نشریه التیام
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Periodontal disease is the number one health problem in small animal patients. Periodontal disease is generally described in two stages, gingivitis and periodontitis . Periodontitis is the later stage of the disease process and is defined as an inflammatory disease of the deeper supporting structures of the tooth (periodontal ligament and alveolar bone) caused by microorganisms. It is caused by plaque buildup on teeth. The plaque is a smooth membrane, adhesive, contaminated with saliva bacteria and debris . Normal gingival tissues are pink in color, and have a thin, knife-like edge, with a smooth and regular texture. The first clinical sign of gingivitis is erythema of the gingiva. This is followed by edema, gingival bleeding during brushing or after chewing hard/rough toys, and halitosis. Probiotics are live micro-organisms administered in adequate amounts with beneficial health effects on the host.The presence of these organisms is an indicator of good periodontal health . Probiotics are effective in preventing candidiasis, reducing dental caries, and treating periodontal diseases. This article discusses the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease.

Dogs and cats with broken or fractured teeth are an extremely common presentation for small animal practitioners. Every day, patients will be seen with a fractured tooth, dental caries, pulpal hemorrhage or some other dental complications. Many of these conditions are a source of pain to the animal but often ignored by the owners. Extraction, usually, is not the only solution, because the teeth of small animals respond very well to advanced dental techniques, especially endodontic treatment. This paper discusses treatment options for fractured teeth including endodontic treatment, vital pulp therapy, surgical dental extraction

Extracted teeth are always considered as waste or debris. Tooth extraction is the most performed procedure in dentistry following cleaning and prophylaxis in small animals. The first indication of tooth extraction is advanced periodontal disease which the teeth attachments loss occurs and the teeth could not be saved. Other indications include jaw and teeth fracture. In sever and refractory stomatitis, one of the recommended treatment is extraction of either rostral or even all teeth. Therefore, lots of extracted teeth as tissue similar to bone is available. In this article the role of extracted teeth in bone defects as readily available bone graft and regarded existed studies in literature will be reviewed.

Dental problems are one of the main challenges in equine medicine and its management has a considerable effect on horse’s performance and profitability in equine industry. Considering the fact that prevention is better than treatment, a regular dental care program based on a scientific plan can lead to an early and definitive diagnosis; which results in a correct intervention and treatment. Dental and oral observation, necessary diagnostic and restraint equipment and instruments, attritional lesions and injuries will be explained and discussed. Finally, the current situation of equine dentistry in our country will be evaluated so that its necessity would be much more seriously considered.

Canids are heterodont and diphyodont animals, which most of adult canids have 42 permanent teeth. Nowadays, attention to the oral and dental disorders in pets has gained a special region in veterinary medicine and on the top of these problems can be referred to dental infections and other periodontal diseases. Anatomy and positioning of teeth and periodontal diseases also could be observed by diagnostic imaging techniques included radiography and CT-scan. Radiography is an effective method for dental examination with low-cost and fast execution times and can be performed during surgery. Although, computed tomography is high contrasted method in oral cavity examination that facilitates the diagnosis of multiple disease. Precise and detailed imaging of the region of interest even before changes become clinically apparent, the reduced examination time than oral radiography, 3D imaging in different views, but expensiveness and risks associated with anesthesia may be the restrictive factors.

Determining age is very important in domestic livestock because in addition to health, nutrition and grazing, from point of veterinary science some of the special disease it is age dependent and appear at certain ages. Therefore, knowing the age of domestic livestock for the farmers both in terms of anticipating and preventing diseases and in terms of treatment is important and have a significant effect on exploitation, usage of animals in different services and the cost of farm. One of the methods of determining and judgment of the age in domestic animals is the use of the number, shape and date of tooth eruption. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide practical and useful information for determining the age in ruminants and camelids, as reviewed by peer-reviewed articles and resources in recent years. We hope that this article will be useful to all students of veterinary medicine, active clinicians in large animals field, animal dentistry enthusiasts and other related businesses

Vitality of dentin-pulp complex is essential for teeth health, so it’s the priority in clinical control strategies. Pulp vitality in caries treatment for young individuals or in primary teeth has vital importance .In traumatic injuries to the pulp, pulp may be exposed and would be necrotic or infected .In most cases pulpotomy would be the treatment choice for pulp exposures with pulpitis because of the reparative potential of remained tissue and biocompatibility of pulpotomy materials .Therefore development of biocompatible treatments for preservation of pulp vitality and tooth survival is important.

Rhabdomyosarcomas are the skeletal and cardiac tumors and one of the easily metastatic tumors. A 10 years old DSH cat was referred to the surgery department of veterinary clinic with anorexia, halitosis, excessive salivation and a mass on left buccal region. After general anesthesia, the mass was resected from 5mm of healthy margin. In histopathology investigation, H&E staining, there is a complex of big, small and round rhabdomyocytes. Masson's trichrome staining showed that tumoral tissue was muscular. SMA was positive in many of tumoral cells. Desmin was positive in 60% of tumoral cells and myoglobin was positive in 80% of cells and moderate differentiated pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma was reported.