مجله مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی
پیاپی 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

One of the jurrdical principles about reprimand which has atracted attention is the principle of no intercession in reprimord. Based on this principle the primary principle and injunction which is accepted in reprimand related crimes is the no intercession in reprimand principle. In addition to the in troduction and the analysis of the juridical basis of this principle the possibility of intercession in the Islamic penal code which was approved in 1392 has been studied. intercession befor the approval of crime and the declaration of the punishment sentence is possible but the contravarsion is in intercession ofter the sentence declaration and befor executhing the punishment. After stuying and analyzing the topic and mentioning the exceptions in this regard some suggestions have been presented.

The tremendous technological advances following the entering into virtual arena have increased the number of incidents of various crimes, especially virtual thefts.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sheer variety and hybrid nature of virtual thefts, compare it with that of traditional form, review some pieces of problems and try to solve them and also prove the compatibility of virtual theft with traditional one correspondences for subjecting the perpetrator to Hadd punishment. After comparing the traditional thefts with those of virtual ones including virtual embezzlement, the authors arrived at the conclusion that there is a need to review the articles 12 and 13 concerning the cybercrime and computer crime law.

One of the topics that has many results and effects on the science of jurisprudence and usul and also law is "etlaghe maghami". According to the majority of scholars, two definition have been proposed. If in one position "share" addresses the elements and conditions such that some of the components and conditions are stated and some are not, we note that the part that has not been stated, have no role in his purpose. Another definition is initiatives of "mohaqeq naeini": if a constraint such as credit intention in prayer be involved in order of lord, it should be required to explain to responsible person. Because expression may not tie up through word, it should be expressed with another way that is " motammeme jal". So he must give another command. Since this discussion has not been independently investigated, in this paper we have tried to explain the nature and arguments of "etlaghe maghami" and its difference with "etlaghe lafzi" and some of the examples mentioned in jurisprudence, as well as its application in law. This research may clear aspects of this issue and provide areas for further research.

Despite the difference in the ways to legitimize of the judgment of imitator, a person who imitate from legal authority, it is agreed that he can judge during an emergency. Now, one of the questions that may be posed is that on what Fatwa should the imitator judge? On the other hand, according to the existence of law in the Islamic society, a new question can be raised: Is it correct that he judges according to a law that is set on the different mujtahids’ Fatwa and What is the duty when there is a conflict between the Fatwa and the law? According to the opinions on this issue, the judge must verdict according to the Fatwa of his legal authority, or the mujtahid which has appointed him to the post of judging. According to these two opinions, judging by law about parties in action in the assumption of non-compliance with one of these two fatwas is not valid. The authors believe that the reasons presented about these two opinions are not capable of proving them and they have a theory that can legitimize judgments on the basis of law.

Abrogating act is one of issues that, although is mentioned in the discussions about transactions and there is consensus about its legitimacy, its framework and conditions are discussed rarely in jurisprudence and civil laws. Accordingly, in this paper, description and analysis of the opinion of prominent scholars, about this kind of acts and the proofs by which the legitimacy of these acts will be surveyed. With implicit survey of proofs the framework and conditions of these actions to abrogate a contract also will be noted. The result of analysis is that based on the acceptance of the implications of each proof of legitimacy, the framework and conditions of this kind of acts are different and the identification of the extent of effects of abrogating acts can have important and significant jurisprudential and legal effects.

By confessing the perpetrator to commit a crime with a certain person (In adultery or sodomy) exactly another crime is posed as Qazf. On the other hand, if one does not confess to commit adultery or sodomy, Basically, the occurrence of a double crime of adultery or sodomy will remain in patent ambiguity. Hence, the validity and credibility of confessions in sexual crimes have some problems in the judicious definition that the legislator did in 2013. Therefore, the discussion of the issue of proving evidence in sexual crimes, despite the well-known jurisprudential point of view of the importance of having this evidence, is an entry to exit from this legislative crisis Also, Abu Hanifa's theory that no adultery is carried out without victim that among the Sunni jurists is also an opportunity to present different views in the analogous jurisprudence.

The proof of the citation relationship has an important role in imposing criminal or civil liability on the perpetrators. Therefore, despite the fact that the study of the content and appearance of this relationship in terms of stability and affirmation is of great importance. But the explanation for this issue is more difficult in continuity causes. This article, by examining the content of the citation relationship, regards it as related to actus reus of the crime and, consequently, its material and scientific nature, and seeks to prove this The citation relationship, as a channel, is considered to be the flow of the material impact of acts involved in harm. With the lack of effective elements in this regard, i.e the forcible factors and causes, the discussion of the negation of the relationship is cited and ultimately the non-responsibility of the perpetrator is raised. In the aspect of the form and the affirmation, it must also be acknowledged that this relationship is proven by material and scientific method, in which subjective or customary perceptions based on tolerance, There is no place, and only these cases regarding the relation of citation are of such magnitude as to be consistent with the realities of the present and taken from scientific and rational ways.

Due to existence of various laws and views about mines, explaining their bases and giving elaboration on them seems to be necessary. The main theme of this writing is the ways the right belongs to every mine placed in the private farms and lands. During the process of passing the law, legislators opted for three perspectives in this regard: being as anfal (spoils) (Constitution, art. 45), being private (Civil Code, art. 161), and different rules in different cases in 1998 Mines Law art. 22, note 2, in which construction, decorative and façade stones which are located underground in a private land are conventionally excluded and added to that land. Other instances are not judged there. Since the legislator uses Imami Shia jurists’ views as a source in adopting rules and regulations about mines, I tried to refer to reasons, proofs and objections of each perspective in order to reach and extract a single opinion at the end. Finally, it is concluded that we should differentiate small and apparent (on-the-ground) mines from large underground ones; while the former is under ownership and subject to the land, the latter is considered as anfal or public property, because conventionally they are not from the land belongings.

