نامه فرهنگستان
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Wus'at-i- Mashrab of the Safavid literature (Indian style) is a social, cultural and political thought. This idea was made by immigrant poets who were considered educated in society. The frequency and distribution of the term in poetic collections, historical sources and poetic and Sufi Tazkiras (treatises) prompted us to explain and analyze this term. The purpose of this article is to show its various dimensions and to explore the context of the idea's formation and development. On this basis, the poets of the Safavid era have built the popular idea into a unified system whose central idea is to ignore the distinctions and differences that have caused divisions in society. This article is categorized into seven sections by extracting definitions, characteristics, metaphors, and functions of its dimensions: non-sectarianism, opposition to religion, its relation with mysticism,Mashrab and love, seeking for pleasure, Mashrab as ethical form of life and ontological aspect of Mashrab.

Prior to the Safavid era, Iranian folk culture was not widely read in written texts, but from that time on, and especially in the Constitutional period, issues of Iranian popular culture were raised in many written works, including travelogues and historical and geographical books. Literature is full of folklore in a particular sense and in different disciplines, and it is a new approach in the field of interdisciplinary studies. One of the most important branches of literature in terms of reflection of language and popular culture is the field of Persian grammar in order to cite for example the grammatical categories of the common language of the people and the popular culture in the words and idioms used by the masses.The unique handwritten version of "Detention Rules" is one of the valuable resources of Persian grammar in the Indian subcontinent that illustrates many elements of Iranian popular culture in various linguistic, intellectual and behavioral domains. This study seeks to refine the reflection of elements of Iranian folk culture in a non-Iranian grammatical descriptive-analytic way and take a step toward explaining Iranian cultural status among non-Persian-speaking Indians. The results indicate that the author of the book is well acquainted with Iranian folklore and teaches grammar as well as many issues related to Iranian culture.

One of the worthy points in grammatical research, is to look through the history of literary works in other languages which have been done about that grammar, since many grammatical works had been authored by those who were not speakers of that language. Al-kitab by Sibawayh is one the prominent instances of these cases. In the subcontinent, Persian has long been the official, administrative and legal language, hence, numerous literary works in Persian had been appeared there. Among these works there are books on Arabic morphology and syntax. There are also a few works in Arabic on Persian grammar. These works including both handwritten and printed are introduced alphabetically in the present paper.

One of the obstacles to researching and analyzing Talib Amoli's poetry is his lack of proofreading. The malice, spelling, and printmaking of this court are numerous. Alongside lexical and linguistic approaches, one of the approaches that helps to correct Taleb Amoli's poetry is the analysis of cultural references and beliefs and practices that existed during the poet's life or in the period before him. Since Indian poets have been able to reflect on cultural references and beliefs and traditions in their poetry, some of the inaccuracies found in the Taliban Amoli’s Divan have been helped by cultural references such as scientific (medical, astronomical) and artistic terms (script and painting), tools and appliances, odors, foods, architecture, beliefs and customs have been analyzed and refined. Apart from the mentioned verses, at the end of the article, another dispersed verse of Talib Amoli was analyzed and corrected, which was our criterion in the analysis of each of the linguistic and literary rules of Persian poetry.

In the literary genre of the epic, based on its theme of violence and bloodshed, the presence and role-playing of women is naturally dim and overshadowed by the description of the bravery of heroes in the bloody scenes of battle. However, in the great epic of the Indian land, Mahabharat, like Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, alongside the main characters of the story, also have prominent letters remaining from him. In the present article, by analyzing historical data based on the three letters, we come to new conclusions about the date of his death and some other points.

Persian historiography was of particular importance in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth and eleventh centuries thanks to the support of sultans and the migration of Iranians to India. One of the Iranian immigrants who wrote a historical work at the Qutb Shahi court was Khurshah b.Qubad al-Husseini, whose work is known as Tarikh-e Ilchi Nizam Shah or as Tarikh-e Qutb Shahi. This book is the first work written in the Qutb Shahi court. The author provides valuable information on Iranian history due to his presence in Safavid ruler, Shah Tahmasb's camp as the ambassador of Nizam Shahi Dynasty. This study attempts to investigate Khurshah's methods, insights and attitudes in historiography using a descriptive-analytical method. Documentation, a simple writing style free from figures of speech, the use of religious insights in explaining historical events, the use of fatalism, hermeneutics and Qur’anic verses and hadiths (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) to justify rulers' actions, paying attention to economic and social history, and the use of the terms and concepts showing Iranian identity are considered to be among the prominent features of Khurshah's historiography.

One of the turning points in the history of Iran and India is Nader Shah's expedition to India. According to historical evidence, the campaign was motivated by overexaggeration, and it seems that Nader Shah was seeking security on Iran's eastern borders. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the case that Nader Shah had in pursuit of Kandahar tribes in India after the annihilation of the Kulaji tribes and the capture of Kandahar, with the primary purpose of: first establishing security at the southeastern Iranian border and then removing the border. Of course, the trophy and wealth factor should be taken into account.

There have been many views on the Taj Mahal and its implications from the point of view of Islamic symbolism, which go beyond the monument built solely for the king's beloved wife, often by adapting its symbols to some of the concepts of the Qur'anic verses. He was given a parable of heaven on earth. Much has been said about its symbols based on Qur'anic concepts from the number of angles used in the building to the garden area and the current climate, but most research has overlooked the Hindu symbols that, according to the present study, has been intentionally used in this mausoleum.