Chemical Methodologies
Volume:3 Issue: 1, May-Jun 2019

Cyclic Voltammetry of bismuth nitrate (BN) using different concentrations was practically measured by the use of DY2000 potenstiostat. We used 0.1 M KNO3 as a transporting medium for the diffusion of the ions used as the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Moreover, it was prepared in our laboratory, well polished and washed before use. Besides, Ag/AgCl reference electrode and auxiliary platinum electrode were also used. Scan rates of the redox reactions of bismuth nitrate were studied in the presence and absence of methyl red. The complexation interaction between bismuth nitrate (BN) and methyl red (MR) was studied. The redox reactions’ stability constant for forming complex and Gibbs free energy of complex interactions was evaluated. The data are discussed.

In this paper, the process of adsorption of organic compounds of the polyaminopolyphosphonates and polyaminopolyсarbonoates (сhelators or complexones) chemical type on iron (available in steel St3S (Poland) 97%) is modeled using the HyperChem package version 8.0.7 with semi-empirical ZINDO / 1 method. The structures of сhelators (“complexones”) for the study were chosen so that the sequential complication of the molecular structure could be traced. Such an approach, as will be shown below, accurately reflects the process of corrosion protection with bacterial content by chemisorption of an organic compound on the metal surface to form a complex compound. In the course of the study, the compositions of the complexes obtained, the energies of the boundary orbitals, and a graph depicting the dependence of the charge density on the iron atom on the component of the corrosion rate that is due to chemisorption effects were obtained and analyzed. On the graph there are equations of lines.

Nano- sized of 2,2'-((1E, 1E')-(1, 2 phenylen bis (azanylylidene)) bis (methanylylidene)) bis (4-bromo phenolato) Zn (II) Schiff base complex was quickly synthesized in mild condition by ultrasonic irradiation. The Zn (II) complex was characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR, FESEM as well as electronic and fluorescence property measurements. Based on the results of these analyses, the geometry of Zinc (II) Schiff base complex suggested a square-planar geometry. Antimicrobial activities of the ligand and Zinc (II) complexes were also investigated. The electronic and fluorescence bands of nano complex show a shift in comparison to the bulk sample analogue, duo to the reduction of particle size in nano scale. In continuation of our study, ZnSe/ZnO nano sized with 30 nm in average sizes was prepared, by reflux condensation method, using this complex as a new precursor.

Sensitive and precise RP-HPLC method with photo diode array detector has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of three commonly available anti-dengue, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory phytochemical markers. The chromatographic separation was achieved using C18 column (250 mm × 4.0 mm, 5μm) with 0.2% v/v formic acid: acetonitrile (50:50; v/v) as mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The dual wavelength (280 and 360 nm) was selected for the identification and quantification of rutin, gallic acid and quercetin (Rt 2.56, 2.95 and 4.60 min). The method was validated as per ICH guidelines in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy, LOD and LOQ, respectively. Linearity range for the selected markers, gallic acid, rutin and quercetin was found to be 1–10 µg/mL with the correlation coefficient value close to 1. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated from the limit of detection which was found to be 0.4 µg/mL for gallic acid; 0.3 µg/mL for rutin and quercetin. The limit of quantification for gallic acid, rutin and quercetin was found to be 1 µg/mL, respectively. The % RSD and recovery values prove that the developed method was more precise and accurate. Hence, the proposed validated method has been successfully applied for the quality control analysis of gallic acid, rutin and quercetin in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta (L.) and Tawa-Tawa capsule formulation.

Density functional theory (DFT) was used to analyze the structure and Nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (NQCC), χ, and asymmetry parameters, η, of 14N nuclei have been calculated for the antimicrobialampicillin in monomeric and their dimers using B3LYP/6-311G(d) method on the differences between the structural parameters in monomeric and their dimers states in the gas phase. For this purpose, electric field gradient (EFG) at the sites of quadrupole nuclei and resonance interactions have been calculated and evaluated for each compound. Additionally, it could be observed that the factor of resonance interaction which is not the only effective factor on values and trend of NQR parameters changes by passing of monomeric state to other ones. It was also found that conformation plays a very effective role in the determination of the values of the calculated NQCC parameters. Sensitivity of the NQR parameters to the changes in the conformational structure is significantly greater than that of the changes in the other structural parameters such as bond lengths.

