نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 46، پاییز 1398)

With the contextual analysis of the subject, this study attempted to explain the national sport policy. Given the importance of education in the development path, this paper adopted an educational sport approach. Due to the ambiguity and dependence of known factors, this paper used the inductive method to collect data, so this study was conducted with a qualitative approach using the grounded theory. Deep and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population consisted of academic experts and top managers of Iran sport. The samples were selected by purposive sampling method and continued until saturation based on theoretical sampling method. The results showed the dependency of sport development on the educational sport, and the social development on sport development. They also showed that the development of the comprehensive plan of sport development can lead to the efficient employment of resources, the development of movement attentions, the modification of attitudes and the elimination of perceptional misunderstandings in addition to the role it plays in developing sport. Finally, the theory of Iran was provided given the explored framework.

The aim of this study was to analyze the legal barriers affecting the implementation of general polices of article 44 in Iran professional football. With respect to the main aim of the study, the methodology was qualitative. Authorities and experts underwent qualitative interviews and the most important legal barriers to the implementation of general policies of article 44 in Iran professional football were identified. The sample consisted of those who had the most relevant data of the subject of the study. The viewpoints of 26 subjects in the framework of 35 interviews were used and data collection was finished until theoretical saturation. In accordance with qualitative researches, data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection. Results showed that the most  important legal barriers to the implementation of general policies of article 44 included the lack of comprehensive rules and regulations of privatization, continual changes in rules and regulations, legal problems of TV rights and copyright, some problems and deficits in rules and regulations such as labor law, tax rules and service management rules, outdated rules of the establishment and management of Sport Ministry (Physical Education Organization) and sport clubs, multiplicity of decision makers in privatization and resignation of professional clubs, inconsistency of executive rules and policies, lack of control and supervision rules to control the implementation processes of general policies of article 44, indeterminate ownership of most clubs from legal viewpoint, legal problems in contract registration, indolence of the government and Sport Ministry to present effective and efficient bills.

The aim of this study was to design a model of spectators’behavioral intentions and service quality with an emphasis onaesthetic quality. Research method was descriptive-correlation and ofapplied type.The statistical population consisted of spectatorsof Persepolis-Esteghlal match in the second half season of 2015 and the sample included 384 subjects who were selected by Morgan Tableand convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire and for data analysis, descriptive and inferentialstatistics were used in SPSS16 and LISREL. Results showed a significant difference in perceived service qualityand its dimensions (functional, technical and aesthetic quality) between Persepolisand Esteghlal spectators.Also, the resultsshowed thatmost relationship of servicequality dimensions with spectators’ satisfactionwas related to technical quality (0.68), aesthetic quality (0.61) and functionalquality (0.54). The results showed a significant and positive relationshipbetween spectators’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions (φ=0.72). With respect to the results, it can bestated that managers of clubs and stadiums should pay special attention to aestheticquality in stadiums in addition to technical and functional quality so that theycan provide a memorable experience of attending stadiums for spectators and convincethem to make decisions to attend the stadiums again and maintain loyalty totheir team.

