فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 54 (زمستان 1398)

The purpose of this study is to develop the theory of addiction in order to interpret and analyze more effectively. The empirical and theoretical findings of the research will be used to correct strategies and affiliations.The research methodology is qualitative and uses from the Charmazian version of GTM in order to generate new ideas and interpretations. The research judgment sample includes a number of recoveries with high self-awareness about the addiction experience and a number of experienced experts in the field of addiction. Findings and research results show that addiction is a dynamic system. Its structure is based on its functions. After extensive tensions, addiction is a tension management system. The addiction system has transformed external changes into a dynamic structure. The substance acts as a non-linguistic general media. Having efficiency and speed have played a role in the formation of the functional structure of addiction... . The validity of the findings is based on the empirical and scientific qualifications of the information agencies and the alignment of the findings with a number of important sociological theories. In conclusion, it can be said that the drug users are paying attention to the effects of supplementary and additive drugs and the system of addiction after its dysfunctional system offers its function for dynamic balancing in the macro-social system.

The present study is aimed to test the fit model of the structural relationship between the dark triad and addiction potentiality.

This is a descriptive-correlation and structural equations modeling design. The study population is all students of Urmia University in the academic year 2017-2018. 320 students were selected using random clustering sampling method and were analyzed using Johnson and Webster’s (2010) Dark Triad trait (DT) Questionnaire and Addiction Potential Scale developed by Zeinali (2014).

It was found that there was a positive association between the dark triad and addiction potentiality. The highest correlation was observed between Machiavellianism and narcissism. Also, the structural equations modeling showed that there was a good fit between the structural relationship between the dark triad traits and addiction potentiality.

The dark triad trait is associated with addiction potentiality and can influence it.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of matrix treatment and modern group reality therapy based on choice theory on resilience and social adjustment in methamphetamine-dependent men who are treated with buprenorphine.

The research was a experimental study with a pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of All meth-amphetamine-dependent men who received buprenorphine-preserving treatment and referred to addiction centers in Tehran in the winter of 1397. 45 participant were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and a control group. In all three groups, patients' resilience and social adjustment were assessed through the Special questionnaires. The first group received matrix treatment therapy in 14 sessions, and the second group received 8 sessions of modern group reality therapy based on choice theory, but the third group did not receive training And were only under buprenorphine-preserving treatment. Then again, in the post-test, resilience and social adjustment were assessed for all three groups. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings of the study showed that matrix therapy and group reality therapy were effective on the resilience and social adjustment of patients (p <0.01). Also, the difference in the effectiveness of the two treatments was significant (p <0.01). And matrix therapy was more effective than the reality therapy in both variables.

Given the fact that the matrix model is a combination of cognitive-behavioral programs, coping skills, family education and community groups, it is recommended to be widely used in the treatment of patients with methamphetamine.

The study aim was to investigate the fitness of Iranian adolescents' risk-taking model in addiction with emphasis on family functioning and maladaptive schemas, distress tolerance and emotion regulation among Qom students.

The research method was descriptive-correlational of structural equations. The study population consisted of all adolescents who were studying in the second high schools of Qom city in 1396-97 that 322 subjects were selected by cluster random sampling. Questionnaires included: Simmons & Gaher distress tolerance Questionnaire (2005), Grenfski and et al. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), Epstein and et al. Family Functioning Questionnaire (1995), Young's Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (1994) and Weed and et al. Addiction Acceptance Scale (1992); Structural equation statistical test and LISREL were used to test the hypotheses.

The results showed that family function had significant effect on addiction risk and there was a significant relationship between family function and addiction risk. The results also showed that family functioning has an indirect and significant effect on the risk of addiction through emotional regulation and distress tolerance. In addition, the results of the present study showed that early maladaptive schemas have significant and significant effect on addiction risk. Also, maladaptive schemas have an indirect and significant effect on the risk of addiction through emotion regulation  but, early maladaptive schemas do not have an impact on the risk of addiction due to distress tolerance. In addition, according to the results of the present study, distress tolerance and emotional regulation have a significant and direct effect on the risk of addiction. In general, four variables were able to explain the risk factor for addiction in adolescents.

