International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
Volume:2 Issue: 7, Summer 2014

The present study aimed to compare mental health of female athlete and non-athlete students in the city of Indica. The research methodology was a descriptive survey, which initially described the mental health and then compared it among the students. The statistical population of the study included all high school girls in the academic year of 2012-2013 in the city of Indica accounting for 919 subjects. The sampling was done in this study by two methods of census (enumeration) and multi-stage cluster random sampling. Due to the limited number of athletes (85 subjects), all were included in the study sample. Of the non-athletic population, 106 non-athlete subjects were selected using Cochran formula by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The measurement tool in this study was the Goldberg and Hiller GHQ Standard Questionnaire (1979) consisting of two parts. The first part includes demographic information, including questions about demographic and individual characteristics of study samples such as age, type of illness, etc. The second part consisted of 28 questions to measure four subscales (somatic symptoms, anxiety, social functioning and depression). The reliability (reliability coefficient) of the questionnaire was obtained as 0.85 through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics was used in order to summarize the data, and the inferential statistics, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed significant differences between physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression in two groups of female athlete and non- athlete students.

Due to the alarming increase the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases and increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics need to discover new strong antimicrobial compounds is feeling. In this study, the antimicrobial properties of spider silk Pholcus phalangioides produced in sterile conditions against two bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Esherichia coli with using well diffisiuon method and Macro Broth Dillution method was evaluated. The results showed that the antimicrobial compounds present in the solution spider silk greater inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria L. monocytogenes than Gram-negative bacteria E. coli.

Identity the genetic aspects and major gene influence on energy balance, milk production, fertility, food safety and consumer are the recent interests of genetic and breeding researchers. Najdi Cattle is the most prominent breeds in Khuzestan province. To do this plan in Shoushtar Najdi Cattle Station, blood samples were taken from 15 Najdi Cattles. DNA was extracted from whole blood using the method of Boom et al and polymerase chain reaction took for amplification of two fragments 544 bp and 566 bp. After ensuring the accuracy of the duplicated sequences on 1% agarose gel, sequencing was performed and the Leptin gene promoter components pointed out in Najdi Cattle. In this study, the six mutations identified in the first fragment 566 bp. In these mutations, 2 types of them were point mutations including Transition and Transversion, and 4 mutations were Frame shift which included Deletion (3kinds) and Insertion (1kind). In the second fragment 544 bp, 2 point mutations (transition and Transversion) and 1 Frame shift mutation (deletion) were appeared, in the Leptin gene pro-motor region. Also, in this study, the sequences related to each sample was compared in the two fragments in the aspect of similarity with other documented sequences, that BLAST results showed that high percentage of similarity. According to the obtained results, it could be said that the sequence of leptin gene of Najdi cattle in Khuzestan province is similar to other documented sequences and there are a high-similarity percentage between current samples’ sequences and those documented in global information bank.

Know days, pollution made by the wastewater in rivers and other water body’s is one of the main concerns of environmental engineers. Membrane bioreactors are one of the earliest methods for treating swage and also to produce water that is acceptable for reuse purposes. The term membrane bioreactor expresses a combination of activated sludge and membrane separation processes. The need to processes like sedimentation and disinfection used in common methods is eliminated through MBR systems in a way that membranes are placed into or out of an aeration tank and the vacuumed wastewater created by the suction pump is pulled up from inside the membranes and leaves the Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids (MLSS) inside the aeration tank. MBR allows biological processes to work in a long SRT (20 to 100 days generally) and therefore concentration of the MLSS can increase even higher than 10000 mg/l. 93-99% removal of BOD, COD and 85-97% nitrification performance has been proved by different experiments. Membrane filtration removes biological pollutants, particulate materials and colloid dilution, turbidity, microorganisms, suspension impurities and elements such as iron and manganese. Concerning the advantages of this system, smaller required space due to the omission of sedimentation tank, extra disposable sludge production reduction about 60-75 percent, constant effluent quality and its independence from influent can be mentioned. Membrane fouling and its periodic replacement are the main disadvantages of this system. Membrane bioreactor technology can be used as a technology to treat different types of wastewater and to produce effluent with a good and suitable quality for reusing.

