نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 30 (بهار 1396)

Shirkoo Bikas (1940-2013) is a pioneer Contemporary Kurdish poet and the winner of Swidish literal award of “Tokholoski” in 1987-1988. he also won the title of  “Fello- citizen” from the greatest civil society of Florance. the topic of the study is” the reflection of social issues in the poems of Shirkoo Bikas” the purposes of the study are the introduction of this competent poet to the non-kurdish- speaking people, the better knowledge to the literal techniques in the expression of one of the pivotal issues of his poem(freedom), and a better knowing of the poems of a contemporary poet. Statistic population is descriptive and based on his poems translated to pers   ian. the data have been gathered by the libray method and analyzed by the technique of content analysis. the results show that the depiction of the fearful atmosphere of Iraqi society during the Ba,th government, the expression of the pain and fortures of the society and the issues like this have given a new manifestation to the freedom in his poems, which the images created by the
poet with this concept is a justification of this issue.

Post-modernism is one of the modern actions in the Persian literature which it is so considered in the narrative literature in a particular way and different works have been created with a post–modernist approach recently. One of the authors who has been affected much more by this action in his short stories is Abootorab khosravi. In this essay, it has been tried to compare and analyze the state of using some of the most important methods of post–modernism in two stories “tafriq-e- khak” and “dastan-e-viran” from this author’s recent collection. For this reason, a brief has been brought from both two narrations at the beginning, then the used methods in each one have been investigated and; consequently, function of these methods has been evaluated with each other. Findings of the study showed that “tafriq-e-khak” story has embossed ontological content as the prominent element of postmodern texts by putting “existence” as the pivotal topic; whereas “dastan-e-viran” has benefited mostly from nominal methods; specially short circuit  and consequently attracted the reader to the meta-fictional basis of the work.

This study aims to investigate errors made by Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) and AFL (Arabic as a Foreign Language) by comparing them separately and with each other. Previous studies, however, have paid less attention to the area of error analysis, especially in terms of comparing two common foreign languages, that is English and Arabic, in the context of Iran. 107 Iranian university students majoring in Arabic (56) and English (51) were selected from two universities in Sanandaj, Universities of Kurdistan and Farhangian. Their writing compositions for a final writing exam, were utilized for the purpose of this study. Using three separate tables, one for English, one for Arabic, another one for common ones, the errors were classified into three main areas for each language to be descriptively analyzed by the means of Ch-square formula. The results revealed significant differences among the errors made by EFL and AFL learners although, in some cases, such as comparing common ones, the results should be interpreted cautiously due to weak effect size value.

Mirzade Eshghi is one of poets that a great part of his literary works depends on the role of realism’s elements , so one of the effect of realism on his poem is revolutionist feature. Realism is also one of the most fundemental art school which developed quickly in the middle of nineteenth century Keeping away from fancy and paying attention to realities of life are it’s the most basic elements which absorbed many poets like Farrokhi. Explicitness, blame and revolutionist criticism of society were signs of farrokhi’s acute realism. This analytical – descriptive article , by elicitation and study of revolutionist concepts and rudeness criticism of society by the two great poets in their own poems , is concluded that revolutionist poets in constitution were to some extent neglected from their main Cultural mission , that were soft awareness of minds and creation of inner revolution. It seemed , all these poets’ attempts for constitution reinforcement were in oblivion for a while. These poets get involved in revolutionist movements with social rudeness and didn’t pay attention to cultural transition in society. It is obvious that in opportune rudeness not only serves the society but also leads to other rudeness. Therefore these societies need to cultural poets more than revolutionist poets.

Death and the end of temporad Life is one of the issues that has, from days of yore, always occupied the mind of the humankind. Since writers and poets possess a more sensitive psyche compared with others, they have paid more attention to this topic. In fact, the  perennial concerns of their mindsand hearts. The issue of death might be brought up sometimes as a horrifying topic or sometimes as a wide range of viwepoints and thoughts. This can lead to the generation of ecstasy, redemption, a transcendental life, permanent friendships and a living inundated with faith. All of these can, as a consequence, turn the bitterness of death and its sorrow into bliss and insight. As one of the most sublime figures of persian poetry and prose, Saadi Shirazi possesses an exalted stature in fran and the world in terms of life experience and familiarity with Islamic and human morality in addition to literay, sicial, political and religious know how. In this articl, an attempt is made to outline the importance of the topic of death and its dimensions from the perspective of Saadi Shirazi, the preeminent figure of persian literature: the poet who made even death a bridge to the moral and didactic tenets of his locution.

Sufi tendency has always existed in the history of mysticism. But the nature and trends of this varied political and religious structure. Since the emergence of religion and revered Sufi figures, some political leaders and rulers because of various circumstances, of particular concern to Sufis and their efforts have attracted and satisfied. Some of the patriarch and Timurid rulers and rulers because of their spiritual disposition, were given to elders and different forms of Sufi been in contact with. Following this review it is up to the main axes of communication between political leaders and rulers of the Timurid period patriarch and pay the Sufis or:1. Reasons for Supporting the patriarch and Timurid rulers and political leaders, from the hospice, the hospice provider and financial assistance to analyze the Sufis. 2. The effect of prayer, miracles and listening to Sofian, to make connections with political leaders and rulers of the Timurid period and to check the patriarch. 3. The importance of expert advice and Sufis against the rulers of the Timurid period and specify the patriarch. 4. Siding rulers of the Timurid period and patriarch of the Sufi in difficulty, war and jihad in the role of consultant, examines.

Current  of  social Smbolism poetry is Known Current in contemporaryLiterature. Known poets were  followed in the Current and had been Known poems. The most striking feature of this Current is a significant relationship with the community lyrics .So that we can say poetry, is a reflection of society's problems. one of the components taken into Current  is protest literature. Because of the nature of social poetry is  protest and criticism And Because of  social conditions is unfavorable,  Poets are protest in responsing  for community issues. In this article studied examples of protest poetry prominent poets including Nima Youshij flow, Ahmad shamloo, Akhavan, Forough farrokhzad, Hamid Mossadegh. The results show : tyranny and  unstable social conditions is the main reason for the protest literature.  The most important protest  is about about poverty gap, injustice and inequality values, despotism and colonialism.

The term “focus of narration” that was used for the first time by Gerard Genette; The French Narratologists is a view that a writer or a narrator selects to concern it. It means that the considers the story from his or other point of view. A kind of narration that evaluates the focus of narration is called historical novel. This kind of novel reconstructs the history. This study analyses the focus of narration and the relation of narrator with the focalization in historical and romantic novels of Gorgi Zeydan. The result of this study indicated that he made use of different kinds of focus of narration in his historical novels.