فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

Ghalajeh Protected area as one of the most important Forest habitats in Zagros Mountains is located in Kermanshah province and is known for the Greatest Carnivorous. The aim of this study was modeling the Distribution of brown bear (Ursus arctos) using Maximum Entropy method. For this purpose, 168 Presence Points were collected in the annual period (2017-2018) for studying the habitat of species. 13 environmental variables including slope direction, Compound Topographic Index, elevation, distance from the points of presence of the tribes, distance from the stream, distance from the garden, distance from the river, distance from the road, distance from the village, ecotone, Heat Load Index, Normalized difference vegetation index and slope index were used as effective ecological variables on the species. The validity of the model was measured from the surface below the curve or AUC, which was calculated as 0.86, which indicates the high model's ability to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable habitats. Also, the results of the studying the importance of habitat variables were Jackknife analysis showed that the most important variables in the selection of brown bear habitat in Ghalajeh protected area are distance from the river, distance from the garden and Normalized difference vegetation index.

Understanding of food habits of animals is an important issue to perceive the ecology of species. Distribution, availability and quality of food sources affect the reproduction success of Brown bears. Habitat destruction and consequent biological constraints (including decrease of the prey population and reducing the security of habitats) has reduced the population of this species. The purpose of this study was to study the spring dietary habits of the Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Golestan National Park. During field activities and finding the places of the brown bear scats, the samples were transferred to laboratory and were coded. Then, the scats were separated by soaking and the residues of the preys in the scats were separated and identified. In the next step, the percentage of any food was calculated within the whole scats. According to the results in spring, the highest dry weight of food item in brown bear scats was belonging to plants. Brown bears had also used insects in the beginning of spring and continued to use different vertebrates during the spring season. According to the results, herbaceous plants in this season had the highest frequency among consumed bears (60%).Among the vertebrates consumed by bears, the hair ibex, the hair wild goat and the hair rabbit had similar incidence rates (5.17).A striking feature of this season is the presence of hair donkey in the brown bear consumable food that was obtained through carcasses or hunting. The results of this study revealed that Brown bears in the Golestan National Park had a variety of food sources and so that could improve their population while human activities did not destroy the habitat of this animal.

Habitat modeling as a decision support tool in wildlife management has caused to identify the effective environmental factors and the order of their importance and also the suitable habitats for the species at the level of protected areas; therefor appropriate management actions for these areas will be possible. In this study, Chinkara habitat suitability evaluation and determination of the most important factors affecting the presence of this species were investigated using maximum entropy algorithm in Kavir National Park. Modeling was performed based on 78 points of Chinkara presence and four environmental variables including physiographic, landcover, human and climatic variables in Kavir National Park with excellent predictive efficiency and the acceptable rate of AUC (0.992). The results showed that the areas with high and average level of habitat suitability for Chinkara populations in Kavir National Park are about 456.65 and 679.55 km2, respectively. The variable of distance from water resources (springs and sprinklers) was identified as the most effective variable in Chinkara's population distribution model in Kavir National Park. Based on the sensitivity analysis Vegetation type, distance to the environmental management stations, topographic diversity, annual range of temperature and land cover were identified as other important variables in the development of Chinkara's distribution model.

In this study, the aim of studying the desirability of the habitat of the whole and Capra aegagrus species in the regeneration season in the protected area of ​​Sulak, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province, Bahmei, was using the Hep method. Currently, most of the habitat degradation is to large mammals, especially herbivores such as whole and goats. Therefore, the maintenance of regeneration habitats and their study especially favorable habitats of low-yielding species such as whole and goat has a significant effect on survival and production and the like. There will be species. Habitat assessment is a practical solution for this important issue. By assessing the habitat, the desirability and number of habitat units available for regeneration of this species can be obtained. To do this, the region was first divided into two northern and southern habitats. Then, assessment of the habitat of whole and goat species in the regeneration season by HEP method and ranking of different habitat variables in two habitats. At the end, the results of the two cases were compared. The measured habitat indicators are density and diversity of vegetation, elevation, slope, direction, access to water resources, distance from residential areas, distance from the road, trapping rate of predators, trapping intensity in the area and predation. The score for each index varied from 1 to 5. Then, based on the habitability utility, the HSI values ​​for each section were calculated.

The conservation of genetic resources using knowledge of the genetic structure and the study of mitochondrial genome between and within species is an appropriate indicator of genetic diversityfor population genetic study and Non-coding genes of 16sRNA, 12sRNA, and tRNAs are regulatory elements involved in mitochondrial replication and transcription. For these reasons, in the current research, sequences of 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs were compared and analyzed with bioinformatics analysis of the mitochondrial genome in one humped camel and two-humped camel. The results showed that 6 nucleotides of 16sRNA sequence, 45 nucleotides of 12sRNA and 44 nucleotides of tRNAs were varied in comparing the sequences of non-coding RNA genes of one-humped and two-humped camels, which only two genes of rRNA and four genes from tRNAs were significant for Neutrality tests. Investigating the structural implications of these variable nucleotides using modeling confirmed that only the variable nucleotides in the D ring of the tRNA-Trp gene caused the spatial deformation of the cloverleaf form of tryptophan tRNA and Gibbs' free energy. Based on the results of this research, non-coding RNA genes of mitochondrial genome of camel species are conserved.

Culling of dairy cows causes financial losses and a higher cost of replacing the culled cows, therefore quantification of the association between risk factors and culling is useful for Reduce costs and increase profitability. The present study was conducted to evaluate the association between productive and reproductive risk factors which may affect culling of the dairy cows. The data were collected from2003 to 2012.The Logistic regression model was applied to investigate the associations between the response variable, the risk of culling, and predictor variables including parity, calving ease, standardized 305-d milk yield, age at the first calving, calving interval, day to first and last service and numbers of inseminations per conception. The risk of culling increased (P< 0.001) with parity. The odds ratio (OR) increased with increasing in calving difficulty score except for the farmer- assisted cows. Risk of culling (P< 0.001) decreased with increases in the standardized 305d milk yield. Cows that calved first at about 24 months of age had a lower risk of culling. The ORs were 1.28, 1.67 and 2.21 for cows with 349 to 385, 385 to 442 and ≥442 (d) calving intervals, and the risk of culling was increased with increases in the day to last service and insemination but days to first service had no significant effects on culling of dairy cow. Results showed that the studied risk factors significantly affected the culling rate in cows, and can be used as management tools for decreasing the risk of culling and increasing the profitability of the enterprise.

Leptospirosis is one of the most common diseases between animal and human around the world. Regarding to the death report of a farmer in Gorgan because of leptospirosis and abnormal mortalities in forest mice in Aliabad-e-Katul,it had seemed to be necessary to investigate Leptospirosis Golestan province. Therefore, this study was considered the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans in serum samples of Golestan province cattle. Blood samples were collected from 505 cattle with different ages at Golestan province and were examined by microagglutination method. The incidence of leptospirosis was investigated at different ages, sex, and seasons using chi-square method and SPSS. The results showed that from the total samples, 137 (%27.22) samples had positive serologic response, of which 108 (%78.84), 25 (%18.25), and 4 (%2.91) of samples had one, two and three positive reaction serotype, respectively. Among samples with positive serologic response, %32.75, %26.31, %22.22, %9.15, %5.27 and %3.50 showed a positive reaction on icterohaemorrajiae, serjerohardjo, automnalis, gripotyphosa, Pomona and canicola, respectively. The highest frequency (%30.99) was observed in the 1: 800 Titration. The highest frequency was observed at age of 2 to 3 years old (%52.63), female (%27.48) and in summer (%37.93), which was not statistically significant (P> 0.05).Leptospirosis infection is actively present at the province. Comparison of the dominant serotype indicated a change in the pathogenic variant from Gripofoza in 2007 to ectoharmasia at the time of the present study.