In this paper, finite element model of the L4 vertebra subjected to combination of compression and flexion loading in isotropic and anisotropic cases is investigated. In both cases, the vertebra is considered homogeneous. Also, the body of vertebra is divided to cancellous and cortical sections in anisotropic model, but the process is assumed isotropic such as isotropic model. The maximum Von Mises stress on the fourth lumbar vertebrae is obtained. Also, the stress intensity factor is analyzed with placing a small crack on the critical region of the model from view point of fracture mechanics. Furthermore, the required force for the fracture of fourth lumbar vertebrae is obtained through increasing the applied force for assumed model. The results show that the highest stress value and its position is 7.237MPa in the upper pedicle region for anisotropic property of vertebrae. At the end of this article, stress intensity factors in different aspect ratios of crack for anisotropic vertebrae under combination of flexion and compression loading are plotted.

Field experiment was conducted in 2009 to investigate the effects of plant density and weed interference on morphological characteristics and yield of corn (Zea Mays, L.) at Research Station of University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. The experiment was arranged as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant density (D1, D2, D3 and D4: 5, 7, 10 and 16 plant m-2, respectively) were assigned to main plots and three levels of weed interference ((W1, W2 and W3:  weed free, between row weed interference and full-season weed interference) were allocated to the sub plots. The Results showed that with increasing plant density, grain and biological yield increased, but cob weight, ear length, ear diameter and harvest index decreased. The highest amount of morphological traits and harvest index was obtained from 5 plant m-2.The weed interference treatments had significant effects on above traits so the highest morphological traits, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index was obtained from weed free treatment. These results indicated that high plant densities because of decreasing weed interference and increasing grain and biological yield, is the effective agronomic solution for increasing corn performance in the field and can be used to reduce consumption of chemical pesticides in sustainable agriculture systems.

The major Fusarium toxins found in cereals and cereal-based products that can be harmful to both human and animal health are some trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol (DON).

A recent SCOOP project, Since toxinogenic fungi are cosmopolitan, mycotoxins are environmental pollutants present in virtually all parts of the world and causing diseases (mycotoxicoses) . This cross-sectional study was carried out in Spring - Summer .T-toxin levels vary in different cities of Iran and are higher than national standard  limits(20-21μg/Kg per BW)and , therefore, according to the harvesting programs for  the wheat crop . Thus the Ardebil city with a amount of 46.3ppb and Sari, Mazandaran province center, with the least amount of T-toxin by 27.2ppb have been defined respectively.

Because of the non-specific clinical signs of Fusarium mycotoxicoses, data about feed quality are an important part of the case history and an inevitable part of the preventive measures is regular foodstuffs monitoring with mycological and mycotoxicological examinations. The elimination of mycotoxins from feedstuff is an open problem because the scope for mycotoxin decontamination is very limited. In countries with adequate information about mycotoxin occurrence, regular tests to control foodstuffs and detect widespread and serious toxins are currently being performed and this leads to the exclusion of products with higher than allowable limits.

The aim of this experiment   was to observe and study the effects of two anti-fungus essences. Thymus vulgaris and Thymus kotschyanus, against two fungi pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifere, and the quality of strawberries after cropping. This study is performed in two assays, in vitro and in vivo.  A treatment consists: control, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 µl/l. The results of in vitro assay showed  both essential oils had inhibitory effect  even  at  low  concentration  also  best  inhibitory  effect  occurred  at 1000 µl/l of Thymus kotschyanus for Rhizopus stolonifere. The in vivo assay showed that the strawberries groomed by the two plants essences have a higher enzymatic level of CAT and SOD. Therefore these plants essences can replace  the chemical anti-fungi  medicines  used to control the fungi related  diseases on agricultural crops due to their anti-fungus effects but still a lot more research needs to be done in order to reach a proper formulation.

