نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 29 (زمستان 1398)

Before entrance of Qajar architectural style, which had an undeniable effect on architectural method of public buildings and urban houses, native architecture of the area enjoyed a unique structure, because the architect with a perfectly climatic approach arisen from climatic considerations of temperate and humid areas had created a special type of architecture with maximum efficiency and minimum costs. During Qajar period because of location of Guilan in the itinerary of European business and production of important goods such as silk, tea and rice, the area was located in the itinerary of changes in the nature and tolerated considerable transitions, which had abundant effects on its architecture.The main questions, to which the present research wants to answer, are these: What is the climatic or historical pattern of construction of Sadeghi's House (one of the historical houses of Lahijan)? In case of combination of patterns, was the final composition in conformity with the requirements of the building residents? Some of the research findings are as follows: The importance of this issue is seen in documentation of the historical monuments, which is itself an introduction to the necessity of protection of ancient and valuable architectural works of this area and its conformity with today's architecture of the area for achieving persistent construction patterns. In this research the data were collected in field method and compiled in descriptive analytic method.

Frames of reference show the formation of the knowledge that organize objects in the environment based on the physical movement of the person or the condition of the environment in which the representation occurs. This article studies the formation of frame of reference in memory to represent the spatial structure of large-scale outdoor environments due to less consideration in literature review, lack of attention to the scale of the formation of frames of reference, as well as the lack of ecological validity in other researches. For this purpose, in this paper, two types of experiments have been used to change the scale of the environment and the purpose of the reference. In one experiment, familiar and unfamiliar participants will get acquainted with the situations of three groups of triad building with the help of walking in the path that involves each group. Then they are shown maps representing these triple groups in five different orientations (from 0 to 180 degrees) and they judge whether each triple group is properly presented or not based on relative situations between buildings. In other experiment, the participants will get acquainted with the situation of the eight unknown objects in the pedestrianized environment, moving in two pre-planned and inscribed routes there ( one path is aligned to the side of the sidewalk and the other is misaligned with a 45 degree angle). Afterwards, participants use their memory by pointing to objects as target. In both experiment, the accuracy and the delay time to the examiners' questions are the dependent variables of the research.

Abstract Choosing the best teaching method appropriate to the aim and field of a subject is one of the issues that have been given focused attention by education researchers during the past few decades. Architecture, influenced by vast technologic advancements, is one of the majors which experienced fundamental changes during last decades, but its educational methods are still the same.One of the important aspects in this regard is using “critical pedagogy” introduced by “Paulo Freire” as a method which is based on Power-sharing and mutual exchange of information between the teacher and students rather than one-sided mere transfer of information. On the other hand, via Deci & Ryan “Self-Determination Theory” we know that three needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness, if are satisfied properly in a learning environment, could cause intrinsic motivation. The conceptual model of this study assumes that critical pedagogy, because of its Learner-centered nature, have the ability to increase autonomy and therefore intrinsic motivation. Thus the aim of this study is to evaluate students’ motivation under the circumstances of critical education method. For this purpose, a number of graduate students of Islamic Azad University of Gorgan attending the architectural design course (1) were chosen as the sample. In order to eliminate confounding variables to the extent possible Semester was divided in two parts and even subjects was defined in two phase so comparison between two methods of teaching could be practicable. At the end of each part students were tested by Deci & Ryan learning climate questionnaire. Results shows that critical education have a significant impact on intrinsic motivation of the participants.

In this paper, it is tried to state the problem of representation and architectural representation through its procedure for gradual creation in architecture and then according to scholars and to obtain the effect of this concept in the process of architectural facts the concepts are presented. Then, it is referred to its definitions is also provided from the perspective of semiotics. In addition through a deductive view aiming to clarify the fundamental differences between types of architectural representation in Architecture history, three fundamental roles in the architectural representation as mimesis and imitation, architectural representation as abstraction and architectural representation as simulation are described and examples are cited for each of them. In the end, because using Umberto Eco's theory in this paper and his semiotic perspective to Architecture, by a qualitative methodology and with an interpretive approach in architectural codes, the comparative tables are provided, and to clarify the relationship between the Architectural representation and Architectural codes. In conclusion these comparative tables are separately classified in three groups of new meanings, so a variety of architectural representation roles according to Eco's semiotic perspective in diverse historical periods in architecture are explained until finally the Architectural representation that is considered in three new groups in Eco's theory, as a result of this research abtained.

