مجله علمی پژوهان
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (زمستان 1398)

Unwanted pregnancy as a health problem can endanger the mother and baby. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among Iranian women.  

This study was performed using a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Seven electronic databases and two search engines were searched using appropriate key words to identify empirical research studies published in Persian and English languages on NIs from April 2000 to March 2019 in Iran. Heterogeneity of study was checked using I2 index and the possibility of publication bias by Begg test and Meta regression for assessment of variables suspected of heterogeneity at significance level of 0.05. Finally 65 empirical studies were reviewed.

The pooled prevalence of overall unwanted pregnancy in Iranian hospitals was 52 % (95% confidence interval, 41% - 67%). The highest unwanted pregnancy was recorded in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in 2000, 88% (95% CI: 65%-100%) and the lowest unwanted pregnancy was 0/01% in some cities of country in 2015 (95% Cl: 0/01%-0/02%).Year, sample size and mean age were correlated with heterogeneity of study results (p<0.05).

The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy in Iranian hospitals is high according to the published studies. Therefore, education is needed to empower couples to gain adequate control over their pregnancy.

Kegel exercises can improve episiotomy and increase women's satisfaction with vaginal delivery by increasing muscle strength and muscle fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Kegel exercise on episiotomy in primiparous women referred to Fatemieh Hospital in Hamadan in 2018.

The present study is a clinical trial and was performed on 100 pregnant women referred to Fatemieh Maternity Hospital in Hamadan in 2018. Subjects were divided into experimental and control groups. Kegel Exercise Training was performed for the experimental group. Theoretical and group training was conducted in groups of 6 and one session each. Follow-up was done by telephone and attending physiological delivery sessions. The control group received no training and at the end of the study the frequency of episiotomy was evaluated in both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 and descriptive statistics. They were analyzed analytically.

The mean age of the experimental and control groups was 25.94 ± 3.35 and 26.36 ± 4.89, respectively. The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age, occupation, educational level, exercise, type of contraceptive method. In the experimental group 62% and in the control group 94% episiotomy was performed. According to the results, the episiotomy rate was 9.60 times lower in people who did not use the Kegel exercise.

The present study showed that Kegel exercise can enhance pelvic floor muscles and, by increasing endurance of these muscles, increasing pelvic perfusion and muscle relaxation, facilitates labor and reduces the need for episiotomy and reduces pain. Finds.

Pregnancy is one of the most sensitive stages of human life and can affect various aspects of one's life, including sex.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attitude and sexual function of pregnant women referring to comprehensive health centers in Hamadan city in 2017.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. 260 eligible pregnant women were selected randomly from Hamadan comprehensive health centers. Data collection tools included questionnaires of women's attitude and sexual function during pregnancy, It consisted of 5 questions of personal information, 12 questions of sexual attitude and 19 questions of sexual function during pregnancy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests at the significant level of 0.05.

Most respondents were in the age group of 26-35 years. Most sexual beliefs in pregnancy were related to fear of harm to the fetus as a result of activity (63.1%) and fear of abortion (51.2%). The Pearson correlation test showed a significant correlation between the two variables of sexual beliefs and sexual function of women during pregnancy (P<0.001). There was a significant relationship between desire for pregnancy and sexual attitude as well as age and duration of cohabitation and sexual function during pregnancy (P<0.05).

According to the results, sexual attitudes in pregnancy are not appropriate due to misconceptions and therefore it is recommended to educate pregnant women in health centers as well as in clinics.

Mental health is necessary to maintain the survival of social, occupational and educational activities of the community, and is the main goal of the implementation of mental health programs in the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the mental health status (physical signs, anxiety, depression and social function) and some related factors of welders in Zahedan city.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in which 145 of the welders were selected by census. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS20, one-way ANOVA and independent t-test was applied in significance level of p less than 0.05.

The mean of age and work experience in the study population were 33.15 ± 9.28 and 13.48 ± 9.15 years, respectively, and 117 participants (80.7%) were married. The prevalence of tobacco use was 17.9%. The average of mental health score was different in terms of marital status, BMI, education level and age group, which observed a significant differences in marital status, BMI and educational level (P= 0.02, P= 0.04, P<0.001); However, there was no significant relationship between the difference in mean of mental health score by age groups (P = 0.60).

In this study, it was found that the prevalence of mental disorders among welders is high. Obviously, by the increase of occupational support and more comprehensive pathology studies in this field, mental health levels among welters can be reached to the optimum level.

