فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 36 (پاییز 1398)

The issue of financial slippage among the agents of governments has always existed in the history of various societies. It is therefore worthwhile for the rulers to think of a way to manage it. Since the agents of the Alavi government were also affected by this, due to the position of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) in Imamiyah system of thought and modeling of his behavior, Imam's (AS) method of dealing with this issue has been investigated as the question of this study. The historical review of the archival data of ancient sources shows that Imam (AS) has always attempted to prevent such matters by observing meritocracy, adequate salaries, intangible evaluation, and etc. Imam (AS) simply did not ignore the financial slip news of his agents. In inducing and investigating financial slips, the strategies used by Imam (AS)  included benevolent information giving, review of financial slip news, keeping the correction path open, prosecution, restitution and punishment. However, the main point was that in all those steps, Imam's (AS) main focus was on the good sermon and the internal correction of the servant.

The rule of the Safavids in Iran provided the perfect basis for the widespread political and social activities of the Shiite scholars, and they not only maintained good relations with the Safavids but also assumed the highest religious positions in the government. This collaboration was the result of a shift in the jurisprudential political views of the scholars that had previously been unprecedented in the history of the Shiite jurisprudence. Mullah Khalil Qazvini is one of the prominent scholars of the time of the second Safavid Shah Abbas, who is in the spectrum of Akhbari scholars. His political jurisprudential attitude is somewhat different from that of his contemporary scholars because he praised Shah Abbas II as the Shiite king, while he disagreed with one of the religious ceremonies signifying the legitimacy of the government, namely, Friday prayer. He explains the legal and rational reasons for this opposition in his Friday prayer treatise. This article is a descriptive-analytic one. Based on the historical sources and his written works, his views on the Safavid government, Shah Abbas II and Friday prayer are examined.

Muslim scholars, especially Shiite scholars, have presented a new reading of the sciences of ancient civilizations in the light of their new religious worldview, in parallel to the production of knowledge. They have organized knowledge to preserve them. In the field of Islamic wisdom, there has been a great deal of efforts in the tradition (the promise, action and interpretation of the Masums (AS)), which is one of the primary sources of knowledge of religion and religious teachings after the Holy Quran. Therefore, there is a great deal of hard work among the Shiite scholars in collecting the Hadiths more fully and organizing them better and more thoroughly. In order to fully understand this precious legacy and to identify the correct hadiths from the false ones, Shiite tradition researchers have created some sciences. The present article examines some of the efforts of Shiite scholars in this field with a particular view of organizing knowledge in their major hadith works.

The fifth and sixth centuries (AH) were brilliant periods in the scientific development of the Islamic societies. Shiite scholars also participated in this process. Shiite elites, based on their jurisprudential frameworks and adopting moderation policy, have played roles in various levels of the government. They have taken important steps in the fields of knowledge (education, educating students, and compilation of books), the development of the related institutions (establishing schools) and promoting Shiite religion. As a result of these activities, the rise of the Shiite religion began during this period. This article examines the social and political contexts of the growth of Shi'ites' scientific endeavors in the Seljuk era to answer the question of how the Shi'ite scholars' scientific endeavors increased despite the Seljuks' religious policy in favor of the Sunni sect. Based on the available data, it is assumed that the emergence of the new issues and the need to face some intra-religious and inter-religious challenges, as well as some signs of crisis in the thinking system of the Islamic community at the time, underpinned the Shiites' motivation for their scientific endeavors.

The geographical location and its impact on the economy is particularly important in understanding the history of a city. The Mongol invasion of Iran brought about major changes in the decadence and growth of the city. Tabriz city, due to its geographical location and its economic importance in the Ilkhanid era, enjoyed a special importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for the importance of the geographical location of Tabriz in its growth and prosperity, with an emphasis on its economic resultant during the Ilkhanid period. The method of this research is to explain and interpret events based on the influence of the geographical location on the economic structure of Tabriz in that era. Tabriz has enjoyed relative urban growth and prosperity for a long time, but after the fall of Baghdad in 656 (AH) it was more favored. After becoming the capital, Tabriz turned to one of the most important cities and commercial centers of Iran during the Ilkhanid era. Above all, Baghdad was quickly downgraded from a caliphate center to a small state-run city.

Calligraphy was very important from the beginning in Islamic civilization because of the Rasm of the Holy Quran. The presence and application of the Kufic script, as one of the most common forms of calligraphy in the early Islamic age, with its own visual and conceptual features in the Greek churches and monasteries of the tenth and eleventh centuries (fourth and fifth centuries (AH)) raises many questions about the reason for using this foreign element in the Byzantine religious art. The present study attempts to analyze the historical reasons for the Byzantines familiarity with this line in order to study the reasons for using this alien element in the Byzantine religious art. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Kufic script from visual and conceptual perspectives in some Byzantine artworks. The results show that in the studied samples the quality of line spellings and the semantic relation of the Quranic words with the concepts of the Byzantine iconography led to the use of this style of calligraphy in the Byzantine art and architecture.