In this study, identifying a number of psychological variables affecting students' tendency to drug addiction, it is necessary to pay more attention to mental health of students and formulate preventive and therapeutic programs in this field to reduce the prevalence of addiction and to eliminate its deleterious effects.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on decrease craving and relapse prevention in opiate addicts.

this study is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the study was all male patients with a variety of opiate addiction Admitted to quitting addiction in psychiatric ward of Shahid Madani hospital in Khoy city  In the fall of 2018. From this population, a sample of 30 people was selected by purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools were included questionnaires of desire for drug (DDQ) & relapse prediction scale (RPS). Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis in SPSS program.

data analysis showed that positive psychotherapy resulted in significant difference between groups in craving (h2=0.800) and relapse prediction (h2=0.622) in opiate addicts.

regarding the results, it can be argued that positive psychotherapy has been effective in decreasing craving and relapse prevention in opiate addicts.

The purpose of this study was to predict addiction potential based on intentional self-regulation and positive youth development  in highschool students in Kermanshah.

The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included all high school students in Kermanshah. A sample of 198 people was selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed  the positive  youth development scale (Goldhof et al., 2010), intentional self-regulation questionnaire (Freund and Balts, 2002) and addiction potential scale (Wade and Boucher, 1992) , then data were analyzed by SPSS version 25 software.

The results of simultaneous regression showed that intentional self-regulation and positive youth development could predict addiction potential.

The results showed that there is a reverse and meaningful relationship between intentional self-regulation and positive youth development with addiction potential, as well as inentional self-regulation and positiv eyouth development  can predict addiction potential in high school students. These results show that self-regulation skills training and the implementation of positive youth development programs can reduce the tendency of adolescence to addiction

Present research aimed to determine the role of parenting styles, addiction potential of parents and child's temperament in predicting the addiction potential of adolescent students.

This study was descriptive from correlation type. Research population was adolescent students of Khoy city in 2018-19 academic years with number of 2472 person. Based on Krejcie and Morgan number of 350 students were selected through random cluster sampling method as a sample. Tools research was the questionnaires of parenting styles, addiction potential of parents, revised temperament and addiction potential of adolescent, that were completed in Ordibehesht of 2019 year by students and their parents. Data in SPSS-23 software with methods of Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with enter model.

The findings showed that authoritative parenting style of father and mother and score of child's temperament have a negative and significant relationship with addiction potential of adolescent students in general and in girls and boys and authoritarian and uninvolved parenting styles of father and mother and addiction potential of father and mother have a positive and significant relationship with addiction potential of adolescent students in general and in girls and boys, but permissive parenting style of father and mother haven’t significant relationship with addiction potential of adolescent students in general and in girls and boys. Also, parenting styles, addiction potential of parents and child's temperament together significantly could 38/6 percent of variance the addiction potential of adolescent students, 40/5 percent of variance the addiction potential of girl students and 46/6 percent of variance the addiction potential of boy students.

The results were indicating the role of parenting styles, addiction potential of parents and child's temperament in predicting the addiction potential of adolescent students. Therefore, it is necessary that experts and planners based on role and share of mentioned variables design and implement programs to reduce the addiction potential of adolescent students.

The aim of this study was to compare of the effect of tranquility and mindfulness on emotional cognitive regulation and family function in consuming slow-moving substances after detoxification.

This quasi-experimental study was a pre-test and post-test with a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included man patients who were referred to the private center for the addiction withdrawal of Ahwaz welfare organization affiliated to the Ahwaz Welfare Organization. 60 of them were selected through available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental group consisted of 10 sessions of tone and the experimental group of mindfulness was trained in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Subjects were evaluated through cognitive-emotional regulation Garnfoksi et al (2002) and family function Ellie McMaster, (1998), end-of-treatment sessions, and follow-up 3 months after group therapy. The control group was without any group therapy.

