) were sampled for protein expression analysis. Venous blood samples were also collected at baseline, immediately and 2-h post-exercise.

PGC-1α protein expression (P= 0.012) and Akt phosphorylation (P= 0.017) were significantly higher at 3-h post-exercise with BFR in comparison to exercise without BFR (P< 0.05). Blood lactate and serum cortisol did not significantly change. IGF-1 concentration significantly increased (P=0.001) immediately following BFR exercise than baseline values and serum GH showed a significant increase (P=0.046) compared with Ctrl.

The results provided evidence that signaling related to aerobic capacity and hypertrophy concomitantly activated following walking exercise with BFR and likely are an explanation for improving aerobic performance and hypertrophy that observed after several previous BFR training studies.

Walking in aging is affected by neuromuscular and cognitive degradation processes. Increase attention to the organs during Simple and automated activities result increase co-contraction level as a compensatory mechanism. So the purpose of this research effect of a walking training period with rhythmic visual stimulation as an external attention on co-contraction of lower limb muscle in older adults, while walking to eliminate the attention of the muscles and joints and the co-contraction anomalies can improve.

30 healthy older adult men (60 to 75 years) voluntary participated in this research, and after Homogenization were randomly assigned to two control (no practice, walking without stimulation) and one experimental (walking with rhythmic visual stimulation) groups. The pattern of muscle activity including: soleus, tibialis anterior, vastus medialis vastus lateralis and biceps femoris while 90s normal walking was investigated from pre to post-test for evaluation of muscle co-contraction. This training was performed for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each 20 minutes. Data analysis was performed by ANCOVA and Non-parametric Bootstrap models at the significance level of 0.05.

The results showed walking with visual interventions on muscle co-contraction after 6 weeks of program are not statistically significant (P ≤ 0/05).

These results suggest that walking with visual rhythmic stimulation does not affect on co-contraction of selected muscles in early elderly age, it seems that, longer training periods (both in terms of duration and of the number and timing of training sessions) are need for saw significant changes in complex muscle patterns.

Hormonal variations throughout the menstrual cycle is usually associated with change in exercise performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of menstrual cycle phases on aerobic performance, substrate selection, and physiological variables corresponding to anaerobic threshold (AT) in active women of Kerman city. 

Twelve active females owning regular menstrual cycle participated in the study. The subjects performed two standard incremental tests at their own middle of follicular or luteal phase until exhaustion. Breath-by-breath respiratory gases were measured throughout the test. AT (abrupt increase in oxygen equivalent (VE/VO2)), cross over point (COP) and Fatmax (using respiratory exchange ratio (RER)) were determined, then heart rate and oxygen consumption corresponding to them were extracted and compared between menstrual cycle phases using paired sample T-Test.

Estradiol and progesterone levels during luteal phase was significantly higher than those from follicular phases (P < 0.05). The values of oxygen (ml.kg.min) corresponding to AT (follicular: 30.8±3.3, luteal: 34.6±2.1), Fatmax (follicular: 16.2±1.6, luteal: 19.1±1.7), and COP ((follicular: 18±3.3, luteal: 21.8±4.5) were significantly different between the phases (All P < 0.05). COP was occurred during follicular and luteal at 200±72 and 230±67, respectively, and the difference between phases was significant (P < 0.05).

In sum, the results of the present study showed that different values of sexual hormones probably result in improvement in AT and seemingly do this due to change in substrate selection toward fat oxidation at intensities below the AT.

Aging is associated with decreased muscle mass and it is known physical training can counteracts it. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of functional training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on Myostatin to Follistatin ratio (M: F) and physical fitness indices in elderly men.

Thirty healthy elderly men (age 68.7±3.8years, BMI 25.6±2.1 kg/m2), were randomly divided into two experimental groups, Functional training(FT) and Functional training with Blood Flow Restriction(FBFR) and control group(C). Eleven functional exercises with focus on motor skills were performed 3 days per week, 6 weeks with 30-40% of one maximum repetition. Inflatable cuff with 110 and 70% arterial occlusion pressure was used for lower and upper body respectively and, the pressure was increased by 10% every two weeks. In addition to blood sampling, a set of tests was performed to determine the fitness level of the subjects, before and after the protocol. Covariance analysis and paired t-test were applied to evaluate the variables.

Compared to the control group, following training interventions significant improvements in muscle strength, static and dynamic balance were observed in the two experimental groups (p= 0.001); without significant differences between the two experimental groups. Following the study protocol, the concentration of myostatin and follistatin decreased and increased in the two experimental groups, respectively. The M:F ratio only in the FBFR group was significantly different from the C group(p<0.05).

Neurological adaptations of functional training caused to significantly improve in physical fitness indices, and the adding BFR to the training in the short term has only a small effect on biochemical variables.