The aims of this study were to determine energy efficiency and CO2 use pattern of grape production in Zanjan province, Iran by a non-parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA). Initial data were collected using a face to face questionnaire from 42 orchards in Abhar city of Zanjan province which is one of the most important centers of grape production in Iran. The DEA method was applied based on seven inputs including human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and farmyard manure), chemicals (pesticides and fungicides), water for irrigation, electricity and with the single output of grape yield. The results indicated that based on variable returns to scale (BCC) model, 23.8% of the grape orchards were efficient. While based on constant returns to scale (CCR) model, it was 16.6%. The technical, pure technical and scale efficiency were found to be 0.668, 0.857 and 0.797, respectively.  Energy use efficiency, energy productivity and net energy were found to be 4.14, 0.35 and 64178 MJ ha-1respectively. The results of CO2 analysis showed that the total CO2 emissions of grape production were found to be 1207.37 kgCO2eq. ha-1.

This research was carried out as a greenhouse experiment in the form of a Completely Randomized Factorial Design (CRD) in three-run sequences. The research aimed at investigating the impacts of Nicosulfuron (Cruz) and Rimsulfuran (Titus) residues on the growth of wheat in two soil types which differed in their levels of organic compounds and salinity. Treatment of the experiment included six different doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, 40, 60 gr per hectare of rimsulfuran and 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 2, 3 liter per hectare of Nicosulfuron. As per the results of the survey, an increase in the concentration of the herbicides caused a meaningful decline in the measured characteristics of the plant including the length and the wet and dry weight of the shoot and the root (P<0.01). According to I50 in other words a 50% inhibition of growth indicator, the weight of dry shoot showed the highest sensitivity to rimsulfuran in the soil coded B (1.26) and weight of dry root to Nicosulfuron in soil B (41.84).

Gastric dilatation also known as gastrointestinal obstruction or bloat is an acute and life-threatening condition in pet rabbits commonly caused by an intestinal obstruction with pellets, foreign bodies and compressed hair. In June 2014, a two years old male New Zealand white rabbit were referred to Karaj Central Veterinary hospital, Karaj, Iran with the history of acute anorexia and severe bloat. Gastrointestinal obstruction was confirmed according to historical data, clinical examination and radiographic findings. Although surgery is the treatment of choice for this problem in most cases, the medical treatment was substituted for surgery due to restrictions by the owner and it was successful.

Various practical methods have been used for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Methods of pregnancy diagnosis depending on visualization of the conceptus or determination of its secretory products in the maternal blood or in the milk are the most accurate and specific methods for pregnancy. In 1980, B-mode ultrasonography was introduced in the veterinary field and used for pregnancy diagnosis. Transrectal ultrasonography has been recommended as a simple, rapid and practical method for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep.   40 clinically healthy Lori-Bakhtiari ewes aged between 2 to 8 years were used in this study. These ewes were estrus synchronized and inseminated and fertile rams were kept with the ewes for natural breeding. Transrectal ultrasonography was carried out in ewes. The sensitivity of the test increased when performed at a more advanced stage of pregnancy. The sensitivity of the test increased in young ewes when scanning took place at a more advanced stage of pregnancy.

In this paper, the chemical Functionalization of Carboxylate multi-walled carbon nanotubes by methyl (triphenyl phosphoranylidene) acetate have been investigated. Phosphorus Ylides are important compound in organic chemistry. At first, methyl (triphenyl phosphoranylidene) acetate, synthesized from salt metod in two steps: the formation of the phosphonium salt and the deprotonation of the latter to form the ylide.  MWNT-Slide is obtained through MWNT-cocl with methyl (triphenyl phosphoranylidene) acetate, which is confirmed by FT-IR, SEM and elemental analysis. The functionalized MWNTs were dispersed very well in solvent of dimethylformamide (DMF), and the high stability of dispersed suspension could be maintained for more than 1 week without MWNT precipitation. These Functionalization have been chosen due to P=C and C=O active sites in MWNT-ylide for future application.

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the final step of triglyceride synthesis. The objective of this project is to check out the polymorphism at the exon 8 region of DGAT1 gene using PCR-SSCP technique in Iranian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Recent activities have shown that a significant association between lysine at amino acid position 232 with higher milk fat content, whereas an alanine at this position is marker data of lower milk fat content and higher milk yield.

In this study we analyzed buffaloes from 5 provinces of Iran. Three PCR-SSCP patterns were found.

