نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

Today waste generation in every society is inevitable and as a resuit waste management is if the main roles of every municipality.The production of various kinds of waste and the occurrence of various types of social economic and environmental of services and urban waste has encountered many problems in the whole process of waste management.Hencer deploymentof the waste management system is essential.This is important issue that must be considered in educational,research and executive programs.In this studyLCAmethod used for surveying present situation of management system of Zahedan city and for this reason were developed2sceneries.The first is of garbage to landfill and the second scenario is compost production.Inventory data for life ycle assessmentLCAwere gathered from relevant,literature,completed project and through questionnaires and field work.The life cycle inventory was accomplished usingIWM-1model and the results were allocated to five categories, consisting of energy,consumption,green house gasses,acid gasses,photo chemical gasses and toxic emission.The results significant by using the second scenery than the first,the amount of green house gasses reduce considerably.From the environmental point of view the results of this study showed tht composting as one of the management options plays an important role in reducing the amount of pollutants and energy consumption from the waste management system.

One of the most important issues in the world today is the issue of protecting the environment. In this research, we intend to evaluate the environmental awareness and responsibility of high school secondary school students in Islamabad and evaluate the impact of social factors and underlying and family variables on their environmental behaviors. A random sampling method was used to select schools and a random sampling method was used to select students. Data were collected using self-made questionnaire and analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The results of the research show that there is no significant difference between environmental awareness, environmental behavior and responsibility of girls and boys. Environmental behavior, environmental awareness and accountability of students are not related to the level of education and occupation of parents, the monthly income of the household and the type of residential home. In addition, environmental awareness, environmental behavior, and accountability of students were modest.

Due to the Severe Decrease in resources and land degradation and Increasing population growth, need to Exact planning is the use of resources and land. Modeling the ecological potential of land uses for proportionate utilization of resources provides proper conditions to preserve these resources for future generations. This study illustrates the application of the FUZZY AHP method and fuzzy membership functions in agricultural land evaluation. Based on Iranian literal Ecological Model, soil characteristic data, soil shape and biohydroclimatology were selected as the main criteria. Then, in the form of a model, MCDM and FUZZY AHP Chang method was applied to the substrate weighting process. Then, simple weighting method (SAW) was used to integrate the layers in ArcGIS environment and evaluation was performed. The results showed that there are six classes of agricultural land in the study area and the northern part of the city has high power. Finally, the final map indicated that the total area of the polygons of areas with high to medium agricultural potential is 347 square kilometers. So the FUZZY AHP method, by combining different approaches, can greatly assist evaluators in group decision making.

Urban parks have an important role in human society because of direct communication with people and are one of the indicators of developing new communities. The existence of security and suitability of the facilities required in urban parks will sustain sustainable development and increase the presence of more people. as a result, improved quality of life and societal security increases. The aim of this study was to assess social security in Mellat Park in the city of Zahedan in order to sustainable development as a descriptive analysis with the preparation and distribution of the questionnaire. Data processing was performed using Spearman's statistical test in the SPSS software and with the acquisition of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.761, the validity of the questionnaire. The results show there is a positive and significant correlation coefficient(P<0.05), between societal security and the selected monitoring indicators(0.57), quality(0.77) and activity in Park(0.82) and the average score of societal security2.61 and standard deviation of this variable 0.45 is that social security is evaluated in this medium.

Understanding the factors that influence carbon dioxide emissions in oil-based developing countries plays an important role in designing control policies and reducing emissions. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the degree of urbanization, per capita GDP and total consumption of petroleum products on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in terms of the ratio of consumption of heavy to the total products (HTR) as a transition function in the 8 selected OPEC member countries. For empirical analysis, the Panel Smooth Transition Approach (PSTR) has been used for the 1990 to 2017 period. The findings suggest that the inclusion of one transition function with one threshold for a model with HTR, which represents a two-regime model. The results of estimated coefficients in both regimes indicate that GDP per capita in both regimes has a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions and its positive effect has decreased after passing from the threshold. Also, the degree of urbanization and total production of petroleum products also have a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions in both regimes and its positive effect has increased regime 1.