Oral mucositis is very painful and in severe cases it interferes with the nutrition of patients as well as the daily life of the patient. The only way to treat and prevent mucositis is to identify timely illness, recommend oral hygiene and proper oral mucosal administration. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire for oral mucositis.

This study is an analytical descriptive study. To design the content scope of the questionnaire, a first questionnaire was developed after extensive field research and a comprehensive library of 22 items. To determine the content validity index and content validity ratio, a questionnaire was provided to 12 professors of the faculty member of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Then, for internal consistency and repeatability, To 80 patients with oral mucositis dental clinics in Hamedan were given a questionnaire. One week later, the questionnaire was returned to this group and finally, reliability was determined Using the Kuder Richardson test.

Six items from the initial questions, which had a low content validity rate, were excluded from the study. The final questionnaire was designed with 16 items and the content validity ratio was ultimately 0.68 and content validity index was 77% simpler, 80% relevant and 79%, respectively. The final index Content validity was calculated to be 78/6%. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Kuder Richardson test (0.85).

The final Oral mucositis questionnaire with 16 items has high validity and reliability, and it is a standard tool for use in the field of Oral mucositis.

Designing a midwifery professional ethics questionnaire due to culture and the country's work conditions can be a good way to observe professional ethics and promote knowledge and practice in midwifery services. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a midwifery ethics questionnaire.

To design a professional midwifery ethics questionnaire, a preliminary list of 38 questions was prepared and after assessing the validity of the questionnaire using face and content validity, Pearson correlation coefficient was used for its reliability and data were analyzed by using of SPSS software Version 20.

There were 26 acceptable questions. The total questions validity of the questionnaire was calculated with 26 questions 0.88. The final questionnaire Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.97 and p <0.001.

The final questionnaire of this study is an appropriate tool for assessing professional ethics in midwifery.

Maternal BMI (body mass index) plays an important role in pregnancy outcome that can lead to more surgical complications in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Maternal Short-Term Complications of cesarean section and its relationship with body mass index.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 120 patients undergoing cesarean section at Hamadan Fatemieh Hospital in June-July 2019. Samples were selected by random sampling. duration of surgery, bleeding during surgery, duration of ileus, pain, analgesic dose, surgical wound inflammation, surgical wound secretion and redness were evaluated by checklist. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed that the mean duration of surgery was 44 minutes, mean bleeding during surgery was 776 ml, duration of ileus 17 hours, pain rate was 4.82 and the mean analgesic dose was 1.66 diclofenac. The incidence of inflammation was 4/2%, surgical wound secretion 4/2% and wound area redness 5/8%. There was a positive and significant relationship between body mass index and variables such as duration of surgery, bleeding, pain, and analgesic dose (P<0.05), but there was no significant relationship between this variable with duration of ileus and incidence of inflammation, secretion and redness of surgical wound area (P>0.05).

The results of this study showed that there is a relatively high prevalence of maternal short-term complications in cesarean section and there is a positive and significant relationship between duration of surgery, bleeding, pain and number of analgesics with maternal BMI.

Cervical cancer is the sixth most common cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Therefore, the importance of screening programs such as cervical screening tests in the early diagnosis of this disease is highlighted. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen cervical cancer in postmenopausal women referred to comprehensive health services centers of Hamadan.

In this cross-sectional study, 108 postmenopausal women referred to the comprehensive health services centers of Hamadan were selected through cluster sampling in 1397. In this study, data were collected by interviewing women based on a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of two parts. After data collection, data were analyzed using SPSS24 software and the significance level of tests was 5%.

Results showed that the mean age of participants was 55.39 + 3.71. The mean number of Pap smears performed by women was 2.21 + 1.71 times. Also, 29.6% of women had Pap smear tests. 27.8% of women referred to health centers or doctors for information about Pap smear tests. 18.5% of women had Pap smear tests regularly. 13.9% of women went to health centers or doctors to find out about the results of Pap smear tests. 10.2% referred to a physician for treatment if they suspected Pap smear results. There was a significant relationship between the number of deliveries and duration of menopause with screening (P<0.05). But there was no statistically significant relationship between other variables with screening (P>0.05).