Presentation of the artworks is the initial and the ability to see and enjoy visiting the museum is the sublime function of the museums. The use of light as one of the basic parameters in visual perception is a key for improving this purpose. Therefore, studying the science of ergonomic lighting based on natural-solar lighting as the most complete spectrum of light can be considered as an effective step in improving the museum function. This article is a qualitative research with an applied goal to improve the proficiency of a museum using the ergonomic natural lighting. Basic studies in this paper is based on previous creditable researches and data processing is based on using content analysis method. In the present study, this analytic-comparative process has been passed for introducing and estimating some common useful natural lighting systems in the museums. Top lighting systems are more useful in the museums of art rather than side lighting ones. This paper is introducing photovoltaic shade and light shield as the most efficient natural lighting systems; in the next places, light pipe and light shelf can be considered as the useful systems for ergonomic natural lighting in the sculpture museums. Ergonomic lighting based on natural light fulfills an important role in achieving the lighting criteria in the museums. As a result, combination of photovoltaic shade and light shield can be designed as the most appropriate natural lighting system in this place. In addition, considering some side lighting methods is necessary for providing proper views.

Every phenomenon in the world has multiple levels of meaning, from shape or external appearance, to semantic, moral or spiritual features. Recognizing and understanding these levels depends on peoples’ ideology. In the design discipline, buildings have also levels of meaning, since architectural forms indicate shapes and express meanings in various levels. Accordingly it is an important point for designers to gain an understanding of different ways to express meanings. Allegory is one the different ways to express meanings in disciplines such as literature and art. This article aims to explain the role of allegory and its applications in architecture. Thereupon allegories' characteristics in different fields were reviewed to fill the theoretical and epistemological gap of its applications in architecture by means of a comparative study. It is useful to create meaningful architectural forms and understand the hidden meanings in the existing buildings. This research, is a comparative study of the application of allegory in literature, art and architecture which is done in descriptive, analytical method and has a qualitative approach. This study attempts to answer the main question ’how is the role and application of the allegory’? Results indicate that allegory, as one of the most important expressing ways, plays an important role in the reception and perception of meaning at its various levels. It occurs by making deep mental concepts, more tangible and objective. In art and architecture with the use of allegory, intellectual and mental images of concepts are created in the mind of the audience by the use of objective images. These images make long lasting effect in mind. The results also show that the most important allegories used in Iranian architecture, show the unity and express the monotheism, as the highest level of truth and meaning, by using of different physical and functional forms.

Due to the emerging between Iranian- Islamic culture and modernization, in recent years , question was always proposed: what is the position of our indigenous culture and Islamic values and architecture and urbanism which are the clear examples of these values, and how should they be? Meanwhile, the role of facades are part of cityscape, which convey the cultural meanings and identify cityscape and the role of Islamic ornamentation, which was an absolute part of the cities, is so important. This paper is to fulfill the aim by descriptive- analytical – historic research method based on reading document and sources as well as analyzing them, consider the position of Islamic ornamentation urban facade with adaptive- comparative method and their role in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. Meanwhile, Bala and Paein khhiaban urban facades were considered in terms of color, material, ornamentations and the palace of them, and their role in the Islamic culture factors including theological, social life and indigenous values in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. The results show that all the façade are two- story with smooth and even skyline in terms of geometrical ornamentation moarragh tile and moaghelli with break work on top of the façade and this ornamentations play a noticeable role in Islamic culture values in city scape and city façade. This paper is to fulfill the aim by descriptive- analytical – historic research method based on reading document and sources as well as analyzing them, consider the position of Islamic ornamentation urban facade with adaptive- comparative method and their role in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. Meanwhile, Bala and Paein khhiaban urban facades were considered in terms of color, material, ornamentations and the palace of them, and their role in the Islamic culture factors including theological, social life and indigenous values in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. .

Increasing productivity and stimulating knowledge sharing are objectives which heard quite often during the design phase of an office. Most Studies focus on the effects of the office physical environment on occupiers’ productivity, whilst we should consider both physical and behavioral components. Research has indicated that the improvements of physical (layout and comfort) and behavioral (interaction, focus) variables of environment increase productivity at workplace. The primary aim of this study is to better understand their relationships through a structured questionnaire to confirm the effectiveness of design variables on productivity in office spaces. The effect of Gender, educational level and job position of employees on the extent to which they appraise the office design support their productivity, is also investigated. The questionnaire consists of four sections: Personal information and general workplace, work patterns, design variables, and perceived productivity. According to our data - which collected from 10 Iranian IT companies with 384 respondents - focus, comfort, interaction and layout are the most important design variables which affect productivity of employees in office spaces, respectively. The overall response, according to gender, showed female respondents are more concerned about the comfort and interaction. Analysis of data, also, revealed that the educational level has a substantial impact on their judgment for functionality of office design on their perceived productivity while job position doesn’t.