Violence, especially in its hidden dimension, is still one of the most complicated problems of women's social and private life, which, despite the increase in the level of university education, the increase of educated people and the advancement of civilization and technology, not only does not diminish it, but is also reflected in new forms. Whether tolerance in the face of this phenomenon is rooted in jurisprudence and religious beliefs, or conventional interpretations that do not relate to the principle of religion, have been shadowing for centuries on the main religious doctrines. Women, both in the private sphere and in the community, are exposed to various kinds of violence, and this same sense of fear and security can not only be a psychological stress but also a reason for the lack of real progress of women in social activities. At various social levels, we are faced with a rational approach to some kinds of violence that results from the cultural influence that confronts jurisprudence with the violation of women's rights. Consequently, in law, there is no effective preventive action against jurisprudence, while with Such a perception can be avoided when it comes to time and time.

Today, one of the things that is considered in neighborhoods is to enjoy the right to quality of life. Various types of activities in neighboring can disrupt the quality of life of neighbors. Some of these activities attend with fault and some of them are false and illegal. The deep dependence of most civil liability systems on fault precludes the provision of effective remedies for regulated activities can lead to disturbances in the quality of life in neighborhoods. In the French legal system, due to the weakness of the criterion of fault in the face of abnormal neighboring, a new theory called " abnormal neighboring" has been raised. In this theory, it has been tried to provide an appropriate measure for measuring and compensating for the damage caused by these activities. It seems that the system of Islamic civil responsibility can provide a suitable solution to abnormal neighboring through the "benefit-risk" rule.

Attorney ship has different forms in Imamie's jurisprudence. Occasionally, the attorney ship is in the form of delegation and the lawyer has a plenipotentiary representation from the client and in addition to the independency in the transaction, he/she has the power in all affairs after the contract including taking delivery, handing over, rescission and cancellation. Imamie’s jurisprudence considers delegation attorney as a principal in the transaction who has extensive powers too. Given that such a concept is not reflected or is less mentioned in the laws and even in the legal literature, it raises this question that what kind of lawyer is a delegation attorney. By comparing this entity with other representative entities, can claim about the nature of delegation attorney ship that the delegation attorney is a special lawyer and is a new concept of attorney ship at the disposal of attorney ship of covenant.

to emphasize the necessity of selectivity, which can provide minimal or Criminalization maximum in the area of different crimes. The important point in this regard is that the provision of any kind of crime is based on the internal capacity of the criminal law. Hence, in this article, with emphasis on the threefold criminal elements of the law (ambiguous legislation, new criminal offenses, and the reduction of legislative constraints), material (development in the subject, victim and criminal offender, absolute criminalization, and introductory and Also, independent crime) and psychological (criminalization with unwillingness, the development of unintentional crimes and the criminalization of criminal thought) .The criminalization of maximum offenses are presented with various examples in Iranian law. Strategies that demonstrate the establishment of a suppressive and security policy for Iran's legislature in relation to security threats against public security, and in particular against political sovereignty. Nevertheless, Iran's criminal policy on the use of some solutions, such as deprivation of crime, independently, the application of minimum constraints in legal texts, and criminalization with a general unwillingness to show a low degree of reluctance.

In Islam, Taqiya or Taqiyya (Arabic: taqiyyah, literally "prudence, fear")is a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice in the face of Opponents persecution.on the contrary of hypocrisy which, in order to gain profit, pretends to be similar to others, in order to preserve religion.so that sometimes it reluctantly performs the taqiyyah, and sometimes do it to preserve the Islamic Ummah; While in all Islamic religions have stipulated to the legitimacy of taqiyya.The elders of the Sunni jurisprudence have considered its legitimacy to be valid, to the extent that even the Taqiyya of a Muslim to another Muslim has been prescribed There are examples of the Companions’ Taqiyya in jurisprudential, hadith, and interpretative works of Islamic scholars; of course,the Sunni religious knows pre-eminent  the tolerateing reluctance and patience to persecute and execute cruel killings in comparison to taqiyya In particular, it has been stated, but in some cases, it is obligatory on taqiyya and in some cases it is forbidden on taqiyya, especially in cases where the basis of Islam is at stake, it has been forbidden. Therefore, the difference between the jurisprudential religions of the Imamiyyah and the Sunnis is in Subsidiary Affairs  but they agree on the Tqiyya as a principle.

Amnesty of retribution right is arising from will and has legal effect. Legal acts are divided into two categories according to popularity. Amnesty is divided into absolute and conditional categorization. Absolute amnesty is considered unilateral legal act, and it is entrusted to the world with the will of the owner of the Qisas right, but the nature of the conditional amnesty is hesitant. Due to the importance of the amnesty and the effect of its nature on the sentences and consequences, it is necessary to determine the nature of the conditional amnesty. The presumption of the conditional amnesty to be a contract is rejected for reasons such as the lack of paternity of dissatisfaction, irreducibility, the impossibility of placing the rescission option in it, and the non-possession of an exile in a royal estate on the property and his life. Naturally, by rejecting these reasons, It is proved to be unilateral legal act. In addition, based on the principle of non- guardianship of people to each other and according of the condition with the requirement of pardon, its validity can be verified as unilateral legal act, although for the necessity of satisfaction the one who is forgiven of the amnesty in the conditional amnesty, it can be considered as special contract . Therefore, the conditional amnesty as unilateral legal act and its effects, they are subject to the general rules of unilateral legal act and will be distinguished from the other contract like compromise of Qisas right.