Due to the conservation value of the Sorkhabad Protected Area, the uses within and around the area have direct and indirect effects and consequences. Appropriate management plans should be developed for the area by reviewing changes to these applications. Land sat satellites from the 1987 and 1997 time periods were prepared and used to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes in the region's ecosystem and environmental management. In this regard, after applying geometric and spatial corrections and performing image optimization, the maximum likelihood of similarity changes was evaluated and compared using unobserved classification and supervised classification methods , The accuracy of the produced maps was calculated and calculated with 90.69 and 97.47 overall accuracy test and Kappa index 0.88 and 0.96 respectively. The results showed that for 10 years agricultural and forestry use has grown well and rangelands, orchards and bare soil have declined. According to satellite imagery, vegetation status is probably better than before.

Entrance of material and various elements to industrial wastewaters, with biological method is inevitable. Existence of some of them is the reason of bacteria death, but existence of some of them is not important for operation of purification. Bacteria population control are precious because of their essential role in the decomposition of organic matter which is very important and a high efficiency purification is free of any low and heavy materials and super heavy derivatives. This study in Pars Oil Refinery is trying to representation the effect of time of deflation for entrance fluids, purification at materials of wastewater and separation of heavy and low phases, and so will be diagnostic that entrance some of until, to materials to biological system with high volume how is effective in yield of biological pools and separation of them and life of bacteria to control of amount entrance pollution to pools, and the result of them will be pollution of environment and secular losses, to obvious company however about environment office sequel operation of that company will be with heavy consequences and sometime can be reason of shutdown production of companies.

Representing 50% of the total population, women play an important role in house management and economies, as well as training future generations. They also have a valuable contribution and positive impact on environmental conservation and management. Accordingly, this study has been designed to address this issue. This research with an applied goal has a group descriptive- survey methodology. Zanjan’s female population is selected as the statistical population of this study which was conducted. According to the Cochran formula, 400 women selected as representatives of the population. Nonprobability-convenience sampling was conducted and both library and field methods (questionnaire tool) applied. The questionnaire validated and certified using content validity and its reliability estimated by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis of research done by applying Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). The results revealed that improvements in level of education of individuals would lead to increase in environmental knowledge and conception of society, i. e. regions with higher welfare and income levels more accurately follow the environmental issues. It can be argued that urban limits and span areas do not necessarily coincide with the levels of environmental knowledge of people posing a challenge on the way of environmental issues and popular training goals.

Heavy metals can be released on a large scale by bonding to dust particles. Urban vehicles transport significant amounts of heavy metals into the air. The main purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in dust in downtown Tehran. For this purpose, in the city park and on the streets leading to it, dust samples were collected from the tables and the concentrations of heavy metals were determined. The mean concentrations of lead, vanadium, nickel and cadmium were 70.38, 43.90, 39.39 and 2.80 mg / kg, respectively. Accumulation index for nickel, 0.319 and vanadium 0.514, both metals in non-contaminated grade but for cadmium 0.969 in moderate contamination grade and 3.672 in highly contaminated grade. The contamination indices for nickel and cadmium are 1.833 and 1.954 which are at medium level and vanadium 0.772 which are at low level of pollution and 4.16 lead at high level of pollution. Fuel consumption, road surface wear and tires can cause heavy metals in the dust. Lead comes from sources such as leaded gasoline, oil.