The objectives of present research were investigating the effect of AFC on production traits, estimation of variance components and genetic and phenotypic trends of these traits in different classes of AFC of Holstein cows in Isfahan province. The records of 49925 cows related to 64 herds, had calved during years 2006 to 2015, were used in this study. AFC that was between 20 to 36 months was divided to 3 classes (20-23.5, 23.5-26, 26≤). The analysis of data was performed using Mixed procedure of statistical in software SAS9.2. DMU package was used for estimation of variance components and breeding values of milk production traits with REML based on univariate animal model. Least squares mean of milk production, fat and protein yield was 10270±38.2, 249.2±1.5 and 270.9±1.4 kg for the first class, 10179±39.1, 243.5±1.6 and 267.3±1.4 kg for the second class and 10017±44.9, 237.4±1.8 and 264.5±1.6 kg for the third class of AFC, respectively, and their differences were significant (P<0.01). The correspondeing heritabilities were estimated 0.12±0.008, 0.34±0.008 and 0.23±0.012 for the first class, 0.14±0.005, 0.31±0.005 and 0.23±0.007 for the second class and 0.11±0.006, 0.24±0.008 and 0.21±0.011 for third class, respectively. The highest breeding values mean of milk production traits was for the first and second classes of AFC that they had significant difference with the third class (P<0.01). The results of present study on Holstein cows in Isfahan province showed that cows calving at a young age can increase milk, fat and protein yield but can decrease genetic trend for these traits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of grain source and different ratio of forage to concentrate on blood parameters and reproductive performance in Zandi ewes. Eighty ewes of Zandi ewes were divided in four different groups to synchronize estrus. Experimental treatments included: 1: high ratio of forage to concentrate (35: 65) with barley as a source of grain, 2: high ratio of forage to concentrate (35: 65) with corn as a source of grain, 3: low ratio of forage to concentrate ( 55: 45) with barley as a source of grain, 4: low ratio of forage to concentrate (55: 45) with corn as a source of grain. Estrus synchronization was performed in all treatments. After the cider removal, the ewes were estrus detection and mated with the rams in the herd. After lambing, the parameters were evaluated. The results showed that except the BUN and progesterone parameters, which showed a significant tendency, for liver enzymes, glucose and estrogen had no significant effect among treatments. The results of the present study showed that the high ratio of forage to concentrate combined with maize as a source of grain was better in reproductive traits than other experimental groups.

Sustaining environment is one of the pillars of sustained development in sport. The purpose of the current study is to identify environmental and managerial factors affecting in equitation development. The design of research was descriptive-survey and the approach to its implementation was mixed-exploratory. The population in qualitative phase was 26 experts in equitation. Validity of the questionnaire was checked by a panel of 17 experts, exploratory factor analysis is yielded to be .87, and reliability is reported to be .92 via running Cronbach’s Alpha. SPSS 25 software was employed for the purpose of identifying the procedures affecting on equitation as well as analyzing the data via running exploratory factor analysis. The findings indicated that among 25 procedures which were given to the population in three form of managerial, environment, and somatic in Likert continuum, 5 factors such as outsourcing, private sector entry, tourism development, supporting internal breeders, and designing places by protecting environment in equitation were identified. Integrated management and giving value on horse tourism industry can be efficacious in environment protection through focusing on horse and economic growth development.

Disordered TSH secretion from pituitary gland has always been one of the controversial complications of diabetes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral administration of G. flavum on serum level of TSH in healthy and diabetic male rats. In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 8 including: healthy control, healthy treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of G. flavum extract, diabetic control, diabetic treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract, and 5 µg/kg doses of Glibenclamide. Diabetes was induced by single injection of Alloxan. After 30 days, blood samples were collected and TSH levels were measured. Finally, the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results declare that, the mean of diabetic+250 group was significantly higher than diabetic control group (P<0.001); Also, the mean in diabetic+500 and diabetic+drug groups did not have a significant different with control group (P>0.05). In conclusion, The G. flavum extract have been able to increase the level of TSH in diabetic rats, somehow that the higher dose can improve the complication, as equal as healthy control group.

Breast cancer is the most important cancer in the world today, and accounts for 25% of all cases of cancer. In all cancers, including breast cancer, the stages of growth, invasion and metastasis are dependent on several intracellular agents, one of which is the angiogenesis process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anti-angiogenesis peptides designed to express the Caspase-3 gene and Caspase-9 in Balb / c mice. In this method, the tissue samples of Balb / c mice were previously used, which were previously infected with 4T1 cell-derived mammary tumors (after anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection (IP) for 3 to 5 weeks, their left side adjacent graft was struck). Extraction of TOTAL RNA from tumor samples treated with anti-angiogenesis peptides was performed at concentrations of 1 μg and 10 μg. Synthesis of cDNA was performed to stabilize the RNA molecule. Primers for Real time PCR were designed and synthesized for both Caspase-3 and 9 genes. The primer binding specificity has been confirmed to the pattern string. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments of each group of anti-angiogenesis peptides (VEGB1, VEGB2, VEGB3) at concentrations of 1 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg in expression of caspase-3 gene expression (p<0.05). All three anti-angiogenesis peptides can inhibit the VEGFR signaling pathway by regulating caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels, leading to an increase in apoptosis in the tumor.

Re-establish blood flow to the kidney caused further damage to the kidney tissue.It seems that xanthine oxidase irreversibledecrease mitochondrial function and energy depletion.Activation of proteolytic enzymes are all factors which cause ischemia. The aim of this study Microscopic examination of oral allopurinol in renal failure and ischemia, a left-sided. In this study, 18 male dog native were selected and randomaly divided in to three groups (n=6). G1 : control.G2: Ischemic Reperfusion (n=6) . G3:IschemicReperfusion with oral administration of allopurinol (10 mg/kg)until 14days (n=6).For evaluation of renal ischemia-reperfusion a left-sideVentral-medialApproachwas used. Then samples for microscopic evaluation by ultrasonography-guided biopsy were evaluated.The results showed that increasing the thickness of Bowman's capsule, severe damage in epithelial cells, enlargement of the lumen and hyaline casts, cell necrosis and detachment basement membrane outer cortex and medulla, the presence of inflammatory cells in the interstitial hemorrhage and fibrosis are has it. According to the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol so as damage caused by ischemic reperfusion protective effect is not satisfactory(p≥0/05).

To investigate the changing trend of diversity indicators of aquatic and waterfowl overwintering birds in Choghakhor Wetland, the half-winter data are done by Environmental Protection Department of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 1995, 2000,2005,2010, and 2015 and are investigated. Shannon-Weiner, Simpson, Margalef species richness, and Simpson uniformity indicators for aquatic and waterfowl species in Choghakhor wetland have been investigated during studied years. The maximum and minimum values of the Shannon Diversity Index were obtained 4.61(2005) and 4.39 (2010), respectively. According to the Simpson Diversity Index, the maximum values were obtained in years1995, 2000, and 2005 (0.96) and the minimum values were obtained in year2010 and 2015 (0.95). In terms of Margalef species richness, the maximum and minimum species richness were determined in 2005(2.86) and 2015(2.23), respectively. Based on Simpson's uniformity index, the maximum and minimum uniformity in Choghakhor Wetland were determined in995, 2005 (0.89), and 2010 (0.86). The numbers of aquatic species were more than other species. Also, the aquatic birds were more than other species. It seems that the Chaghkhor wetland had better ability to provide nutrition resources for aquatic species and this problem has been highlighted by observing more aquatic birds than species.