According to the results of this study, it is recommended to train women in cervical cancer and its screening method at the appropriate time in counseling centers and comprehensive health services. Adequate awareness of women about early diagnosis is recommended. It is also recommended that research be done with a larger sample size, and interventions to screen for cervical cancer and preventive behaviors.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) have been a major cause of work-related absences and medical costs. Therefore, the present study caried out to determine the prevalence of MSDs and its risk factors among a cement factory using the Quick exposure Check (QEC) technique.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 150 workers of a cement factory in southeastern of Iran, were surveyed by census method. For this object we used some tools included a demographic questionnaire, a Nordic questionnaire, and a QEC checklist. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 20 software. Significance level in this study was considered  to p-value less than 0.05.

The mean of age and work experience of the subjects were 35.91±6.38 and 9.03±5.73 years, respectively. The prevalence of MSDs in this study was 48.7%. The highest and lowest prevalence were in the lumbar and elbows (24% and 4.7%, respectively). only 27.3% of the cases, had an acceptable exposure levels to MSDs related risk factors, and the workstation of 60.6% of workers required investigations and ergonomic interventions immediately. There was a significant relationship between work experience and neck pain (P = 0.015). Upper back pain was affected by work experience and limb score (P = 0.010 and P = 0.012, respectively). The final effective variable on low back pain was work experience (P = 0.010). It was also found that none of the our study variables had a significant effect on pain in shoulder and arm / elbow areas (P> 0.05).

Due to the young workforce in the mentioned factory, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was lower than similar communities and the results showed that QEC method in some organs can be a good predictor for these disorders.

Operating Room personnel experience a great deal of workload due to job sensitivity that can affect different aspects of their lives. therefore, this study was conducted to determine the correlation between workload with work- family conflict in operating room and anesthesia technologists working in Ahvaz educational hospitals in 2019.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 174 operating room and anesthesia technologists working in hospitals of Ahvaz city using stratified random sampling method. data gathering tools included The NASA-TLX workload questionnaire and the Carlson et al. work family conflict questionnaire. ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data by SPSS 20 software.

The results of this study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between work- family conflict with mental stress and time pressure subscales at P<0.05 and between family- work conflict with physical stress and frustration and frustration at P <0.01.

Considering the high volume of workload and its relation to work- family conflict, it is necessary to implement effective programs to mitigate and reduce work load and work- family to improve the performance of operating room and anesthesia technologists.

Pain an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Kaempferol is one of the most important herbal active constituent with antinociceptive effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of kaempferol and its interaction with the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) on pain in male rats.

In this experimental study, sixty male rats (200-250 g) were divided to the following groups: control (saline), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), morphine, kaempferol at dosages of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/rat, capsaicin, capsazepine, capsaicin plus kaempferol (1.5 mg/rat), capsazepine plus kaempferol (1.5 mg/rat). After cannula implantation in cerebroventricular area, the rats received target components and then evaluated by pain assessment tests (abdominal writhing, tail-flick, and formalin tests). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-test and P<0.05 was as a significant difference.

The results showed that administration of kaempferol  had significant analgesic effects in comparison to the control/DMSO groups on the tail-flick, abdominal writhing, and formalin tests (P<0.05). Co-administration of capsaicin and kaempferol (1.5 mg/ rat) had significant analgesic effects compared to the control/DMSO groups although, not a synergist. Moreover, co-administration of capsazepine and kaempferol (1.5 mg/ rat) mostly decreased antinociceptive effects of kaempferol.

The kaempferol probably has both acute and inflammatory antinociceptive effects and exert this activity at least in part by activating TRPV1 receptors.

The present study provides an overview of studies in neuroscience and sign language. It also examines the sign language and the neural regions involved in this language both in terms of its perception and in terms of its production. Sign language processing has been done, with most agreeing on the importance of the left hemisphere in sign language processing. New studies also speak of the right hemisphere's involvement. Many studies have identified the sign language as a means to increase our knowledge of the linguistic and cognitive basis of the brain

This article reviews, evaluates and critiques the results of articles presented in databases from 1998 to 2018, and categorizes the information obtained in accordance with the content of the studies and reviews. 24 studies  including neural basis for sign language, early sign language acquisition, working memory and manual excellence in the sign language were examined.

Many language studies have identified gesture as a means of enhancing our knowledge of the linguistic and cognitive basis of the brain. Studies have been conducted on the active role of the cerebral hemisphere in sign language processing, with most agreeing on the importance of the left cerebral hemisphere in sign language processing. New studies also speak of right hemisphere participation. Language comprehension Sign language comprehension differs markedly in both the left and right hemispheres, and this particular difference is mainly in the related visual areas.