The aim of this study was to compare the criteria and design a pattern to select professional head coaches in football. The sample consisted of 1141 subjects including 379 coaches, 210 players, 38 managers, 130 sport journalists and 384 spectators who were selected using Krejcie and Morgan Table by interval method. The research methodology was descriptive-survey and a researcher-madequestionnaire was used to collect data; its content validity was examined through the viewpoints of university professors and football head coaches and its construct validity was examined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis tests using SPSS and AMOS software. The value of KMO was at 0.73 and its reliability was equal to 0.87 with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. For data analysis, Friedman test was used to prioritize selective criteria. MANOVA analysis test was used to compare the subjects’ viewpoints and one-way ANOVA in the context of MANOVA was used to determine the location of the differences in MANOVA. The results showed a difference in the subjects’ viewpoints on prioritizing selective criteria. The most and least important criteria to select professional football head coaches were technical skills and work experience as a football player.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of athlete brand image on attitude towards advertisements of celebrity athletes using neuromarketing technique. This study was applied in terms of aims and semi-experimental in terms of nature. The population of this study included all physical education students of University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti University in the academic year of 2016-2017 (N=1500). The sample consisted of 300 students who were selected as the primary sample by stratified random sampling method using Morgan table. As two distinct categories existed in this study, the final sample for brain scan included 30 subjects. The instruments of this study included Arai et al. (2013) athlete brand image questionnaire and the G-tek Austrian electroencephalographic device. The overall model of this study was composed of several main stages. The first stage was to distribute the questionnaire among the primary samples; the second stage was to select the final sample; the third stage was to observe and record the brain waves of the final sample before the advertisement and the fourth stage was to play the advertising clip and to oserve their brain waves while watching the advertisement. The results of this study indicated that the athlete brand image had a positive effect on changing the attitudes towards commercial advertisements of celebrity athletes. Other results showed that high brand image group at FP2 area and low brand image group at T3 area had more activity in their brain signal than other brain areas. Customers should be uncounciousely recognized to understand them better and to design better products and there are no tools more useful than neuromarketing research.

This study aimed at recognizing and modeling areas and infrastructures of commercial law in Iran professional sport and providing management decisions.A researcher-made questionnaire with 70 items was used in this study; the content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by 7 experts and its reliability coefficient was determined as 0.894. The sample consisted of 300 faculty members, sport experts, coaches, athletes/champions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used for construct validation, identification of the factors and estimation of factor loads. The analysis of the data and structural modeling were conducted using SPSS21 and LISREL. In explanatory pattern of commercial law in professional sport, areas and infrastructures of commercial law were identified which included 11 factors: legal contracts, international regulations, validation, ambush marketing, employment law, antitrust law, intellectual property, sport agency, mediation relationship, sport media and economy.Three factors (legal contracts, international regulations, and economy) influenced other factors which explained commercial law in Iran professional sport. If any of these three factors can appropriately influence other factors of this model, the root of many problems in commercial law in professional sport will be identified. Attention to the factor loads and the relationship of each factor with other factors in this model are helpful for managers in their decision making.

The aim of this study was toinvestigate the effect of absorptive capacity and creativity on experts’ innovative behavior in Ministry of Sport and Youth of Iran. The research method was descriptive-survey and applied in terms of aims. The statistical population included all experts of Ministry of Sport and Youth (N=400) and 196 subjects were selected as the statistical sample by proportional stratified random sampling method. For data collection, three standard questionnaires of innovative behavior (Scott and Bruce, 1994), absorptive capacity (Zahra and George, 2002) and (Jansen, Van Den Bosch, and Volberda, 2005), and creativity (Randsip, 1998) were used. For data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis by the LISREL8.70 software were used. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between absorptive capacity and creativity and innovative behavior. Therefore, it can be concluded that managers of sport organizations should assess and develop sharing of knowledge, creativity and providing opportunities to access external knowledge, internal communications among employees and the ability of employees to discover and exploit knowledge which triggers innovative behaviors and improves the performance of sport organizations.

The aim of this study was to design a model of the effect of marketing mix and brand image on the pleasure and communication commitment of the fans of the two popular teams of Tehran. The present study was descriptive in terms of collecting data and applied in terms of aims, which was carried out in the form of a field study. The statistical population included all the spectators of one of the games played by two popular Tehran teams (Esteghlal and Persepolis) who had been purchased tickets and attended the stadium. 350 subjects were randomly selected based on the items of the questionnaires (35 items). The basic research model was designed by the review of the related literature; a questionnaire was developed based on this basic model and the validity was confirmed by a group of academic experts and factor analysis technique. Its internal consistency was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha method. To answer the research items, statistical tests such as Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were used. The results of the path analysis showed that the marketing mix and the brand image had the impact factors of 0.58 and 0.51 on the pleasure of the fans and the impact factors of 0.62 and 0.48 on the communication commitment of the fans. The model also had a good fit and showed that the adjusted relationships of the variables were reasonable. (AGFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.94, NNFI=0.92, NFI=0.95). Regarding the results of this model, managers and marketers of sport teams and clubs are suggested to provide their services in a way that is distinct from other brands and to create such feeling in the fans that the received services exceeded their expectations.