In order to increase the knowledge of Nemipterus japonicus biology and ecology, an investigation of food habits of this species was surveyed seasonally from October 2017 to August 2018 in Oman Sea. In this survey, stomach contents fishes 210 were studied (91 female and 119 male). According, some indexes such as; the feeding intensity index (2.60%), the index is empty stomachs (43.80%), the mean Trophic levels (4.08), and the rate of food consumption (9 per year) was calculated. Total four major taxonomic categories were identified in the stomach contents of this species and were weighted including arthropods (Crustaceans), Cephalopods, Teleostei and Sea weeds and the results show that Arthropods with an abundance of 55.75% was the most abundant prey item. According to the Prey Occurrence Index, the Portunidae (61.19%), Squilla mantis (28.35%) and digested bone fish (20.89%), were divided as the main, the incidental and occasional food, respectively. The results showed that the highest intensity of feeding occurs in winter (50.77%) and the lowest in fall (35.20%). Also N. japonicus shows cannibalistic behavior in ecosystem in winter (3.00%) and in spring (6.00%) respectively. According to the results of this research that has been done for the first time in the northern of Oman Sea, the results of frequency of occurrence of prey showed that N. japonicus is carnivore and also on the basis of the index empty stomachs is the average rate of food consumption this species of fish.

This research was carried to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in the muscle and liver tissues of  javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan) in the Hormuz Island waters in 2017. Fish samples were  collected from local fishermen catches. Samples were frozen and transferred to the laboratory for further analysis. A total of sixteen specimens  were biometrics and muscle and liver tissues were separated. Then concentration of heavy metals were determined following wet digestion using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the average lead concentration in muscle and liver tissues are 0.141 mg/kg and 0.399 mg/kg respectively. The average cadmium in muscle and liver tissues are 0.055 mg/kg and 0.222 mg/kg respectively. These values were compared with the WHO, Food and Drug Administration, Nation Health and Medical Research Council and UK (MAFF) safety standards regarding the amount of the above mentioned heavy metals in fish tissues. According to the results, the average concentrations of cadmium and lead in muscle tissue proved to be lower than international standards. Therefore this species is healthy for eating by people in terms of health.

In this study, 104 specimens of sand melt caught in the Tonekabon County coasts in summer and autumn seasons (2015). The samples were fixed in 10% formalin and transferred to the laboratory for more studies. The length and weight average of A. boyeri caspia were obtained 10.33 cm and 6.76 g in summer and 10.30 cm and 7.46 g, respectively. The length-weight relationship of this species in summer and autumn is  and , respectively. Moreover, the results indicated a higher condition factor in autumn than summer. Pauly method was used to survey the growth pattern in this species. Based on result, the Sand Melt in the Tonekabon coast had a negative allometric growth in both summer and autumn, indicating a lower growth rate of weight than length in this species. In addition, the empty stomach index (CV) showed a relative overeating. The survey of the relative length of gut indicated carnivorous diet of A. boyeri caspia. Also, the study of fullness index showed that this species is in a good nutritional condition. The Food Preference Index showed that this species doesn’t have the main food, and only the Gammaridae and Bosminidae were their sub food.

Scombridae and Thunnus tonggol is one of the most commercial family species in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In order to come up with the responsible fishing pattern, there was a need information about cohort and recruitment pattern data were collected simple randomly from five major artisanal fish-landing sites included, Bandar Jask, Bandar Sirik, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Kong and Bandar Parsian, from April 2015 to March 2016. Cohorts (based on Bhattacharya's method), and recruitment pattern were determined by using FiSAT II software. The fork length individuals ranged from 22 to 132 cm. There was a significant difference among  monthly averages of lengths  fish caught. The mean of individuals in period of study was 70.87 cm. Fishes were separated in 2 to 6 class during the year. Recruitment pattern were seen in all month of year but with only peak. The maximum recruitment pattern were in July then August with 16.6 and 15.62% respectively. The rercorded results showed that the responsible fishing pattern, there was a need to fishing manage  of this species.

The diet and reproduction of tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber) during the 12-month sampling period were studied from August2016 to July 2017in the shores of the Oman Sea (Jask area). A total of 600 fishes were biosensor and autopsy. The mean of conditional factors and severity of nutrition index were 1.01 and 307.66 respectively. The gastric stomach index for males and females was 45.63 and 37.64, respectively. Also, the hunting indexes for the fish bait,  squid baits and the shrimp bait were  75% ,11.6% , 10.2% respectively. In the study of food items found in the stomach, the diet of the fishes is a wide range of bony fish (a variety of Sciaenidae, Sillaginidae, Clupeidae, Threadfin fishes and skeletons of fish), mollusca (shrimp and Mantis), and Squids were formed. Also, the results showed that fish catches are the dominant source of fish in terms of the importance and prevalence of caught prey. Sex ratio of female to male was 1 to 0.72 and the oviposition period (oviposition season) was observed for this species in spring.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels ofSalicorniasp plant extracton growth performance and body chemical compositions of grey mullet, Mugilcephalusfor 60 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 240 of grey mullet (with average weight of 8.42±0.43g) in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=20 in each replicate) and included: control group without using plant extract,  another groups (treatment 2,3and 4) the amounts of this extract were 50,1000 and 1500mg/kg food. The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest FW (26.74±2.03g), WG (216.78±14.97%), DGR (0.20±0.12%), SGR (1.91± 0.17), survival (93.60± 1.14%), the lowest FCR (1.44±0.11 %), the highest PER (9.03±1.39) were observed in the diet containing 1500mg /kg plant extract in all of these parameters and showed a significant difference compared with control treatment (P<0.05). The highest crude protein and moisture were observed in the diet containing 1500mg /kg plant extract. Finally, the present results suggest that diet containing 1500 mg/kgSalicorniasp extractcould improve growth performances and carcass quality in M. cephalus.

Due to study the food regime of Giant Catfish (Netuma thalassina), a total of 198 specimens were collected seasonally from February to October 2017 in the Omen sea waters. In this study the frequency of occurrence of prey, feeding intensity index, Vacant stomach index (VI), the mean Trophic levels and the rate of food consumption were calculated. Total six major taxonomic categories were identified in the stomach contents of this species and were weighted including Arthropods (Crustaceans, higher Crustaceans), Mollusks (Cephalopods), Echinoderms, Nematods, Sea plants (Sea weeds) and Teleostei. Crustaceans were estimated as the most abundant prey item (%44.71). Teleostei (FP=%55.55) was constituated as the main and Portunidae (FP=%25.64) and Xanthidae(FP=%13.67) as the secondary foods. Carangidae family (FP=%8.54) was the random food.  The results showed that the highest intensity of feeding occurs in Spring and lowest in fall. The mean trophic level for Giant Catfish in the studied area was estimated 3.61.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of carcinogenesis and non-carcinogenicity of heavy metals of mercury, cadmium and lead in the muscle of Liza abu, Acanthopagrus latus and Pennahia anea in the winter from Bahmanshir River. 90 specimens of pseudo-sharked, coarse, dark-skinned, and yellow-white-skinned specimens were prepared completely randomly from 5 stations studied by river snail runners by native fishermen. The heavy metals were studied by atomic absorption and graphite furnace systems with the aid of Perkin Elmer 4100. In order to complete the information in the section on human health risks, the questionnaire was completed randomly. The minimum and maximum weight of men and women were 54 and 107 kg and weight was 73.80±13.803. The concentrations of mercury, lead, cadmium in the muscle of, Acanthopagrus latus was higher than more Liza abu and Pennahia anea (P<0.05). The pattern of heavy metals accumulation in the three species of muscle, the Liza abu, Acanthopagrus latus and Pennahia anea were lead> cadmium> mercury. In three species of fish, it can be said that all three species were carcinogenic to lead, but only the species of shank was outside the standard standard for mercury. Regarding cadmium, it can be said that all three species are in the range and are not a problem for human consumption for carcinogenesis.