The challenges in the coal industry are the environmental impacts caused by consumption of resources and emission of pollutants. An appropriate approach to exploitation of coal mines is the concept of industrial ecology. The main objective of industrial ecology is to optimize the three important factors include resources, energy, and capital. The mining industry is the base source and requires a lot of energy and capital, so it is a suitable option to implement industrial ecology. The relationship between industry and environment is established through the flow of material and energy, and the main way for best management is to create an industrial coexistence network with the establishment of ecological industrial parks. This study aims to establish an industrial coexistence network in Tabas coal mine. So planning to increase the rate of tailing and wastewater recycle, and methane gas recovery should be on the agenda. Applying industrial ecology and multilevel consumption of energy, material, and water, is an effective solution to sustainable development and resolving environmental problems; Furthermore, there are many positive economic and social impacts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Teachers' and professors' Viewpoints on the Current Status of Environmental Education in the Secondary School Curriculum. The current study is an applied and qualitative-quantitative research with exploratory design. The statistical population consisted of all teachers of six educational districts of Isfahan (2259), 329 of which were selected by random sampling method and 15 professors (curriculum planning, literature, educational technology, philosophy, sociology, Management) of Markazi, Isfahan, and Yazd Provinces were selected by purposeful sampling. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 41 items was obtained using document analysis results. The results showed that the current status of environmental education in terms of curriculum elements (purpose, content, teaching-learning method, evaluation) in the teachers' group has the highest average with 4.15 related to teaching-learning methods and the lowest average with 3.98 related to the purposes and evaluation of environmental education curriculum. In the teachers' group, the highest average with 4.11 was related to the content and the lowest average with 3.92 was related to the purposes of environmental education curriculum.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various development plans, including mining and airport construction in the vicinity of Miqan Wetland and Vian Steel Industrial Company in Hamadan provinc. Impact Assessment Studies of Hamadan Vian Steel Plant Using RIAM and FANP Method and Migan Wetland Using RIAM. Prior to the implementation of development plans in Miqan Wetland, breeding Artemia and tourist attraction as Positive effects have been identified but creating an educational and industrial and pharmaceutical environment for wetland plants. Positive effects and construction of several dams in upstream rivers, construction and diversification of roads in the wetland and disconnection of north and south ecological links from negative impacts of the mentioned projects Had been. Implementation of Vian Hamedan plant in chemical physical environment has negative effects on soil erosion and air quality but has positive effects on public welfare, future development plans and social structure. The use of different methods should be in consideration the type of effects so that the application of the methods and their results can cover all aspects of the environment. And by leveraging the results and incorporating optimal management strategies, the environment can also be exploited for future generations.

The use of available energy in the sea is one of the most widely used methods in engineering. That's why the advanced world has comprehensive plans for energy from the seas and oceans. The hydrodynamic phenomena dominant in the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Oman Sea in the last decade have been remarkable due to the strategic importance of the region, especially in the marginalized countries. The present study investigates the motion of water masses by the Mike 3D model in the Persian Gulf. For stability model, the salinity curve has been used in time for two consecutive years. The motion of the water mass under the influence of water flow during the 15-day and 1-year period was investigated in several geographical coordinates, the results were presented graphically and examined. The results show a single conclusion on the movement of water mass over a period of 15 days, in three different coordinates and one year, which is that the motion of the water mass has been clockwise according to reality, as well as the tendency toward the coast, which is also the model This route predicts well.

Today, site selection is an important and necessary issue for construction and demolition wastes management in population fast-growing regions. Therefore, the main purpose of this research that was sponsored by Karaj municipality is landfill site selection for CDW in Karaj city with geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method. At first, by studying literature review, the criteria and sub-criteria necessary for site selection were identified. Four criteria and sixteen sub-criteria were selected by Delphi method. Weighting of criteria and sub-criteria was done by AHP method and expert choice software. All of the sub-criteria were mapped, standardized and overlaid in Arc GIS and IDRISI software environment by weighted linear combination (WLC) method. Finally, four alternatives (A1-A4) with a total area of 9700 hectares (4.7% of the total area of Karaj) have the the highest suitability, for CDW landfill in Karaj. These alternatives were ranked with TOPSIS method as A2>A4>A3>A4.

The Aras River has 1072 km long and is the longest Iranian internal river. The water of this river supplies drinking and industrial water to the cities of Poldasht, Aras, Parsabad, Marand, Jolfa, Hadishahr and other cities and villages of the route. Aras River is one of the most important rivers in Iran; in addition, of providing drinking water to some cities and villages in the West and East Azerbaijan, in this research, we tried to evaluate the quality of the Aras River using the IRWQISC index. For this purpose, along the Aras River in the 50 km range above the Aras dam, five sampling stations were selected and conducted for monthly intervals of microbiological and physico-chemical sampling. For each sample, then, using the IRWQI index, water quality at each station was evaluated on monthly intervals for six months. The average of WQISC index for six months at stations 1 to 5 are 56.6, 52.5, 47.7, 39.4, and 34.9, respectively. Regarding the numerical value of the water quality index, index at station 1 is relatively good, stations 2 and 3 are moderate, and stations 4 and 5 are relatively bad.