Sign language neuroscience research has expanded rapidly in recent years and has become a major part of neuroscience research. The output of these studies is also in the area of brain organization and brain plasticity in language cognition and processing. So it seems that further studies on different aspects of the sign language production and understanding are needed to get to the basis and function of the brain.

Innovation, evaluating, and stabilizing the desirable educational practices are important tasks of the educational system. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the effect of in-person and teacher-centered education with virtual education in learning the history of Islamic culture and civilization course of Hamadan Medical Sciences students.

This is an applied study in terms of nature and purpose and a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population consisted of 30 female medical students of Medical Sciences University of Hamadan who chose the book of History of Islamic Culture and Civilization in 2018; they were divided into two groups of 15 to participate in the process of in-person and teacher-centered education, and virtual education for teaching and learning Chapter 10 (Introduction to the basics of Iranian traditional medicine) by simple random allocation method. The evaluation criterion in the learning dimension of the course was the score obtained in the test. The validity of the questionnaire of their attitude toward these two educational methods were evaluated by the professors and experts in this field, and its reliability was confirmed by conducting a guide study and calculating the Cronbach's alpha.

The findings indicated that the students' academic test scores in this course, social cohesion and instructor had been in a better position in-person and teacher-centered teaching method. The mean of other elements such as success, negative affection, spontaneity in learning, opportunity and even overall satisfaction in the in-person method had been higher than the virtual teaching method. The findings show that in the virtual teaching method, the mean of social cohesion and students' satisfaction with the course instructor had been lower than the criterion mean.

From the students' point of view, the presence and interaction with the professor is an essential and important element in the teaching and teaching methods that this interaction will lead to the development of relationships and social cohesion between the students and professor. In addition, the high mean of the test scores in the in-person and teacher-centered methods compared to the virtual method can indicate the shared role of the professor and student in learning.

Childbirth is one of the most painful experiences for women and its reduction is one of the main goals of midwifery care. This study is done to investigate the effect of breathing technique on Maternal Behavioral Changes Against Labor Pain and Apgar score in primiparous women.

This study was a clinical trial which involved 170 nulliparous pregnant women performed at Tuyserkan hospital in IRAN. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups using breathing techniques (experimental group) and (control group). 4 ransom breathing techniques training sessions were given for mothers of the experimental group. control group received routine pregnancy at different stages of labor and delivery. demographic and pregnancy information questionnaire, Perscent Behavioral Intensity (PBI) Scale and Apgar score was used to measure pain. The data were analyzed with Outer tests, t test with p value <0.05 by SPSS21 software.

The results showed that Pain Behavioral Changes Assessment Scale in the control and test groups in dilatations 4-5, 6-7 and 10-8 and the second stage of labor were 0.004, 0.065, 0.001 and 0.017, respectively Which showed a significant difference. First and fifth minute Apgar score in the experimental and control groups were p = 0.413 and p = 0.556 respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups using independent t-test

Results showed that exercise in the first and second stages of labor resulted in decreased pain and improved mothers' behavioral responses but had no effect on neonatal outcome.

Disabilities caused by traumatic brain injuries affect millions of people worldwide, the use of CT scan (CT) is a method for the diagnosis of lesions. The aim of this study was to compare the criteria of sensitivity and specificity in determining the necessity of CT.

In this cross-sectional study, 100 traumatic patients who referred to the emergency department of Kosar Hospital with head injury were enrolled. On the basis of clinical examination and medical record for each system (ACEP, CCHR, Nexus) related clinical items recorded, and based on which scores were calculated for each. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, sensitivity and specificity, Chi-square, ROC curve, SPSS software version 20.

Results showed that, in terms of gender, 47 (47%) were male and 53 (53%) were female. The mean age of patients was 46.02 ± 18.20 years. 37% had a head hematoma and 50% had a trauma. The sensitivity and specificity of the three criteria used (ACEP, Nexus and CCHR) were: 29.40% - 62.50%, 13.3% - 96.8% and 38.23% - 71.87%, respectively. Significance was observed between sensitivity and specificity of the three criteria (p <0.001).

The results of the sensitivity and specificity of the study were inconsistent with the findings of other studies. The proposed criteria of this study for CT may not have acceptable sensitivity and specificity.