DNA sequencing analysis showed that all of the patterns had the motif “AA” at position 6962-6963 (K allele) encoding lysine, which is similar to “AA” at position 10433-10434 in Bos indicus and also different buffalo breeds at position 6962-6963. Therefore exon 8 is a conservative region in Bos indicus and all buffalo breeds which is associated with higher milk fat content. Moreover, we found a base transition at position 7036 C/T and we have heterozygosity of both “C and T”, which is located at intron 8 of DGAT1 gene in few samples.

this transition is a nonsense mutation which causes no change in amino acid sequence. This mutation has occurred at the intron 8 of DGAT1 gene in Iranian buffaloes.

Investigations were carried out to isolate bacteria from saline-alkali soils and determined optimized alkaline protease activity and stability produced by a wild strain of bacillus sp. in submerged fermentation (SMF). Optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the crude extract was 40 ◦C at a pH between 8.0 and 9.0. The studies on pH stability showed that the enzyme was stable in a range of pH 7.0–10.0 and the effect of the inhibitors showed it to be possibly an alkaline protease. Stability studies revealed temperatures around 40–60 ◦C. The activity was reduced in the presence of Co2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions, while the presence of K+ resulted in a discreet increase in proteolytic activity. The enzyme presented good stability towards organic solvents. Organic solvents such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and oleyl alcohol enhanced the activity of enzyme. The enzyme presented good stability towards oxidizing agent. The crude enzyme preparation was compatible with commercial detergents, retaining their 50–60% activities. The results demonstrated the importance of submerged fermentation for the production of protease.

Drought stress is most important factor which reduce root and shoot growth in crops. This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of drought stress and Zn fertilizer on root traits of four cultivars of chickpea. Experiment was laid out in a split plot-factorial using randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress treatment stand in main plots in three levels consist of no drought stress (complete irrigation), moderate drought stress (irrigation at planting and early flowering) and severe drought stress (no irrigation). 2 Zn levels (using hand sprayer 1 L and control) and four chickpea cultivars Azad, Bivanij, Hashem and ILC482 stand in sub plots. Result showed that the effect of drought stress was significant on al parameters. Effect of Zn fertilizer was significant only on Number of nodule and primary root length, but not significant on other parameters. Effect of cultivar treatments was significant only on Number of nodule and primary root length, but not significant on other parameters. Maximum number of nodule and root length was obtained in non stress condition and in Bivanij cultivar. With increase in drought stress number of nodules in plants and root length were decreased.

Button mushrooms (Agaricus Bisporus) are among the most widely produced and consumed mushrooms in the world. Generally speaking, mushrooms are of great nutritional value, which due to their high content of moisture and their corruptibility particular attention is required to be paid to their conservation and health. Drying is one of the most important ways to preserve the yields with high content of humidity. In this study, in order to increase the hold time and quality specifications, different pretreatments including osmotic (NaCl2 with a 10% density ratio), chemical (metabisulfite potassium with concentration 0/5% density ratio), ultrasound (with a frequency of 28 ±0/5 (KHZ)), and microwave (with power 360 watt) were applied. These pretreatments were dried through the hot air method. Osmotic, chemical, and ultrasound pretreatments were used for 2 h, 30 minutes, and 30 minutes, respectively at ambient temperature, while the microwave was employed for 4 minutes. Then effect of various pretreatments on the dried button mushrooms’ quality indexes such as texture, color, and rehydration ratio was investigated. Based on the results, with regard to the tissue of samples under various pretreatments, a highly significant difference at 1% level can be observed for the hardness and adhesiveness indexes, while a significant difference exists for the chewiness index at 5%. After comparison, the maximum hardness was seen in the control sample, and hardness value of the samples under various pretreatments was lower than that of the control. Among the samples with ultrasonic, microwave and osmotic pretreatments, no significant difference was observed and the lowest hardness value belonged to the samples with chemical pretreatment. The samples under chemical pretreatment comprised the lowest chewiness value. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the other pretreatment and control samples. The least adhesiveness value belonged to the samples with microwave, osmotic, and ultrasound pretreatments. The sample with chemical pretreatment had the highest adhesiveness. The best color was related to the osmotic samples, and control samples showed a low quality. In general, the samples with pretreatments had better color than the control ones. The lowest rehydration ratio was obtained in the samples under chemical and control pretreatment, respectively. Therefore, application of various pretreatments significantly contributes to the improvement of quality specifications, where chemical pretreatment is of great importance.