Polycyclic aromatic Compounds (PAHs) are the most dangerous and priorities environmental pollutants due to their low biodegradability, bioaccumulation, high toxicity to organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the source identification and evaluation of the ecological toxicity of PAHs in coastal surface sediments in the southern part of the Caspian Sea using meta-analysis method. So, the concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments obtained from articles published in the past 10 years in the internal and foreign scientific journals. Finally, mean concentration, dominant origin and ecological toxicity were investigated. The average concentration of PAHs in surface sediments was 763.76 g. dw-1. Also, the results of the determination of the dominant source of PHAs using diagnostic ratios showed that both petrogenic and fuel sources are involved in the introduction of these compounds into coastal sediments depending on station location and sources of pollution. In addition, the evaluation of the toxicity of PAHs using NOAA, SQGs, and EPA sediment quality standards showed that the concentrations of PAH have little effect on living organisms. Generally it can be concluded that the level of contamination of PAHs in the region is moderate.

The aimed of this study is a measurement of the residual amount of diazinon toxin in apple trees.sampling were done in primary stage of poion spraying and after preharvest intervals.diazinon amount were determined by GC-MASS instrument. Average concentration of diazinon in samples harvest in late spring was 1.8204 gr/kg that amount was greater than ISIRI , CODEX , EPA , EFSA standards. Average concentration of diazinon in samples harvest in late summer was 0.083 gr/kg that amount was lower than ISIRI , CODEX , EPA , EFSA standards.according to high average of diazinon in 7th pre harvest interval at the last spring than standards, Seven days after spraying is not recommended for apple harvest.however average of diazinon in last summer is lower than international standards, but because the first station shown toxic result after 21th days and presence of diazinon in other stations, It requires more precision and monitoring to maintain the health of human societies.

Mapping key areas for ecosystem service supply is essential for the development of strategies that will ensure their future supply, provision and quantification. This study aims to investigate simultaneous multiple services and identifying key area for their supply, three ecosystem services, including, landscape aesthetic value, recreation and noise reduction were mapped using GIS in central part of Isfahan province. Then, total ecosystem services supply index was calculated using spatial overlay analysis and then hotspots of ecosystem services supply were identified using the spatial statistics approach. At the end, the relantionship between key area for ecosystem supply and vegetation cover was considered. The results showed that key areas for ecosystem services supply, are distributed in the central and eastern part of the study area and have a direct relationship with vegetation. These areas comprise 9.94% of the study area. Hotspots analysis to consider multiple ecosystem services, can increase, the effectiveness of management approach for conserving ecosystem services.

The effect of magnetic nanoparticles Fe_3 O_4 on removal of cadmium heavy metal from aqueous solution and then plant treatment with this solution and effect on growth and some physiological responses of maize plant were studied. Three concentrations of cadmium (10, 80 and 220 mg) as cadmium chloride and a constant concentration of nano-adsorbent Fe_3 O_4 (4 g/l) were used. Cadmium heavy metal in high concentrations is toxic for maize plant and the magnetic nanoparticle successfully absorbs the cadmium metal up to 99 percent and reduces its toxic effects. Increasing of cadmium concentration, decreased length and fresh weight of maize but proline, antioxidant and the heavy metal of plant increase. Magnetic nanoparticles treatment Fe_3 O_4 showed a significant reduction in cadmium concentrations in the maize plant and significant amelioration of growth and physiological characteristics. Irrigation of maize with treated water by nanoabsorbent and optimum growth and physiological characteristics showed that this method is ideal for refining of agricultural water.

The purpose of present research is to study the effects of dust storm on tax capacity in Ilam province that has been conducted by the updated table of the Majlis Research center in 2006 and the updating of its data for 2014. To do this, the input – output table was reduced to 20 sections and national table was converted to regional table by AFLQ model. Regional input- output table of Ilam province was used to investigate the manner of spatial effect of dust storm in the studied region. Days associated with the dust phenomenon were identified as sample (control) days during the existing statistical period for six selected station based on the number of days that province has faced dust storm and with the closure of various economic and social sectors has led to a decrease in the production level of the province. The extent of its negative effect on province’s income was calculated. Finally, the extent of effect of dust on the decrease of tax capacity in Ilam province was estimated by direct and indirect coefficients of input- output table and calculation of income decrease.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of crop rotation on some soil characteristics at Roknabad in Yazd province. Five kinds of crop rotation [1- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa, 2- uncultivated (fallow), 3- Wheat-fallow-Wheat-fallow, 4- fallow-Alfalfa- Mix (Alfalfa- Beet) and 5- Wheat - Melon- Turnip] were investigated in three replications. The effect of rotation on some soil properties such as texture, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, pH, EC as well as SAR were studied. The results showed that the kind of rotations significantly affected the amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus and EC. texture, SAR and pH were not affected by the type of rotation. Results also indicated that (Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa) and (fallow-Alfalfa- Mix (Alfalfa- Beet)) were much more influential on nitrogen, organic matter and soil salinity when compared to other treatments. Overall results indicate that the inclusion of legume plants in rotation can improve soil quality. The results of this research can determine the suitability of common rotations and introduce the best combination planting in the studied region.