This research was carried out at the southern part of the the Caspian Sea coast from 2009 to 2012. Samples collected at the same time with wild broodstocks transferring from fishing station to the Shahid Marjani sturgeon hatchery in order to artificial propagation and stocks restoration activities. A total of 742 fish were studied which 416 numbers were female and 326 of male. From theses fish, 17659 kg meat and 562057 kg caviar produced. The highest and lowest frequency distrbution of fish in 2009 and in 2012 was 35.12% and 20.17% repespctively. The results showed that fork length ranges from of 50 to 218 cm during 2009-2011. The mean fork length of the Persian sturgeon caught on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea was 153.7±18.8 cm in 2009, 123.4±20.1 cm in 2012 where a decreasing trend observed. Minimum and maximum fork length was 123.44 cm and 154.35 cm respectively with a mean standard division ±18.8 and also minimum and maximum weight were respectively, 41 and 75 kg, with mean standard division ± 9.27 kg. The ratio of male to female was 1 to 1.3 and the matured females were in the fourth stage of sexual maturity. During the four years, a total of 2060.56 kg of caviar was produced in the Golestan province and this amount reached from 699.92 kg in 2009 to 379.59 kg in year 2012. In 2009, more than 78.51% of caviar graded as grade 1 and 16.29% as grade 2 caviar and also 5.18 % of them as grade 3 and compress caviar. But in 2012, more than 66.66% of them graded as grade 1 caviar, 23.8% grade 2 and 9.52% as grade 3.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Macrogard and Spirulina on some hematological parameters of juvenile farm-raised stellate sturgeon. This study was designed using a completely random plan containing 0% (control), 0.1% Spirulina (M0S1), 0.1% Macrogard (M1S0), 0.1% Macrogard and 0.1% Spirulina (M1S1) and 0.5% Macrogard and 0.5% Spirulina (M5S5) in 5 treatments with 3 repetitions. A total number of 700 stellate sturgeon fish (average weight of 87.56±1.06 g) were fed during 12 weeks. At the end of trial, the blood samples were collected and haematological parameters including leucocyte count (WBC), erythrocyte count (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the white blood cell differential were measured. The maximum level of WBC and HCT were observed in M5S5, while the lowest level of ESR was seen in M5S5 (p<0.05). The population size of RBC was significantly higher than control group. The highest population size of lymphocyte (75.08+2.10%) was measured in M5S5 and the also highest population size of neutrophil was observed in M1S1 and M5S5 (p<0.05). Therefore, using Macrogard and spirulina, each at 0.5% in stellate sturgeon diet, significantly hematological indices, population size lymphocytes and neutrophils.

To determine the effect of phytase enzyme and replacement of fish flour with soy flour on growth process, and some blood and blood biochemical parameters of Caspian Sea fish with an average weight of 140.6 ± 13.7 gr, Seven diets with nitrogen and the same energy, containing different levels of soy flour (40 and 80%) for gradual replacement of fish powder (control diet without phytase enzyme), each with three levels of phytase enzyme (0, 1000 and 2000 International unit per kilogram) was prepared and fed to fish under the same conditions. At the end of the 12-week period of diet with experimental diets, gradual replacement of fish powder with soybean meal significantly reduced the growth and efficiency of fish food (P> 0.05). In addition, the addition of phytase enzyme significantly increased the growth and efficiency of food and the best result was obtained from the use of 2000 international units per kilogram of food. On the other hand, blood indices and serology of fish were also affected by diets. The amounts of liver enzymes with intermediate amounts of soybean meal had a direct relationship with the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in fish fed with high rations.. According to the results of this research, it is suggested that in the Caspian Sea salmon ration to be replaced by 40% of the protein content of fish flour with soy flour with 2000 units of phytase enzyme international unit per kg of food.

In this study  efficacy and immunogenicity of Streptococosis/lactococosis vaccine administrated via oral, bath and i.p routs were investigated. 600 fish (14±2.1g) were randomly divided i 4 similar groups in triplicate as follows: group1 was orally vaccinated with 108 cfu/g food for two weeks. Group2: were injected with 0.1ml of 109  cfu/ml bacterins. Group 3 was vaccinated via immersion rout for 2 minutes in 109  cfu/ml. Group 4: none immunized group without vaccination. Fishes were reared for 2 month in similar situation and blood samples were taken from each group at days zero, 20, 40 and 60 of experiment. Immunological parameters including: antibody titer, serum lysozyme, complement, bactericidal activity and hematological parameters were compared among the groups. Fishes were challenged with S.iniae and L.garviae separately in the end of experiment and rate of mortality compared among the groups. Result showed that rate of mortality in challenged fish with S.iniae in injection, oral, immersion and unvaccinated routs were 20±10,  56.3±10, 50±5.67 and 90± 3.67 whereas in challenged fish with L.garviae were 26.67±5.77, 57.7±10, 43.33±5.67 and 90± 4.63 respectively. Immunological parameters were increased significantly just in injection vaccine treatment increased in sampling periods (P<0.05).  it can be concluded that Although injection rout cause the best protection and immunogenicity, oral and immersion routs induce relative protection without notable immunogenicity in rainbow trout and each rout can be used based on farm situation.

To study the effect of Lavandula officinalis essence on growth indices and the blood and immunology parameters of Oncorhynchus mykiss, an experiment was conducted as compeletly randomized block design with four treatments in 3 replications. Experimental treatments included 0.5, 1 and 2 ml essence in 1 Kg of diet. Control treatment also was kept without the use of essence and with the same condition compared other treatments. According to the results, the highest percentage increase in weight, length, Special Growth Rate, Survival Percent and Fish Net Production were observed under treatments of 1 and 2 ml essence in 1 Kg of diet. Diatary Conversion Ratio significantly was decreased with an increase of essence values. The highest RBC, WBC, MCHC and Neutrophilis were observed in 2 ml essence in diet. Amount of HB, MCV, MCH, Monocytes and Eosinophils were not affected under different treatments of essence comparison with control. The results showed that immunology system of O. mykiss such as Lysosomal enzymes, SOD, IgM and Total Immunoglobulin of Serum were increased with an increase of essence amounts. Overall, addition of L. officinalis essence especially 1 and 2 ml in O. mykiss diet caused positive and significant effect on some growth indices and the blood and immunology parameters of O. mykiss. This is probably due to the compounds such as phenols, tannins and monoterepen which are present in the L. officinalis essence. Therefore, it is recommended as a dietary supplement in the basal diet.

Intensive culture of  rainbow trout is usually conducted in a variety of culture systems. The objective of this study, was to compare the performance of fish growth and welfare in a new design of elliptic ponds with circular flow; Foster-locas ponds (FLPs) and raceway ponds (RPs) under field conditions. The experiment was designed in two treatments with three repeats. For this purpose, three FLPs and three RPs were constructed. Each pond was randomly stocked by rainbow trout fish with initial average weight of approximately 40±5 g. Stocking density was 120 fish/m3 during study. Fish fed commercial diet (Chineh Company). Feeding operation conducted according to the manual by consideration of water temperature and fish weight at amount of 1.3 percent of biomass. Based on results, the fish survival rate in FLPs and RPs were  high (98.05% and 97.39% respectively). No significant difference in growth parameters were observed between RPs and FLPs, but fish growth rate in FLP was higher than RP (P> 0.05). Mean water quality factors (dissolved oxygen and PH) were favorite in FLP for culture of  rainbow trout and don,t have significant difference with those in RP (P> 0.05). The results confirmed when water quality is maintained in safe level ranges, FLPs can be used as a substitute of RP for intense rainbow trout culture.