Using the Multivariate analysis of covariance method and repeated measurements, the results indicated that the use of tranquility and mindfulness in effective emotional cognitive regulation and family function was effective, and between the effectiveness of tranquility and mindfulness on emotional cognitive regulation and family function in consuming slow-moving substances after detoxification There is a significant difference in the amount of tranquility and mindfulness.

Considering the common dimensions of two therapies, the use of combination therapies, such as mindfulness based on tranquility, is suggested in the treatment of abusive substance abusers.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the survival and dropout of addiction treatment based on sensation seeking and impulsivity. The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study was all addicts in Ardabil city that came to one of the centers for addiction treatment and 349 of them were selected based on Krejcy and Morgan tables and multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Arnett inventory of sensation seeking. The discriminate function analysis results showed that sensation seeking (novel and intense) and impulsivity (attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness) was the ability to predict the survival and dropout of addicts from addiction treatment interventions. Therefore, it is concluded that sensation seeking and impulsivity have a negative correlation with survival, and the amount of these attributes in the addicted person is low, and leads to long-term survival. On the other hand, the amount of impulsivity and sensation seeking in people who are out of treatment is significantly higher. Therefore, in clinics and camps, it is necessary to focus on mental and counseling on reducing impulsivity and sensation seeking.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive training on sense of coherence and quality of life in spouses of addicted men.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest- posttest design with control group and 3-months follow-up. The statistical population of this study consisted of the wives of addicted men who referred to Dr. Moeini addiction treatment and rehabilitation center in Gorgan from 2008 to 2018. Using convenience sampling method, 30 persons were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned randomly in experimental group (15) and control group (15).The experimental group received metacognitive training for depression for 8 sessions. Antonovsky's sense of coherence Questionnaire (1987) and WHOQOL-BREF scale (1996) were used for data collection.

The results showed that metacognitive training led to significant increase in sense of coherence (P<.01), Overall quality of life (P<.05), physical health (P<.01) and environmental health (P<.05) in addicted men's wives.

metacognitive training through identifying and modifying thought processes can be used as an effective intervention in spouses of addicted men.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based training on self-harming behaviors and protective factors of substance abuse among adolescents at the juvenile correction and rehabilitation center at Tehran.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all adolescents aged 13-17 years old at juvenile correction and rehabilitation center in Tehran city. The final sample consisted of 24 male high school students in the juvenile correction and rehabilitation center who were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n=12) and the training sessions were held for the experimental group for 8 sessions (once every 2 hours per week). The measures were the Inventory of Statements about Self-injury by Klonski & Glenn (2009) and Questionnaire of Risk Factors and Protective Factors against Substance Use. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that mindfulness-based training program reduced self-injurious behaviors in the experimental group and also it reduced substance use attitude, feeling of depression and sensation seeking. There was a significant increase in the dignity and self-control in the experimental group (p <0.001).

Based on the results, it is recommended that the mindfulness-based principles and concepts which in fact were confirmed its impact on Iranian society, can be used for counselors and have been analyzed, interpreted in specialized workgroups and empowerment sessions to learn how they can be used to help adolescents at juvenile correction and rehabilitation center.

The present study has been done to investigate the Effectiveness of Positive Skills Training on psychological Hardiness Male Substance Dependent during treatment With Methadone.

Research type was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design with control group. Population of this study was all in Male Substance Dependent during treatment With Methadone that to addiction treatment clinics in Kermanshah academic year 2019. 30 men were selected through available sampling method and assigned in 2 groups (experimental and control) randomly. The experimental group received 8 training sessions for positive thinking skills. The research instrument include Ahwaz psychological hardiness questionnaire Kayamrathi, Najjarian and Sohrabi-zadeh Honarmand (1998). The gathered data were analyzed through ANCOVA.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of psychological Hardiness.

