نشریه راهبردهای آموزش در علوم پزشکی
سال دوازدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 58، بهمن و اسفند 1398)

Today, the importance of entrepreneurship in the economic system has led to its development in the fundamental sectors of a country, including education and training. The purpose of this study was to study the attitudes of teachers toward teaching and learning methods of entrepreneurship education in elementary school.

The present study was conducted descriptively and survey method. The statistical population consisted of all instructors of elementary teachers in the 28th entry year 1396, and the sample group consisted of 44 trainees. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. The validity of the contents of the questionnaire was confirmed by seeking Opinion of the experts and its reliability was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha (0.94) test. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v 24 software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to ensure the normal distribution of data and T-test in order to assess the teachers' attitudes in terms of teaching techniques, content and evaluation from the perspective of entrepreneurship in the elementary period.

The results of the research indicated that the mean and standard deviation of the teaching technique was 4.11 ± 0.65; the content presentation was 4.18 ± 0.69; and finally, the evaluation value was 3.95 ± 0. 67 Which was larger than the mean and this difference was significant at the level of 0.01. Because (p <0.01); therefore, with 99% confidence, teachers' attitude toward entrepreneurship in the elementary period is positive and significant.

Teachers are one of the most important factors affecting entrepreneurship education in elementary school. Because of their special role in teaching, if they have a good attitude and entrepreneurial insight, they can integrate entrepreneurship education with teaching and learning strategies in their teaching and be very facilitating in the development of creative people with a spirit and entrepreneurial attitude.

Elite and efficient human resources play a vital role in the various national arenas and, therefore, their good management is crucial. Elite migration or brain drain among developing countries is of great importance, as these countries lose more capital in the process of international human capital flows, and their development is usually slowed by this phenomenon. The main purpose of the current study is to investigate the extent and mechanism of the impact of elite migration on the development of home countries as well as presenting opportunities and challenges for policymaking in this field.

The study was systematically reviewed using the PRISMA protocol in international (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) and national databases (SID, Magiran, ISC). According to PICOS strategy, published papers until July 2019 in both English and Persian language using a variety of combinations of keywords; brain drain, challenges, developed country, development, migration, elite, policy, developing country and their Persian equivalent was searched. After searching and selecting articles, the text of the final articles was evaluated with the help of PRISMA checklist. Finally, the relationship between elite migration and development and related policies was presented as narrative synthesis.

With a detailed review of the final analyzed papers; can identify factors and variables affecting the three main issues that are central to migration and development: a) brain drain and development; b) the financial flows in result of elite migration; c) the the role of immigrant elite communities in development. By systematically reviewing the papers, we find that the potential impacts of elite migration on development is complex and multidimensional which require multidimensional response from policymakers. The impacts of elite migration can be positive or negative depending on the country, economic and social trends of the country and create opportunities or constraints for economic, social and human development.

In general, immigrant elite societies can play an important role in the economic, social and political development of their home countries. Immigrant elite communities can be the source of ideas, knowledge and skills, and social capital. Communications and networks of elite immigrant communities with their home country can serve as an important channel for enhancing the positive impacts of immigration on the country of origin. However, many developing countries, including Iran, still suffer from elite immigration or brain drain. Therefore, in order to realize the positive effects of elite migration, there is a need for rigorous and comprehensive policymaking that will undoubtedly include challenges such as the need for significant international dialogue and cooperation.

Intellectual capital or intellectual property is one of the most important resources available to companies today: organizational learning ability is the ability to create, learn and transfer knowledge, which is defined as the ability of organizations in the learning process.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between organizational learning, intellectual capital and innovative organizational performance in pharmaceutical companies in Tehran province. In this research, 66 managers and expert experts of pharmaceutical companies in Tehran province were selected as sample and data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using Smart PLS3 software.

The results showed that intellectual capital has been effective in supporting organizational learning and also the effect of intellectual capital on innovative performance has been rejected. Organizational learning has been effective on innovative performance and the role of organizational learning mediation has been rejected. Innovative performance has also been effective in organizational performance. Finally, the results indicate the suitability of the model.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between organizational learning and innovative performance. This means that by enhancing the organizational learning dimensions, innovation can be enhanced. Based on the findings of the research on the effective role of intellectual capital on organizational learning, it is recommended that a systematic management be developed to pay attention to empowerment and people's positions in companies.

Recently, much attention has been focused on students with challenges in learning their school activities. Parents, trainers, and researchers witness the confusion of some students in acquiring reading and writing skills given to them as homework from the early preschool period. Therefore, the learning disorder area is a special situation. Thus, the present study was carried out aiming to investigate the effect of training executive functions on quantitative reasoning, knowledge, and fluid reasoning among students suffering from learning disabilities in the first and second grades of elementary school in South Khorasan Province, Iran.