In this study, for determining the effects of Glyphosate (Roundup) herbicide on certainsanguine factor of Salmon weighing 150-200 grams under qualitative stable conditions of water, in 4 treatments of 30 (three experimental group and one control treatment with three replicates) in a concentration of 25, 50and 75 percent LC50 96h have used. Over the experiments some factors like:  pH, hardness, water temperature and dissolved oxygen which were measured respectively between 7-8.4 mg/l, 22±1 degree centigrade, above 7 PPM. The experiment duration was for 10 days and every 5 day sampling applied. Results from histological pathology It also showed that the liver and gills were in the presence of glyphosate poison It leads to symptoms such as hyperemia, cellular atrophy, bile duct, necrosis, Cloudy swelling and sinusoidal space in the liver and hyperemia, hyperplasia, necrosis, Primary and secondary filament adhesion, cramping, wailing, The shortening of the secondary gill blades in the gill tissue Over time, these symptoms increase.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of Potassium Sorbateon expression of genes related to growth (GH and IGF1) in Cyprinus carpio. For this purpose, 168 fish with average weight of 15.2 ± 2.6 g were fed on diets supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% Potassium Sorbate(PS) for 8 weeks. At the end of feeding trial, RNA extracted from liver and brain, cDNA syntesised with SuPrime Script RTase and Real-time PCR analysis performed by using primers relate to GH and IGF1, and Beta-actin as housekeeping genes. Expression of both growth genes increased in fish fed supplemented diet compare to control. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in expression of GH in fish fed 1% and 2% PS when compared to 0.5% and control. The expression of IGF1 gene showed significant difference in 1% PS treatment compared 0.5% (P<0.05). These results revealed beneficial effects of 1% dietary PS on growth related genes expression in Common carp and can be used as a growth stimulant in aquatic diets.

This study aimed to compare the effects of continuous and intermittent nutrition of 0.2 percent prebiotic Mito on growth, carcass composition and hematological parameters in common carp. 180 fingerling with the mean weight of 6 ± 0.05 g were experienced for 60 days. The experiment was designed as 3 treatments. Treatment 1 received 2 g of Mito prebiotic per kg of food for 60 days, while treatment 2 and 3 received the same food at 3 and 7 day intervals, respectively. Based on the results, the highest final weight gain, the percentage of weight gain, specific growth rate and net production of fish were obtained in treatment 1, which did not have significant difference with treatment 2 (P>0.05).The highest condition factor was related to treatment 1, which had a significant difference with the other two treatments (P<0.05). No mortality was observed among treatments during the whole period of study. Also, the maximum amount of food consumed and the protein efficiency index and the lowest feed conversion ratio were measured in treatment 1 which were significantly different with other treatments. There was no significant difference between the three treatments in terms of carcass composition. Treatment 1 had the highest numbers of red blood cells and white blood cells and the highest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit, which did not have significant difference with treatment 2. So, intermittent feeding with Mito prebiotic in 3-day intervals, can be used instead of continues oral administration of Mito in common carp.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of prebiotic AMAX, probiotic Lactobacillus casei and combined AMAX and Lactobacillus casei on growth hormone (GH) and Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF1) genes expression in common carp. For this purpose, 180 fish with average weight of 23.7+0.35 gr fed on diet supplemented with 0.1 % prebiotic, CFU/g Lactobacillus casei , the mix of AMAX and Lactobacillus casei  for 8 weeks. At the end of feeding trial, RNA extracted from liver and brain, cDNA synthesised using SuprimeScript RTase and growth genes expression were assessed using Real Time PCR. Result showed that expression of IGF1and GH was (5.94, 5.68 and 7.87) and (9.25, 8.8 and 17.35) fold of control group. There was significant differences in both studied gene in fish fed combined pro and pre with singular AMAX and Lactobacillus casei (p<0.05). Overall result showed suitable effect of prebiotic AMAX and probiotic Lactobacillus casei specially their combination on growth indices in common carp.

Advanced industrial applications of nanoparticles (NPs) increase the likelihood of their dissolution in aquatic ecosystems, and on the other hand, their use by aquatic organisms, before the disappearance of these particles, have been threaten the life of aquatic animals. Since the nanoparticles after induction change the physiological mechanisms of fish, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (0,1,2,4,8 mg/l) on the antioxidant enzymes of the liver in Koi (Cyprinus Carpio) in a period of 2 and 10 days and was based on static method. ZnO nanoparticles caused significant changes in hepatic enzymes(p<0.05). These changes in hepatic enzymes at the end of the 10th day included a decrease in superoxide dismutase levels (SOD) 92± 0.13, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) 19.14 ± 27, catalase (CAT) 36.21± 0.23 (nmol/Min/mg prot-1) and an increase Malondialdehyde level (MDA) was 50.18± 0.97 (nmol mg prot-1) compared to the control group, which depended on the dose level and duration of exposure to the nanoparticles.These results indicate that zinc nanoparticles in the aqueous media with the studied concentrations increase oxidative stress and have inappropriate effects on the hepatic enzymes, and these parameters are subject to severe changes.

This study was carried out in order to assess the effect of thermal shock on induction of triploidy in Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi). Three shock temperatures (38, 40 and 42 °C), five time of initiation of shock (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min after fertilization) and three shock durations (1, 2 and 3 min) were tested. A sample of eggs was collected as a control group. There were 46 experimental groups, including 45 treatments and 1 control.The results showed that the highest hatching rate (59.49 %) was obtained in treatments 19 (4 min after fertilization for 1 min at 38 °C), 10 (2 min after fertilization for 1 min at 38 °C) and 28 (6 min after fertilization for 1 min at 38 °C), while there were no significant differences between these treatments and the control (p > 0.05). Also, there was a significant decrease of larvaesurvival rate with increased shock temperature and shock duration (P < 0.05). The best triploidy rate (65.95 %) and triploid yield (63.75 %) were obtained in treatment of 40 ºC for 2 min at 6 min after fertilization (treatment 32). Ratio of erythrocytes and nuclei volume in triploids to diploids was 2.74 and 1.92, respectively. According to the results, it seems that the use of heat shock of 40 ºC, 6 min after fertilization for 2 min can be most effective treatment for induction of triploidy in Koi carp.

One of the main aspects of fish rearing is nutrition goals. In this regard,use of protein hydrolyse as of the ingredients compare to the composition of ordinary diets could be effective. The aim of the present study were evaluating the growth performance of two ornamental fish species Pterophyllum Scalare and Symphysodon Aequifasciatus, fed by Vimba vimba tissue hydrolyse, by use of pineapple extract,covered by sodium alginate and add at 1.5 and 3 percent of the diet for 60 days. For modelling the optimum level of pineapple extract for hydrolyzing process, comparison was done by proteinase K activity; qualitative and quantitative evaluations were done through SDS PAGE and Bradford method, respectively. The prepared hydrolyzate covered by 3% sodium alginate and added to formulated diet by WinFeed software. The results reveald that pineapple extract due to protease cysteine content has a significant potential in hydrolyzing, 45% of the protein were hydrolyzed. The results were also shown that 70% of the HP covered by alginate, and Bradford results announced the absorption and protein concentration values equal to 0.649 and 141.64 μg/ml, respectively. The highest SGR and the lowest FCR were computed for groups fed by diet containing 3% of covered HP which were equal to 2.28 and 2.71g and 0.94 and 1.1 for Angel and Discus, respectively(P<0.05).