Architectural education upon emergence like other fields of education, has frequently have undergone significant evolution, and in this course, the attitudes of decision-makers in this area of the study due to its affects on the development of educational environments and systems has had an important role. In various educational systems, there always were ambiguities about the require time to cover the educational courses, the fundamental to choose presented lessons, and the kind of skills which are taught. In this study, the main objective was to propose an optimum model and a coherent strategy based on analyzing the specifications of various educational systems in the world while providing the profit undergraduates studying in the field of architecture with an efficient as well as purposeful education; therefore, using the correlation method in dependent and compound manner, and based on a casual and systematic approach to architecture education, the educational program was considered as a system that can be analyzed and evaluated through the general theory of systems. Ultimately, analyzing the priority of the skills revealed that “flexibility” as the most specific quality of architecture syllabus had been recognized in the world which can itself be divided into two parts: “flexibility in selecting the courses from the presented ones” and “flexibility concerning the subject of designing in the architecture design courses”. Besides the methods of evaluating and selecting the courses depend on tendencies of undergraduates, but this is neglected in the systems of architecture education in Iran.

Nowadays, there are few suitable urban places for people in our cities. The main aim of this study is to create and shape urban places which are neglected due to less attention to urban domains as well as less attention to promoting environmental quality, communications, urban movements, etc. This research conducted based on a theoretical framework for explanation, redefinition and introduction of place shaping (as a new concept) with emphasis to review of literature. Then, by the use of field studies regarding Gonbad-e Kavus reached to population and sampling. It has been provided a questionnaire as an instrument to collect data and to reach shaping of unused and abandoned spaces in Gonbad-e Kavus. For data analysis used SPSS software and it has been evaluating specific criteria in regard with research topic. These data analyzed in two sections: descriptive findings (demographic characteristics) and analytical findings (tests: Kolmogorov / Smirnov, binomial, Friedman & T) to evaluate the distribution of quantitative variables and identify and prioritize the factors affecting the formation of urban places. The results show in Gonbad-e Kavus in most study sites, residents of the path of movement (walls, sidewalks and green space), as well as lack of suitable street furniture and finally the possibilities for fun and spending their time are faced with a problem. It is better use of urban furniture elements with lighting and use of materials to be used in accordance with the environment in urban space. Finally, in conclusions, practical suggestions are provided on each site.

This study is taken place aiming the effects of environmental elements on intensity of the symbols of Autism in 4 to 10 years old children. Using the semi experimental sketch on the referees to one of consulting and psychiatric centers in Urmia city, 24 people were selected randomly in two groups of testing and controlling 12 members. First, the Coners questionnaire, parents form and pre-tests were presented to each group and after some changes in the home environment both groups were tested again and some advices were given by parents and trainers and then again after 6 weeks both groups were tested and results were analyzed using covariance via SPSS18 software. Research findings showed that use of natural light, having visual and audio communication with the outside of the home, and viewing the nature through the window of child's room, had a positive effect on the use of spectrum of pink and violet colors, allocating enough space to address physical activity Encouraging the child to do their homework and activities in a natural and open space, as well as addressing targeted games in the natural and green environment outdoors, the presence of small plants and shrubs inside the building and possibility of a child's relationship with them can reduce Significant severity of ADS symptoms. Considering the significant difference between these experimental and control groups, the proper design of housing and educational shades and the importance of quality of the spaces may help to reduce the symptoms of childhood autism disorder

Energy saving is one of the most important challenges of today's world. In recent years, increasing concern about the environmental consequences of energy consumption and global warming has doubled the importance of this issue. In our country, the building sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption. The building plays as the main intermediary between the outside and inside of the essential role in controlling the environmental conditions and providing comfort to the inhabitants of the building. This research investigates thermal behavior of external walls of buildings in Mashhad city. The research method was combined in this research and was identified by field studies of the common external walls in Mashhad buildings and simulated in the design of the Billboard software, and have been investigated in terms of energy consumption, as well as a number of new external walls Which are limited to the implementation of them in Mashhad, have been investigated in terms of thermal performance in the Designer Billboard software. The results show that the weakest wall in terms of thermal response between the exterior walls in the city of Mashhad HCB1 and the optimal wall in terms of energy saving and the appropriate thermal response A2, which uses this wall at 50% load The total and 73% are saved in wall losses, although the L2 wall performs better in the cold seasons, and prevents the outflow of heat inside the admittacne because of the energy required to provide the heating of the building. It is less than the rest of the walls, as well as the implementation of the dry facade system of each wall, which is observed by executing The dry façade of the total load and the heat dissipation of the wall are reduced.