Ageing of the stored seed is a natural phenomenon and the seeds tend to lose viability even under ideal storage conditions. Accelerated ageing has been recognized as a good predictor of the storability of seed lots. Aged seeds show decreased vigor and produce weak seedlings that are unable to survive once reintroduced into a habitat. The characteristics of the chemical composition of oil crops (soybean and sunflower) are related to specific processes occurring in seed during storage. Lipid auto-oxidation and increase of free fatty acid content during storage are the most often mentioned reasons for accelerated damage of seed of oily plant species.

  In addition to the role of organic matter in plant nutrition, this material improves soil quality, physical structure, ventilation and water supply, and ease of penetration and expansion is rooted deep in the soil surface. Effects of organic matter due to climatic factors, soil characteristics may vary from region to region, resulting in organic materials management must be given to all factors affecting. Effect of various amounts of Humic acid on yield, Yield Components and Protein of Chickpea Cultivar s an experimental was conducted on farms of Raan Agricultural Company in spring 2013 at the city of Firouzkouh in a factorial based on randomized complete block design format with three replication In this test, Humic acid was studied in four levels of nil (control), 1.5, 3 and 4.5 kg in each ha on three species of chickpea named “ILC482”, “Hashem” and “Arman”. Humic acid solution spraying was conducted at three stages of 2-4 leaves, 6-8 leaves and early flowering stage. The Delete results showed that use of Humic acid has had significant effect on most of studied traits and at the level of 1% and 5% probability. Use of 3 kg of Humic acid in each hectare showed more effect in most studied traits. The maximum percentage of protein was obtained in use of 3 kg of Humic acid in each hectare as much as 20.48 percent while the minimum amount (11.41 percent) related to the control group. The results showed that significant difference was observed between species of chickpea in terms of studied traits. The chickpea species “ILC482” stood at superior rank than the others species in terms of yield, Yield production with its yield rate of 2,386 kg in each hectare.

Drying is one of the most important post-harvesting processes in agriculture. Drying method and also drying time have an important effect on the amount of energy required. In this study analysis of energy consumption for drying corn in dryer reservoir with flow of warm air and the effect of the temperature and height of product layer on the amount of energy consumption per unit mass were investigated. Drying experiments at five different temperatures (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110˚C) and the height of product in the reservoir in four different levels (20, 40, 60 and 80 cm) and at a constant speed of air flow (1 meter per second) were performed in three replications. Results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the product at temperature of 100˚C with layer height of 60 cm had the minimum amount of energy consumption per unit mass while at temperature of 70˚C with layer height of 20 cm the maximum amount of energy consumption per unit mass occurred.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between perceived organizational justice and organizational commitment of physical education teachers in West Azerbaijan province. Research method is descriptive-correlation conducted using the field method. Statistical population includes physical education teachers in West Azerbaijan which are 1091 persons. The sample number according to Morgan table is calculated as 285 persons. Stratified random sampling method is used. Data collection tool is perceived organizational justice questionnaire and organizational commitment questionnaire. The perceived organizational justice questionnaire by Niehoff and Moorman contains 22 close-end questions. To measure organizational commitment, Meyer and Allen model containing 24 questions is used. Reliability coefficient of the perceived organizational justice and work ethics questionnaires through Cronbach's alpha is respectively, 0.834 and 0.896. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between dimensions of organizational justice (including distributive justice, procedural justice, interactive justice and interpersonal justice) except for distributive justice, and organizational commitment at level of P≤0.05, based on the F coefficient respectively with participation rates of 20%, 15% and 0.7%. Among the demographic variables (gender, marital status, employment history, education level), the level of education affected relationship between perceived organizational justice and organizational commitment and there was no significant difference between the elements of justice (distributive, procedural and interactive and interpersonal) in terms of gender, work experience, education, type of employment and working field.