Based on the results it can be said that the Positive Skills Training on psychological Hardiness Male Substance Dependent during treatment With Methadone is effective.

 Craving is a major barrier to the effective treatment of substance
 addiction. This study conducted in order to Modelling structural relations of craving based on sensitivity to reinforcement, distress tolerance and self-compassion with the mediating role of self-efficacy for quitting.

The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The whole people with substance dependence referring to Ardabil centers of addiction treatment in the second half of 2018 comprised statistical population of this research. two hundred and forty-five people were selected from this population through multistage random cluster sampling and they were asked to respond to questionnaires of sensitivity to reward and punishment, Distress tolerance, self-compassion, self-efficacy for quitting and also craving. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and strucctral equating modeling (SEM) using Lisrel software.

The results of correlation coefficient indicated that craving with sensitivity to reward and punishment was positive and with negative total score of total Distress tolerance and its components, and with the total score of self-compassion and components (Kindness to oneself, common humanity and mindfulness), and negative self-efficacy There is a significant positive relationship with components (self-confidence, isolation, and overweight) Also, there is a negative relationship between self-efficacy for quitting sensitivity to reward and punishment and with the total score of Distress tolerance and its components, and with the total score of compassion for oneself and components (Kindness to oneself, common humanity and mindfulness), positive relationship and components (Self-confidence, isolation There is a negative and significant relationship between the two. The model fitness indexes confirmed the path of sensitivity to rewards and punishment, distress tolerance and self-compassion to the craving with the mediating role of self-efficacy for quitting.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stress management training on the basis of the Meichenbaum method on psychological empowerment, social skills and reducing the craving of addicts in addiction treatment clinics in Shahid Moshehad. In this study, a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design with control group And the statistical population has been used by all patients treated with methadone in addiction treatment clinics. The target sample is 30 of them. They were selected using purposeful sampling based on the criteria for entering the research and divided into two experimental and control groups in a simple random manner. Both groups completed Sturm et al. (1999), psychological empowerment questionnaires (1973), social skills questionnaire (1939) and Franken et al. (2000). The test group was 8 sessions of 1 hour 2 sessions per week were under stress-management training in the Meichenbaum mode, but the control group did not receive any training. Finally, the data were analyzed through covariance analysis using SPSS software. Results showed that the mean scores of psychological empowerment and social skills of the experimental group were significantly more than the control group and the mean craving scores of the experimental group was less than that of the control group (01 / 0˂P). Based on this, it can be concluded that stress management training in the manner of Meichenbaum has been able to provide the basis for reducing craving and increase psychological empowerment and social skills, and can serve as an effective way to improve the situation. Patients treated for addiction should be used.

Goal:

 This study aimed to investigate the meditative role of early maladaptive schemas in relationship between attachment styles and coping styles among patients who referred to addiction abortion centers in Abhar.

Using multistage cluster sampling method, 234 addicts were selected as sample. The Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazen & Shaver, 1987), Folkman and Lazarus’s Coping Styles Questionnaire (1985), and Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Yang, 1998) were used as research tools.

The findings showed that the mean of safe, avoidance, and ambivalent attachment styles was 2.90, 2.73, and 2.94, respectively. The mean of emotion-oriented and problem-oriented coping styles was 2.33 and 2.36, respectively. The mean of exclusion, self-regulation and impaired performance, other-orientation, inhibition, and inappropriate restrictions schemas was 3.09, 2.85, 3.28, 3.38, and 3.25, respectively. The findings also showed that there was positive and significant correlation (0.24) between early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles. The correlation coefficient of attachment styles and coping styles was calculated to be 0.18; this was significant. Also, there was a significant correlation between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles whith correlation coefficient of 0.3.

The results of the analysis of the coefficients indicated that the identification of attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas and the use of coping styles can prevent the occurrence of narcotics.