In recent years, there has been a growth in commercial tourism, which requires the provision of environmental infrastructure, especially the development of commercial hotels. However, in the architecture of existing hotels, less attention has been paid to the Iranian identity environment. Meanwhile, traditional Iranian architecture, as one of the most valuable heritage of global culture, has the potential of being considered during the design of hotels. This research was aimed at introducing the physical values of Iranian architecture, in order to identify the commercial hotel environment. The research methodology is quantitative and at first, the identification of the physical values of Iranian architecture was obtained by studying academic researches. In the next step, with the cooperation of 5 experts in the field of Iranian architecture, a 29-component questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.86, in 5 areas (application, urban fabric, color, materials and historical periods) was designed. Because there was no accurate information about the statistical community, the method of determining the sample size of the unknown community was used and 201 questionnaires were distributed among tourists residing in 8 hotels of Tehran and the SPSS software was used for their analysis. Analysis of the research results showed that geometric patterns (in materials and ceiling), sense of place and color have been the values of Iranian architectural identity. Also, tourists are attracted to colorful spaces with geometric patterns and with closeness to the physical features of the historical periods of the Qajar, Safavid and Achaemenid. Therefore, the use of selected physical values can be considered in the design of commercial hotels.

According to the various prerequisite courses in architectural design education and the lack of coordination amongst studio tutors and improper choosing of exercises, many drawbacks will raise in the process of architectural education. This will result in losing the students’ motivations. The tradition of incessantly undergraduate and graduate education of architecture in Iran, has been changed and separated from each other in 1999. This caused some changes in curriculum especially in the courses related to basics of architectural design. Before separating system, the introductory courses to architectural design were run in one studio and under supervision of a single group of tutors. But after separating, the courses disintegrated into several units, such as applied geometry, construction, material workshop, sketching and visual perception of built environment. The present combination method is trying to depict the effect of studios teaching methods (Integration and disintegration), on architecture students motivation. For this purpose, the practice of drawing plan and section of Staircase in the course of Applied Geometry, by students in their first semester by two methods combination (At the same time teaching basic courses) and disintegration (Independent teaching basic courses) has been considered. The test has been carried out by two groups of 18 students of Azad University in Urmia and the Valrand students' academic motivation questionnaire is used. The results indicate that teaching basic courses such as Applied Geometry in architecture alongside other parallel course, increases intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in architecture students and as a result, the quality of education improves.

In developed societies, with regard to the definition of citizenship, citizens have a direct involvement in the management of city affairs. In such societies, due to the existence of popular institutions and the expansion of urban democracy, spaces and public buildings have a fundamental role in establishing social connections and citizenship participation. The City Hall, which is one of the most popular and public buildings in the city, is home to the city and is the symbolic home of the citizens. The most important features of the City Hall are its socialization for all strata and social groups. The purpose of this research is to identify the components of community in the city hall. In this research, it is assumed that the city hall in Ardebil has increased the participation of citizens and, consequently, the sociality of the city of Ardabil. In this regard, these questions are raised: What are the components of City Hall's community? In order to meet the stated goal, the concept of city hall, public spaces, sociality, physical and general characteristics of social spaces and the dimension of the project have been studied. Based on the studies, the components of physical, activity and semantic perceptions have been developed. A questionnaire was designed based on the components and the results of the questionnaire were obtained using the spss software which was used to measure the components and respond to the hypothesis and research questions The results show the readability and visibility, the hallmark of the city hall, the inviting entrance, the existence of transparent spaces, the creation of gathering spaces and gatherings, celebrations and national and religious ceremonies, the existence of cultural function, identity and having a collective memory, from The important components of the community are the city hall.