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide which be used to control pests in agricultural fields. In this investigation, the impression of this common poison (emulsion 40.2). The rate of LC50 at 96 hours was equal to 83.2 milligram per liter and according to determined densities, it was considered some treatments with 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 milligrams per liter of doresban (each with 3 repetitions) and the fish were subjected to direct densities of agricultural toxicants injections for 60 days. Then, its effect on sex hormones and gonadal quality of goldfish was investigated. Testosterone and 17-beta-estradiol levels decreased significantly in the serum of red blood cells under the influence of doresban poison significantly (P <0.05). Sperm volume, duration of sperm motility, sperm motility, sperm density, spermatocrit in treated treatments significantly decreased compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, the gonadosomatic index in treated treatments significantly decreased compared to the control group (P <0.05). The hepatotoxicity in treated venom increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Generally, conclusions of this investigation show that increasing the amount of Doresban toxicity cause sexual hormones and gonadal quality reduction in male Carassius auratus and the most impact was related to the 0.75 ml treatment.

Avicennia marina is one of the most important species of mangrove in the southern coast of Iran which has built up massive communities on the low slopes of muddy tidal waters shores. Therefore, the research was conducted to catch insects and pests in mangroves to identify them in Minab city. Traps used in this research included cylindrical trap, yellow sticky trap and bucket-color trap. The installation of traps was carried out at four stations including Khergan, Kulaghan, Tiab and Khor Namaki areas in early May 2017. The total number of trapped insects was 483, identified by experts from the plant health research institute. Species included:Apis mellifera L. (Hym.: Apidae)، Muscina prolapsa Fallen (Dip.: Muscidae)، Oria musculosa (Hubner) (Lep.: Noctuidae)، Agrotis daedalus (Lep.: Noctuidae)، Lygephila sp. (Lep.: Erebidae)، Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lep.: Noctuidae)، Xylocopa latipes (Hym.: Apidae) ،Hypaetha schmidti (Col.: Carabidae), Mylabris variabilis (Col.: Meloidae), Polistes carolina (Hym.: Vespidae). These 10 species are reported for the first time from mangroves in the southern of Iran. Also, the results of the traps' survey indicated no significant difference between bucket color trap (mean 1.9), yellow sticky trap (mean 1.38) and cylindrical trap (mean 2.55) in pest's absorption at different stations. Also white and orange colors have the highest efficiency in capturing insects in mangroves.

Museums are considered to be the most important sources of cultural, scientific, political, economic, and historical information in the communities for the preservation of historical, natural and national and ethnic cultures, and therefore preserving them is of great importance. The destruction and corruption of museum objects can be due to physical, chemical, biological or external factors that have a damaging effect on these objects. In the meantime, insect storage is of great importance. Unfortunately, if historical objects are infected by pest infestations, they have no chance of being created again, and any damage is irreversible to them. Therefore, the study of damaging factors on properties and items in museums is an integral part of the museum pest. The present study was conducted at the Niavaran Palace Complex, Tehran, Iran, with the aim of identifying pests which damage the museum collections. The insect pests in the three buildings including the private library of Farah Pahlavi, Ahmad Shahi Pavilion and the Sahebqaraniyeh Palace, were studied. Insects were carefully collected from all items in the buildings as well as from the ground using brushes, aspirators, sticky cards and pheromone traps.  The collected insects were transferred to the Entomology Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Varamin- Pishva branch. Most of the samples belonged to the beetles of the families Bostrychidae, Dermestidae and Ptinidae, and the family of Tineidae. Beetles of Gibbium psylloides, Bostrychidae family and Tineola bisseliella butterflies were first reported from the Niavaran palace complex.

Considering the importance of agricultural raw materials, especially tomatoes, which are considered as one of the main products of Iranian household basket and commonly used freshly, it is important to pay attention to the amount of pesticide residues in agricultural raw materials. In greenhouse for the control of pests, diazinon (60% EC), imidacloprid (35% SC), primicarb (50% WP) and acetamiprid (20% SP) are used. The aim of the present study was to assess the residual contents of four pesticides: diazinon, imidacloprid, primicarb and acetamiprid in greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ) var.Izmir .The pesticides were applied on the above yields in a setting stage. Samples were taken daily, acetonitrile extracted, cleaned up using a silica gel column and residual contents of diazinon, imidacloprid, primicarb and acetamiprid were analyzed using a Liquid chromatography it an DAD detector (HPLC-DAD). The present results indicated that: imidacloprid and pirimicarb were found to be more persistent in greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ) var.Izmir compared to other two tested pesticides; data also reported that the lowest residue level of <0.05 mg.kg-1 in in (Solanum lycopersicum ) var.Izmir was detected Investigation of the concentration of fluids two days after spraying showed the highest residue of primicarb pesticide at 10.90 mg / kg and then the acetamidprid dose of 9.6 mg / kg which after 5 to 7 days Less than half reduced, while the lowest remaining in the two premicarb and diazinon after 10 days is 0.81 and 0.09 mg / kg, respectively. According to the results of the research. Which indicates that compliance with the PHI (Per Harvest Interval) reduce the risks of residual pesticides

Among different plants products, apicultural products such as pollen grains are widely used as medicines and dietary supplements due to the presence of essential nutrients like amino acids, proteins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The amino acids in royal jelly (RJ) have a wide range of pharmacological and health-promoting functions in humans. The present study focuses on the determination of free amino acids (FAAs) in royal jelly, bee pollen and hydrolyzed bee pollen. The results obtained show that proline, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and β-Alanine were major free amino acids (FAAs) in RJ. It was found that eight free amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, Alanine, proline, tyrosine, methionine, leucine and isoleucine were present in bee pollen. It was found that three free amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and proline were present in all samples studied. Among all samples, it was observed that bee pollen of hydrolyzed with alcalase had maximum number (22) of free amino acids. Apart from these, certain other amino acids were also present in the royal jelly, bee pollen and hydrolyzed bee pollen samples, which could not be identified from the standard amino acids and were categorized as unknown.

This study done with the aim to determine the Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) of the Persian Gulf coasts in winter and summer seasons in Bandar Abbas and Bushehr cities. Generally, 130 samples of blue swimming crab were randomly selected. After separation of the muscle tissue of samples, chemical digestion of the samples was carried out and determination of the concentration of metals was performed by atomic absorption Spectrophotometer. The succession of studied metals in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in the winter and summer seasons in cities was obtained as follows: Pb> Ni> Cd. In winter, all three metals, and in summer Cd and Ni in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab showed a significant difference between the studied cities. Although the concentration of Pb in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Bushehr was higher than the Bandar Abbas, but this difference was not significant. In both cities, mean concentration of Cd and Ni in blue swimming crab in the summer was significantly higher than winter. Also, the mean concentration of Pb in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Bandar Abbas in summer was significantly higher (p = 0.01) than winter, but in Bushehr this difference was not significant. The mean concentration of metals studied in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in the Sumer and winter seasons was lower than the WHO, FAO and US FDA standards.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of molasses and raffinate as carbon source on quantity of biofloc, in this study Molasses and Rafinat were used as carbon sources of the biofloc system, also a diet contains rice bran and yeast set as control. Bioflocs were grown in 7 L reactors for 22 days on the following carbonaceous substrates: molasses and rafinat, and the produced biofloc was used in artemia diet in three nutritional treatments for 21 day, Treatment1: Biofloc produced by molsses+Dunaliella  (% 5 of nutritional requirement of Artemia),Treatment2: Biofloc produced by rafinat+Dunaliella (% 5 of nutritional requirement of Artemia),Treatment3: Rice bran and yeast+Dunaliella; some parameters like biofloc volume growth and survival indices and reproductive performance of Artemia and microbial load of water was measured. According to obtained results, raffinate could significantly enhance floc volume during the experimental period, molasses significantly increase the dominance of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, the obtained result has shown that the molasses and rafinat can enhance physicochemical parameters of water, and that can use to produce artemia with the comparability quality with artemia cultured with commercial food, and molasses and raffinate can use as carbon sources in the biofloc system to reach cheaper products, anyway we cant recommend raffinate as individual carbon source in biofloc system to enhance water quality due to the low C:N ratio.