The present investigation was a semi-experimental study and it was performed using pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all elementary first and second grade boy students referred to the Learning Disabilities Centers of South Khorasan in 2017-2018 school year and Qaen learning disabilities center was selected as the sample and the place for handling educational meetings. Among these students, 24 people were selected by classification sampling method from purposeful and voluntary type. Then considering resulted scores from Tehran-Stanford-Binet Experiment Intelligence Score, they were placed peer to peer in 12-people groups of experiment and control. Experiment group followed in 60-minute fifteen sessions under executive functions training. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software and by covariance Analysis Method.

The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the means of experiment and control groups in the variables of quantitative reasoning, knowledge, and fluid reasoning and total score of executive function. In the other words, training of executive functions caused the increase of the mean of quantitative reasoning (111.33 12.34), knowledge (110.16 16.67), fluid reasoning (110.50 16.69) and total score of executive function (332.00 38.79) in posttest stage.

Cardiac arrest is an acute and important emergency situation, that started immediately cardiopulmonary resuscitation, your chance of survival increases. Acquiring knowledge and skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for nursing students from educational issues that has received special attention. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational software based on the knowledge of adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation in nursing students.

 The research study was conducted using a pretest-posttest method with control group on 64 undergraduate nursing students at Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018, and they were selected by the full census method. Two classes at fifth semester were randomly divided into the intervention (n=30) and control (n=34) groups. Both groups received the current practice of Basic-Life-Support (BLS) education, and then the intervention group received the smartphone educational application. The students' knowledge were investigated and compared before, one and three months after the intervention in two groups. Data was collected using a modified knowledge assessment questionnaire about the BLS.

In comparison with the control group, the students’ knowledge in the intervention group one month after (p<0.001) and three months after the intervention (p = 0.001) were significantly increased.

Smartphone - app CPR education increased the knowledge and skill of nursing students in the field of BLS-CPR. This study emphasized the importance of integrating smartphone - app trainings among nursing students. In addition, more studies are needed to ensure the retention of education.

The different people from different groups in multicultural countries will lead to differences in their views and their way of life, so one of the important issues in such societies is the creation of interactions between different groups. In this regard, the study of the Axiology foundations of co-existence education is necessary to better explain the coexistence education in the studied countries. The aim of this study is to achieve the methods of coexistence education in such communities to provide a solution to Iran's education

The way for achieve to this methods is a comparative study of the education of multicultural countries. The method of research is George Brady's method, which is carried out in four stages of description, interpretation, neighborhood and comparison.

The results of the research show that some the Axiology foundations of co-existence education are: freedom in opinion and thought and maintaining human dignity. coexistence education is important for China and Canada education. There are also a variety of ways to learn about coexistence in these two countries that based on the interaction between class members and groups. Finally, there are some ways for coexistence education in the China and Canada that by considering the dominant Iranian culture, they can be used for coexistence education in Iran.

From the results of the research it can be seen that considering the cultural context of each country, different educational methods can be searched in the curriculum of different countries and used to improve the education of countries.

In medical education, the exclusive role of explicit knowledge has been emphasized, and tacit knowledge has been driven to the irrational, even mysterious, sphere of thought. The issue is why physicians and policy makers in the field of health and medicine, based on a long tradition, regard the components of tacit knowledge as unpleasant and unfamiliar. In their view, contrary to explicit thinking, the concepts of this type of knowledge are obscure or unobtrusive.

Evaluation of an alternative model for clinical diagnosis has important implications and results in medical education. This study demonstrates the disadvantages of the conventional model in explicit knowledge-based medical education that has no place in physicians' tacit knowledge. By analyzing the tacit knowledge components, including observation, training and narrative, an alternative model of tacit education model in medicine is proposed.

The dominant approach to this research is qualitative. In this research, conceptual analysis method has been used. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of medical education as an implicit knowledge gate. In this method, the concepts used in a new structure are analyzed and redefined.

The tacit teaching model is a suitable method for moderating reductive and quantitative approaches in medicine. This type of attitude derived from tacit knowledge should consider motives, beliefs, aspirations and personal connections as the main and tacit basis of the medical education system.

Motivation is an intrinsic factor that drives ones behavior in a certain direction. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the motivation of elementary teachers to educate students and transfer their educational and ethical patterns to virtue and perfectionism and to internalize their values and positive reflection on family, community and education system Country.

The research method is qualitative. The study population consisted of all elementary school teachers in Ilam city to quantity 492 person during the academic year of 2017-2018 that to selected by purposeful sampling method person 20 of them were selected and with they interviewed It was done. Twenty pundits and experts were identified by purposeful sampling and with they were interviewed.

The results of data analysis showed that content analysis of interviews with participants in the initial coding stage of 53 primary codes, in the second stage 20 sub-categories and finally 4 main categories were extracted. The main topics were culture, family, educational content, spirituality and ethics. Most important the findings indicate that the dominant identity among in students is religious identity and that the identities of culture, family and educational content are in next priorities.

As a result, factors such as culture, family, education, spirituality and ethics are very important elements in educating students and guiding them towards honor, dignity, happiness and future health of society.