The purpose of this work was to predict liquid-liquid equilibrium of binary systems including N-formylmorpholine (NFM) with alkanes (heptane, nonane, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) over the temperature range from around 300 K to 420 K. Therefore, three feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed for the three systems. Compositions of alkanesin light phase and heavy phase were considered as network inputs, and the temperature was the output variable. Genetic algorithm (GA) method was used to design the neural network. It minimized the total mean squared error (MSE) between net output and desired output with optimizing weights and biases of the ANN. The validity of the models was evaluated through a test data set, which was not used in the training data set. The results of this work show that the hybrid of artificial neural network and genetic algorithm (ANN–GA) can estimate the LLE of the binary systems with high precision.

The novel bio-based additives synthesized in the present research were incorporated into LDPE, LDPE in about 1-5 wt % subsequently processed to produce films of 50 μ thickness. The bio-based additive such as cobalt ricinoleate (12-hydroxy) with acrylic dextrose (CRAD) additives was successfully synthesized and their performance on the photo and biodegradability of polyethylene films were studied under the influence of accelerated UV/sunlight. The changes in the structural of polymer due degradation were investigated by the FTIR. The percentage of biodegradation of the photodegraded film was analyzed by ASTMD 5338-98. The photodegraded film was subjected to biodegradation in the presence of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from a dump. The percentage of biodegradation is 30%.

Coirpith which can be regarded as the short fibers and dusts is a lignocellulosic biomass and a recalcitrant one under ordinary conditions. It has the innate character of exchanging ions from the inner matrix which consists of minute pores. In the present study, the ion exchange capacity of coir pith was carried out and was subjected particle size. The results showed that the calcium nitrate and calcium phosphate impregnated coir pith illustrating a gradual increase in the level of calcium in all the concentrations of calcium compound impregnation. Other cations such as potassium and sodium were decreased in linear and parallel pattern during the above impregnation. Calcium got exchanged for sodium and potassium ions. The magnesium nitrate and magnesium phosphate which impregnated coir pith showed a gradual increase at the level of the cation, magnesium in all concentrations of magnesium compound impregnation. Other cations such as potassium and sodium were knocked out from the inner matrix of coir pith. The expulsion of potassium was comparatively higher than that of sodium in all grades of coir pith and in all concentrations of magnesium nitrate impregnation. The study proved that waste emitted from coir fibre production could be used after ionic impregnation.

The efficient synthesis of novel 2,2-dimethyl-chroman-6-yl pentadienoic acid amides (7a-e) as synthetic piperine analogs has been established by the condensation of 5-(2,2-dimethyl-chroman-6-yl)-4-methyl-penta-2,4-dienoic acid 6 with various aromatic amines. All the synthesized piperine analogs were bioevaluated for their potential as inhibitors of multidrug efflux pump NorA overexpressing Staphylococcus aureus SA 1199B. Out of all the prepared analogs, 5-(2,2-dimethyl-chroman-6-yl)-4-methyl-penta-2,4-dienoic acid ethyl ester 5 and 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-chroman-6-yl)-4-methyl-2E,4E-pentadienoic acid pyrrolidide 7d were found promising. The active compounds were also evaluated for their synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin, whose results substantially increase the activity of ciprofloxacin against both Nora overexpressing and wild type Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Structures of the synthesized compounds have been elucidated on the basis of spectral data (IR, 1H NMR and Mass analysis).

The most important component for living beings on the earth is access to clean and safe drinking water. Globally, water scarcity is pervasive even in water rich areas as immense pressure has been created by the burgeoning human population, industrialization, civilization, environmental changes and agricultural activities. The problem of access to safe water is inevitable and requires tremendous research. Nanotechnology has many successful applications in different fields but recently its application for water and wastewater treatment has emerged as a fast developing, promising area. This chapter highlights the recent advances on the development of nanoscale materials and processes for treatment of surface water, groundwater and industrial wastewater that are contaminated by toxic metals, organic and inorganic compounds, bacteria and viruses. In addition, the toxic potential of engineered nanomaterials for human health and the environment will also be discussed. This chapter also deals with the fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment systems along with the risks associated with nanomaterials.