This study was conducted to compare heavy metal concentrations including: Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg in the muscle tissues of Spiny Oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) and Indian white prawn (Penaeus indicus) in the northern coasts of the Oman Sea in the pre (autumn) and post (spring)  Monsoon 2017, respectively. 96 samples from the aforementioned fishes were taken from 5 different station including: Jask port, Darak port, Pozm port, Chabahar Golf and Goatre port. Wet Digestion method is applied to extract the considered metals from the tissues, and the concentrations of the heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer. Results showed that there are statistically significant differences between concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg the metlas of both species among different stations (p<0.05). Comparison of heavy metal accumulation in the pre and post monsoon condition also, showed a significant difference in the cadmium concentration in the mussel of Spiny Oyster and copper concentration in the  muscle of Indian white prawn (p<0.05). The comparison of results of heavy metal concentrations with international standards including WHO, FDA, NHMRC and National Iranian Standards Organization demonstrated that amount of lead in the Oyster muscle was higher than the determined proportions WHO. The amount ofcopper concentration in the muscle of spiny Oyster and Indian white prawn was higher than the determined proportions of WHO and NHMRC. Cadmium concentration in the both species was higher than amounts of reported by NHMRC and the National Iranian Standards Organization and mercury concentration was higher than the determined proportions of WHO. Results from this study demonstrate the need for an ecosystem approach towards sustainable management of reservoirs. This will curb aquatic pollution which is a health risk to people consuming aquatic resources contaminated with heavy metals.

In this study, the direct absorption of silver nanoparticles by D. poly morpha was studied in a long period of 8 and 16 days. The required number of D. polymorpha with a range of 0.25 ± 0.8 cm was obtained from the natural environment. Nanoparticles were dispersed in a stoked water using an ultrasonic with 400 rpm. For a homogeny of water reservoirs with a nanolattices solution, a homogenizer with 14000 rpm was used and the treatments were prepared at concentrations of 25.25 and ppm50. The accumulation of nanoparticles in tissue mass measured by ICP device and the distribution of nanoparticles in bivalve reservoirs were measured by DLS. The results of ICP showed that the highest accumulation of nanoparticles was in the highest concentration of bivalves in the highest concentration of exposure (P<0.05) and the lowest amount of adsorption at the lowest concentration of exposure was significantly (P<0.05) than other Treatments were observed. Also, the results of the DLS test showed that the particles were in the size range of 10 to 10 nm, indicating that the nanoparticles were not cured and homogeneous in the bivalve tanks. D. polymorpha is recommended as a suitable indicator for monitoring the effects of silver nanoparticles in aquatic Eco system.

Microplastics are small pieces of plastic waste (less than 5 mm), which are found along the coast, the sea level and the bedding. The present study examines the frequency, distribution, and forms of microplastics in bivalve tissues and sediments sampled on the coast of Bandar Lengeh. Microplastic separation was performed by spectral density and spectrophotometric (FT-IR) and (SEM-ED) methods for polymer detection. The microplastics found were varied colors including black, white, transparent, red, pink and green. Using the obtained data, at the Lengeh port stations, the average total number of extracted microplasms per shell was 3.93 and the number of microplastics in Bandar-Lengeh sediments was 34.5 ± 0.17. The most commonly found polymers were polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon. The most abundant type of micro-plastics isolated from Pinctada radiata, microfibers and fragments were extracted from fiber and film sediments. The present study can provide useful information for further research as well as forensic monitoring and monitoring of this contaminant in the Persian Gulf marine environment.

Wetlands are one of the most important sources of life in ecosystems, as they contribute to the development and sustainability of organisms in ecosystems by providing fresh water and other direct and indirect services. Wetlands are vulnerable ecosystem, so management and conservation of them is a vital task. Considering the importance of protecting the wetlands, this study aimed to investigate the status of Amirklayeh wetland located in Gilan province based on Carlson's Trophic State Index. Sampling was done monthly from 5 stations from April to September of 2018 and the parameters measured for assessing the trophic state of wetland were Total phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Chlorophyll a (chl-a). The results indicate that the status of Amirklayeh wetland during the research period, with the Carlson index of 41 was due to the entry of organic and inorganic materials from the drainage of sewage and runoff from the surrounding area to the wetland. Therefore, the role of management and protection of the wetland is proved by decreasing the level of access and maintaining the use of natural lands, in order to maintain the livelihood of the wetland and restore it.

Gorgan Gulf is one of the rare ecosystems in the country that has ecological and economic features that have special values in comparison with other water resources of the country. monthly in-situ water sampling and analysis of water quality parameters include of Nitrate, Nitrite, Alkalinity, pH, Do, NH3, Salinity and Temperature, in 19 different points in Gorgan Gulf was performed. Monthly water sampling was performed during April, 2011 to March, 2012. Next, water quality data were interpolated by different interpolation techniques (Kriging, Invers distance, Polynomial regression, Local polynomial and Thin Plate Smooth Splines) using Surfer 9.0. These methods were compared using cross validation technique based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) evaluation index. The results showed that the Polynomial regression method is better than the other studied methods.  Hence, monthly maps of spatial distribution of water quality parameters were generated using Surfer 9.0 and MATLAB7.10 by Polynomial regression method and consequently, the average of Nitrate, Nitrite, Alkalinity, pH, Do, NH3, Salinity and Temperature in Gorgan Gulf was determined. According to the results of this study, the maximum values of temperature was 30 ° C, pH 8.88, dissolved oxygen 16.07, salinity 17, alkalinity 400, nitrogen 3.96, nitrite 0.19 and amonia 1.5 were measured. Comparison between average of these parameters in Gulf and the standards of the studied species for these parameters indicated that Gorgan Gulf is a suitable environment for aquaculture of Carp, Salmon, Trout, and Huso huso species.

This research was conducted in 2018 to investigate heavy metals of cadmium, nickel and vanadium in water and sediments of Horralzim wetland in Khuzestan province. Sampling was performed according to Standard Method No. 3030 A and American Society for Testing and Materials No. D 2488 from three stations. In order to measure heavy elements, the ICP-OES model Varian 710-ES was used to measure the induction plasma (ICP) and its composition by mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The highest amount of cadmium, nickel and vanadium in water of Horealamim wetland was 0.496, 4.25 and 0.796 mg L-1 respectively at second station and in Hooralazim Wetland sediments, respectively, 0.073, 20.64 and 80.35 mg Kg-1 at the second station. The average amount of heavy metals of cadmium, nickel and vanadium in water and sediments of Hooralazim Wetland in the second station was obtained above the first and third stations. Contamination factor of Cadmium and Vanadium in all three stations was in low pollution, but nickel metal was in the medium to high pollution level. Degrees of contamination at the 3 stations studied are heavy contaminated cadmium, nickel and vanadium. The Ecological Risk Assessment of Cadmium and Nickel Metals in Horealamim Wetland Sediments and Ecological Risk Potential were classified into class and low ecological and biological risk categories. The amount of heavy metals of cadmium and nickel in the waters of Hooralazim wetland was higher than the national and international standards. The levels of cadmium and vanadium in the Horeal wetland sediments were lower than the national and global standards, but the amount of nickel in sediments was higher than national and global standards.