The aim of the present study was to determine the structural relationships of organizational identity, organizational commitment, organizational voice, and employee productivity. The research method was descriptive-correlational (structural equation modeling) and the statistical population consisted of 300 employees working at the physical education departments of Islamic Azad universities throughout the country in 2016 who were surveyed using census sampling method. Participants included 206 subjects (174 males and 32 females), who completed the questionnaires of organizational identity (Mile and Asforth, 1992), organizational commitment (Allen and Meyer, 1990), organizational voice (Ismailzadeh, 2013) and human resources productivity (Hersey and Goldsmith, 1980). The collected data were analyzed using partial least squares method and Smart PLS software. The findings showed that organizational identity had no direct and significant effect on organizational voice and productivity and its positive effects were mediated by organizational commitment. Also, organizational commitment directly and indirectly had a positive effect on productivity through organizational voice. Organizational voice also directly had a significant and positive effect on productivity. Based on these findings, creating and strengthening organizational identity can improve organizational commitment and voice behaviors of employees, and thereby add to their productivity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of perceived value in the relationship of customer knowledge with customer loyalty and competitive advantage in Iran premier league football clubs. The research method was descriptive correlation and applied in terms of the aim. The statistical population included all fans (over the age of 18) of Persepolis and Esteghlal teams who watched their matches either through attending the stadium or through the television and the internet. Factor analysis was used to confirm the construct validity of customer knowledge questionnaire. The reliability of the customer knowledge, loyalty, perceived value and competitive advantage questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.98, 0.97, 0.93 and 0.49 respectively. The investigation of the relationships of the variables showed that the model was suitable and economical with indirect relationship in which the mediating role of perceived value was confirmed. The results showed that the model with indirect relationship with lower AIC was more efficient than the model with direct relationship and without the mediating role of perceived value. That is to say the clubs that manage the knowledge of their customers lead to commitment and then competitive advantage in other clubs. On the other hand, the perceived value of the spectators facilitates the relationship of variables.

Regional identity is an interpretation of a process that is institutionalized with a region, and national identity means the sense of belonging and loyalty to common elements and symbols in the national community. The research method was correlation. The statistical population of this study included all participants in the 2017 Asian Volleyball Championship Tournament (N=3000) and the sample size was 320. The sample was randomly selected. For data analysis and inferential statistics, one-sample t test was used to identify the components of the research and exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the latent variables. Then, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used to test the significance of the relationships and finally the conceptual model was developed. Then, a correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship of the components of the research variables. Finally, in order to test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used with SPSS and R software. Using the structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between regional identity and national identity, fit indices were as follows: AGFI = 0.973, CFI = 96.95, RMSEA = 0.03, TLA = 0.947. The rate of these indices all represented the fit of the model with the data. In other words, the observed data were largely consistent with the conceptual model of the research. The regression coefficient of the relationship between regional identity and the national identity was 0.648 and significant. Based on these results, the stronger the regional identity, the stronger the national identity will be and the fans of the Iran national volleyball teams have a high degree of solidarity with national identity dimensions.

Sport corruption is defined as any illegal and immoral move that practically attempts to distort the outcome of an athletic approach to advance its material goals. To encounter this phenomenon, the role of the media is vital where contaminated faces are revealed through the representation of corruptive activities. Representation is the production of meaning through conceptual and language frameworks. The continuous flow of media representation from the real world strongly influences the perceptions and actions of the audience, because it is assumed that these representations are the reality themselves. The aim of this study was to investigate the representation of sport corruption in Iran media space. In this study, documentary method was used with a content analysis approach. Reports and news of corruptive activities reflected in the official media were analyzed from 2007 to 2017. The findings revealed 12 types of corruption in 24 different sport fields. From the perspective of communication, a part of the fight against corruption can be assigned to the media; the media that either keeps track of the cases and examples, or gives those who complain about corruption a chance to talk. In fact, this media teaches audiences that corruption is unacceptable and must be fought; thus it mobilizes public opinion against corruption.