Sizing is generally the use of hydrophobic materials to modify the constituent behavior to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the paper. Starch is one of the most important materials used for this purpose because of its cheapness and biodegradability. In this study, it is investigated methods of starch modification in chemical, physical and enzymatic ways, depending on its application. Then, it is stated chemical, physical and enzymatic modification of starch for paper sizing. Finally, it is stated enzymatic modification of starch with α-amylase for paper making, the advantages and limitations of enzymatic starch with α-amylase as compared to cationic starch as the most consumed type of starch for paper sizing. In general, it is preferred paper surface sizing with enzymatic starch over other types due to use of native starch at the site of consumption, lower prices of native starch and consumed α-amylase, no formation of halogenated organic compounds (AOX) which is in oxidized starch preparation and no need to use lateral chemicals to modified and consumption, the use of enzymatic starch for paper surface sizing in developments countries. Therefore, it is advised to paper industries and researchers in the country to investigate these modifications.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals resulting from the deposition of contaminant particles in the surrounding soil and to compare the concentration of heavy metals in the soil with the permissible limits for agricultural use of lands in the surrounding of Shahid Mohammad Montazeri power plant in Isfahan. it was first divided into regular grids (67 grids) based on the grid method and soil sampling was performed in each grid. To measure the physical and chemical properties of soil, 12 samples were selected and 50 samples were selected from 67 samples to measure the concentration of heavy metals. The results showed that soils have an average organic matter content below 1%, which is low and thus the soil is poor. The mean concentrations heavy metals but the concentration of Cd was above the critical level and its concentration was contaminating in the soils.Generally, soil around the plant has no limitations for agriculture in terms of electrical conductivity, pH and concentration of heavy metals except cadmium. It should be noted that due to the transfer and toxicity of cadmium metal, cultivation of industrial plants such as cotton and fruit trees is recommended.

This study aimed to environmentally evaluate the metal contamination trend in soils surrounding municipal solid waste landfill in Tonekabon, Iran. Hence, 29 soil samples were collected from the landfill, agricultural fields, a forest, and a river; and 3 soil samples were collected as controls. Concentrations of pb, Cd, As, Cr, Zn, and Mo were determined by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using standard methods. The adsorption assessment results of lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, zinc, and molybdenum were 50.51, 27.48, 28.58, 26.20, 50.27 and 43.33 mg/kg, respectively. Contamination factor analysis showed cadmium, arsenic, and molybdenum were highly contaminating. Also, the amount of geoaccumulation and ecological risk of cadmium and molybdenum were very high. When comparing metals with world standards and Iranian environmental standards, all metal amounts except for lead, chromium, and zinc were above the permissible limit. Pearson correlation results showed that the metals had a weak correlation with each other and had different origins. In general, it can be concluded that the elements in the soil are completely affected by the leachate from the landfill site because the elements in the leachate and soil have a similar slope and trend.

The construction industry is one of the most important industries in sustainable development, considering the extent of its impact on human societies, global economy and human environment. Accordingly, the world’ demand for sustainable development has put a lot of pressure on the construction industry to promote sustainable capabilities in the construction process. In the present study, green supply chain management has been introduced as a holistic environmental management approach in the wake of environmental concerns in the construction industry and its importance in different stages of construction industry’s activities has been investigated. This study is a descriptive- analytical study with a qualitative approach. The data collection tool is library studies, review of written sources, documents and previous researches. The results of the study indicate that the collaborative environmental contributions play a significant role in facilitating the program and implementation of the green supply chain management. The adaptation of environmental requirements at different stages of the construction project, such as feasibility and green innovation, green design, green materials, green construction, green conservation and exploitation and reverse logistics, plays an important role in context of the executive framework of green supply chain management and sustainability of construction industry.