Selecting the functions and location of deployment of them are the most challenging parts of the mosque's design and any perspective on choosing applications and identifying their location on the plan can lead to the design of a particular architecture in mosques. The main objective of this article is to classify the viewpoints of architects in relation to the introduction of lateral uses. to achieve this goal, after the functions in the mosque at the regional scale identification, by referring verdicts religious scholars, consistency criteria of each function with religious function was determined, and questionnaire responses were given to statistical society including two groups of religious and architectural experts. To analyze the questionnaires, Topsis method were assessed. After that considering the degree of compatibility, the position of lateral functions of mosques Relative to Main spaces of worship in regional mosques was identified. Based on this, consistent criteria of each function with religious function, are failure to conflict with the mosque and not to disturb the worshipers. According To these criteria, lateral functions of mosques were classified to four categories include very consistent, consistent, slightly consistent and inconsistent with religious function. Then, 5 states were identified to determine the experts' opinion regarding the space deployment of each lateral function. Based on this, another closed questionnaire responses was designed and was gave to 25 Experts of mosque designer. Then answers was analyzed with the Chi-squared test. Openions can be classified into three perspectives that each point lead to an special architecture. The results show that regional mosques can be categorized in 3 models :service mosque, prayer mosque and social -Ebadi mosque, which according to the analysis of the type of placement relationship with degrees of adaptation the desirable model in programming and design of the architecture is the social mosque-Ebadi model.

Abstract Urban spaces are full of memories that are permanent in the minds of inhabitants and also visitors. Sometimes memories are individual and have a significant place in the biography of a person and sometimes are collective and common among all citizens and members of a society. Events in a city create memories and memories create lives. Memory-maker spaces of the past are forgotten or degraded. Therefore reduction of proper backgrounds for occurrence of urban events and social interactions has led to the reduction of dependency emotions of citizens to a space and cities are just a setting for frequent commutes. What inclines an urban space to memorability is subjective and objective evidences of semiotic templates. Today the signs are faded in urban spaces and this is a preface for amnesia of urban spaces and subsequently effects on the meaningfulness of urban spaces. Therefore the signs are important tools for continuity and transfer of collective memories. In this regard this research aims to investigate the concept of collective memory and its retrieval and comparison in urban spaces with semiotic approach. Content analysis and deductive reasoning are the main methods to create the mental grounds of the research. Confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software is used for statistical analysis. Results of the research show that although at the moment the perceptual and social and semantic codes (perpetual-mental components and social-temporal ones) of the sense of collective memory in urban spaces of Hasan-Abad square and Azadi Square have the most effect in memorability, perpetual codes and social codes have the highest effect in Azadi Square and Hasan-Abad square respectively which is justifiable with regard to the spatial characteristics of these two spaces (logical codes).

Many urban communities are conflicting different social issues including crime and in a general statement, lack of security. The issue can be related to socio-demographics, on the other hand, there is an undeniable relationship between crime incidence and geography. The study of urban crime is part of criminology discipline named “the environmental criminology”, in which crime patterns are explained by the characteristics of built environments. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlations between key aspects of urban form (i.e. density and land use mix) and the perceived level of security for residents at the scale of urban block in seven neighborhoods of metropolitan Shiraz. The data required for this study have been collected from the national census database, Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets and household questionnaire survey. The urban physical indicators are measured objectively. The perceived security is defined by five variables, extracted from the literature, including fear of crime, experience of crime occurrence, having reliable neighbors, social cohesion and incivilities. According to the one-way ANOVA analysis outcomes, there is a significant relationship among different blocks developed in three different historic eras (i.e. lower median for newly developed neighborhoods) in terms of the fear of crime and crime occurrence. The results from correlation analysis show that more crimes are associated with the blocks having higher amounts of residential density. The results also reveal that higher levels of crime occurrence and the perceived fear of crime are correlated with the higher share of non-residential land uses across the investigated block.

Human society has experienced a fundamental shift since 1980s that they call it in titles such as information era, network society and knowledge economy. The main feature of this era is emphasizing on the importance of knowledge and information in order to achieving prospection and development. The broad changes in this era have shifted the role of cities, especially great metropolis of the world as well. So that now days those metropolises that are searching competition and wealth have changed their production basis from commodity-based to knowledge based and tried to take a new role in world economy. But the relationship between metropolises and knowledge based economy is bilinear. According to which, this investigation has tried to analyze the capacity of Tehran metropolis in order to knowledge based development and to achieving this goal tried to do two types of analysis. First it has done an external analysis by collecting a series of measures and criterions and corresponding data. The investigation has tried to compare Tehran with other Iranian metropolises to explore its weakness, strengths, opportunities and threads. Second the investigation has tried to study the strategic- structural plan of Tehran in comparison with some knowledge based strategies that have been collected from theoretic literature. Finally a SWOT chart has gained. In this part a path analysis model has been run and the path of Iranian metropolises KBD has been extracted. In this investigation according to different subjects, different models and software such as AHP, cluster analysis, path analysis, Excel, SPSS etc. have been used

according to the developed model in this article, a strategic plan has been suggested in order to achieving the final goal called “Tehran knowledge based development”.