Identification of macrofouling is the first step in their controlling on existing structures in the seas. During the four sampling phases from June 2015 to September 2016, eight species/genus belonging to 8 macrofouling families were identified and classified from the fish cages of Bandar Lengeh. Water physico-chemical parameters including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured in all seasons, and RDA test was used to assess biodiversity. The dominant macrofouling in this study was Amphibalanus sp. which was observed in all seasons. The highest mean biomass in macrofoulings belonged to Perophora sp.  with a mean weight of 214.39 ± 62.4 gr/cm2 in autumn. Significant differences were observed between the mean weight of macrofoulings in different seasons and also between mean water factors in four seasons (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean water parameters in the four seasons (p<0.05). The results of RDA and Pearson correlation tests showed that temperature and oxygen were two environmental parameters affecting the diversity and biomass of cages biofouling in Bandar Lengeh.

Coral reefs are one of the most important marine ecosystems and their health and resilience have been threatened by several biotic and abiotic factors. The presence of organisms that are capable of overgrowth on living corals is known as one of the destructive biotic factor. Clathria sp. is an encrusting sponge that can overgrow on living coral colonies and it has been suggested that Clathria sp. can lead to death of corals by producing toxin substances. However, there is a lack of information about the occurrence of this sponge in the Persian Gulf. The purpose of this study is to investigate its presence in the coral communities of Kish Island. Regarding the aim, four sites were selected in the eastern and southeastern parts of the Kish Island and at each site, 20 meters long transect was laid down and coral colonies were examined directly along the transect. Based on the result, Clathria sp. was observed on 18% (9 ±) of the colonies of Porites sp. in the coral carpet of Kish Island.

One of The ways for increasing of micronutrients elements absorbable in Calcareous soil is using of amendments. In this Study the effect of different levels of sulfur and organic materials absorbable of elements, and also some chemical characteristics of soil was investigated. This experiment was done in completely randomized of factorial design with three replications. Treatments was include two levels of sulfur (zero to 250 kg / ha) and two kinds of organic materials, sheep manure and remains of pine with control (without organic material and sulfur addition). The results showed that adding manure and pine remains to the soil significantly increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, copper and manganese concentrations in soil. The effect of sulfur on the absorbable iron and manganese concentrations in treatments containing sulfur was significantly more than control. According to the results of the study, the use of sulfur along with organic fertilizers can increase the observation of microelements in the soil by increase in performance of Thiobacillus bacteria and improving the chemical characteristics such as organic carbon and total nitrogen.

Protease enzymes are the most commonly used industrial enzymes which have numerous applications in biotechnology. These enzymes have allocated about%60 of the world market industrial enzymes to themselves. Microbes are considered as one of the main sources for producing Protease due to their rapid growth, cultivation ease, and genetic manipulation for optimizing enzymes production. The present study aims to isolate the thermophilic species of Protease-producing Bacillus from Mahallat hot springs in Markazi province and to evaluate the capability for producing Protease enzyme in these species.The initial isolation and identification process was carried out using biochemical tests along with microorganisms with Proteolytic enzyme activity from the Skim milk agar culture. The presence of Protease gene in bacteria species was evaluated using PCR cloning and to identify bacterial species 16 SrRNA gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Protease activity was assessed using Lowry test. Finally, the best Bacillus species was detected in terms of Protease activity. 9 bacteria species were selected and isolated as the superior Protease-producing enzyme species using biochemical tests. The analysis of Protease gene and 16 SrRNA gene sequencing indicated that 7 bacteria species have the most proximity to Bacillus species. In enzyme activity assessment, three bacteria species including BN2, DA2, and DA3 demonstrated the highest activity at 47˚C, pH=8, respectively.Due to Protease enzyme various applications in industry, it seems that the use of local strains can help large scale production of Protease enzyme and our country’s self-sufficiency to import this product.

The aim of this study was optimization of the bacterial growth and production of extracellular organic solvent-resistant protease enzyme secreted by Bacillus sp. and the characterization of the enzyme. In this study, a species of Bacillus was isolated from a hot spring and grown in a medium enriched with cyclohexane (30%) and toluene (10%). Protease-producing bacteria were isolated using colonies grown on Skim Milk agar (SMA) plates. The protease enzyme was purified in a two-step method including ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography. Finally, one of the colonies was identified as the best strain with protease activity. To optimize bacterial culture medium, various factors including maximum incubation time, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources were tested. The highest bacterial growth and protease production were observed after 72 hours of incubation at 37 oC and pH 7 when the medium was supplemented with the 5% sucrose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source . This protease showed the highest activity at 50 ° C and pH 10. It was inhibited by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), but was not affected by serine protease inhibitors, suggesting that the enzyme is a metalloprotease. Enzyme activity was increased in the presence of 10% (v / v) of toluene, methanol, ethanol and diethyl ether. Due to these properties, the enzyme can be used as a strong biocatalyst in the industrial and biotechnological applications.

Histamine is a biological amine that plays a role in various diseases such as allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria and atopic dermatitis, as well as in the development of anaphylaxis and allergic asthma. Medicinal plants have long been used in the treatment of different diseases. Due to the extensive use of this enzyme in the treatment of histamine-induced diseases in humans and animals, this study aimed at cloning and characterization of the DAO gene in this Iranian native grass pea plant (Lathyrus sativus). For this purpose, the extraction of mRNA from native seedling of Fars province done and followed by cDNA synthesis for the amplification of the histaminease gene using primers designed. Then, the cloning of the gene performed after double digestion of the gene and the pQE-80L vector. Finally, the recombinant vector transferred to Escherichia colistrain XL1-Blue. Cloning accuracy was confirmed by enzymatic digestion and sequencing. After nucleotide sequencing, the corresponding mRNA gene with 1995 bp length was deposited in GenBank database under accession number KR063661. Also, its protein sequence was registered in the GenBank under accession number ALE71304. The evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of the native histaminase enzyme and its phylogenetic study was performed based on the well-known sequences in this study Which showed the highest genetic (94%) and protein (96%) similarity to chickpea (Pisium sativum). The recombinant plasmid was produced in the future can be used in expression systems to produce mass enzymes for the therapeutic properties of this unique enzyme.

The aim of this work was to determine physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yogurt incorporated with different concentration of strawberry pulp (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) during 22 days of storage period. Physicochemical properties as follows pH,acidity%, dry matter%, fat%, synersis% and DPPH%) and sensory evaluations was done according to five points scale including( acceptability score, mouth feeling score, flavor score and color score) and survival rate of L. casei was measured by enumation according to pour plate method. The results showed that survival of L. casei significantly decreased during 22 days of storage period with due attention to increasing of concentration of strawberry pulp (p<0.05). pH of all treatments decreased significantly (p<0.05). parallel to pH, acidity increased. Effect of treatment and time on acidity%, dry matter% and DPPH% were significant (p<0.05). Storage period did not affect fat content of all treatments (p>0.05). Acidity%, dry matter% and DPPH% of all treatments increased during storage period.the percentage of protein did not change during storage period but fat % increased until 12 days of storage and it did not change up to end of storage period. However, sensorial scores and synersis% decreased. Treatment containing 1% of pulp strawberry was the best among others with due attention to survival rate of L. casei, physicochemical and sensory properties.