1153/5000 The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of copper mine on soil and plants surrounding the Bavanat copper mine. The concentration of heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel) in soil and plants was investigated. Three sampling stations were selected for soil and plant including: upstream mineral zone, Bavanat mining area and downstream mineral zone. Elements of soil and plant elements were measured using ICP-OES analysis. EC, PH, CFC, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn and Ni parameters were also determined in soil samples. Native species of the region, including: Grapes, almonds and Artemisia rangiens were selected for the study. The results showed that the presence of Bavanat copper was effective on the distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn and Ni in the soil and the highest concentration was observed in the Bavanat mineral zone. The highest concentration of copper in Artemisia terrestrial organs (53/79) was in the Banat mineral zone. The highest amount of manganese transfer factor was in almonds (3.65) and the highest concentration of bioconcentration was in lead (0.60). The Bavanat Copper Mine has been effective in distributing the concentrations of the investigated elements in soil and native plants of the area.

Human activities such as agriculture and urban development (particularly settlement expansion and road construction) as well as biological and environmental processes, structure and pattern of the landscape. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of land use changes on the landscape pattern of Malayer in the twenty years term. In this research, Landsat satellite imagery of 1997, 2007 and 2017, and the RS for producing land use maps and FRAGSTATS software were used to calculating and quantify Landscape metrics.The metrics used include CA, MPS, LSI, LPI, NP and IJI. The results showed that from 1997 to 2017 the area of residential use and water resources decreased and the area of agricultural use and bayer lands increased. So that increased of the residential use of 75373.11 hectares with an area of 14675.04 and water resources with an area of 23918.31 hectares with a total area of 248.76, the water resources of this city have decreased by 32/58 percent over the course of twenty years, and the Bayer lands from 66717150 in 1997 to 1820,86 in 2017, and agricultural use has increased from 13,30029 to 38388 in area. Also, decreased NP, LSI, and IJI in whole landscape.

Religions and religions, on the basis of their doctrines, beliefs, traditions and scriptures, have significant impacts on the art and architecture of the world. The art as an element in architectural ornamentation has undergone this effect. The reason for choosing this topic is our concern about the forgetting of Islamic decorations and architecture in contemporary architecture, and their destruction by contemporary environmental factors and air pollution in the contemporary era. Throughout history, it has been based on the religious beliefs and teachings of the people of that period; the incarnation of the angel dates back to pre-Islam and is found in most parts of the world in the Islamic era, the essence and role of the angel , Changed according to the teachings of Islam. Finally, environmental factors such as the occurrence of lichens, acid rain, etc. in decorations and materials in monuments have caused their further destruction. And the analysis is spss software. Document (library) method was used for data collection.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of compost and vermicompost on growth and physiological characters such as antioxidant, phenol, proline and secondary metabolites of Lippia citriodora in salinity stress. Compost which is prepared from municipal solid waste is the stabilization of organic compounds under aerobic conditions and is produced by the activity of living microorganisms. Vermicompost is prepared from agricultural waste and using various worms. Compost and vermicompost were applied at three levels of 0%, 10% and 30% of pot volume, as well as salinity of 70 mM NaCl to the three month-old plants in a greenhouse. The compost (10% and 30%) and the vermicompost 30% reduced growth and increased proline content, however the vermicompost at 10% improved the growth and phenolic compounds of the plants under salinity stress. These fertilizers at high levels, containing large amounts of organic matters and high salts contents, which increase toxicity and salinity and reduce plant growth. Vermicompost is better fertilizer than compost.

Rapeseed has economic and commercial importance, due to the various application in today's world. Considering the high per capita consumption of vegetable oils and the high dependence on imported oils, special attention has been paid by the government to self-sufficiency in the production of oilseeds; therefore, the evaluation of this product is a very important factor and has an impact. In the present study, technical, allocation and economic measures were performed with Slack-Based Measure (SBM), in order to determine the water use efficiency and its environmental performance in the producing provinces of this product. The statistical data of this study were extracted from the Agricultural Jihad Iran in the years 2014-2015. The average economic efficiency, variable in relation to scale in environmental methods was 0.72. Environmental efficiency showed that the consumption of water and fertilizers was higher in some inefficient provinces. It is recommended that new technologies be used to improve the yield of rapeseed to reduce fertilizer and water use. The productivity of farmer's work rapeseed through their participation in extension classes, improving the irrigation practices and using wastewater treatment.