فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/01/09
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • لیلا افروزه، محمدرضا ثقفی* صفحات 5-16

    یکی از علل نارضایتی اغلب کاربران از معماری مدرسه، اختلاف ‏نظر بین کاربران مدرسه و برنامه‏ ریزان است؛ بنابراین ضروری است که برنامه‏ دهی مدرسه با مشارکت اعضایی حاصل شود که متعلق به همسایگی مدرسه ‏اند. هدف این تحقیق دستیابی به برنامه‏ دهی مشارکتی مدرسه‏ اجتماعی و نمایش فرایند مشارکت کاربر می‏باشد؛ در این راستا از نظرات کاربران دبستان ‏ام البنین و اهالی محله‏ ملاصدرای اصفهان توسط ابزارهای مشارکتی همچون کارگروه ‏های مشارکتی (شامل والدین، معلمان و دانش ‏آموزان)، مصاحبه و پرسش نامه (شامل 13 پرسش نامه ‏ توسط معلمان و 87 ‏ پرسش نامه توسط والدین و اهالی محله) استفاده شد. این پژوهش کیفی از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی برای تحلیل داده ها، روش کتابخانه‏ای، همچنین ابزار مصاحبه و پرسش نامه در پیمایش میدانی برای گردآوری داده‏ ها بهره‏ برداری می کند. جمع ‏بندی یافته ها به تنظیم جدول برنامه‏ دهی معماری طبق شاخصه ‏های دریافتی از سوی کاربران می‏انجامد؛ نتیجه پژوهش ارائه‏ مدل پیشنهادی مشارکت کاربر در فرایند برنامه ‏دهی مدرسه اجتماعی می باشد که می‏تواند در شناخت نیازهای کاربران و افزایش رضایت کاربر از طراحی مدرسه موثر باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: مشارکت کاربر، برنامه‏ دهی مشارکتی، برنامه‏ دهی معماری، مدرسه اجتماعی
  • آزاده قرائی، اسفندیار زبردست*، حمید ماجدی صفحات 17-32

    فرم و ساختارفضایی شهر، از ابعاد مهم شناخت و تحلیل شهر می باشند. بررسی ادبیات نظری پیرامون مفاهیم ساختار فضایی، فرم شهری، استخوان بندی، شکل شهر و... نشان می دهد تشتت آراء در این حوزه ها بسیار است؛ لذا محقق با استفاده از روش های پژوهش قیاسی به دنبال تبارشناسی و واکاوی دقیق مفاهیم فرم و ساختار فضایی شهر است. از طرف دیگر، یکی از مهم ترین منابع ناپایداری، فرم و ساختارفضایی شهر شناخته شده است. محقق با استفاده از روش پژوهش استقرایی و بهره گیری از مدل خوشه بندی K-means در نرم افزار Pyton و همچنین استفاده از نر م افزار GIS جهت تحلیل داده های مکانی و پرسش نامه ساکنین برای شاخص-های کیفی، به دنبال آن است که ارتباط میان مولفه های فرم شهری و ساختار فضایی را بر مولفه های پایداری در مقیاس مناطق شهر تهران شناسایی نماید. همپوشانی بالای خوشه بندی مناطق تهران بر اساس شاخص های فرم و ساختار فضایی و نیز شاخص-های پایداری، نشان دهنده تاثیرگذاری مستقیم شاخص های فرم و ساختار فضایی شهری بر پایداری در شهر تهران است.

    کلیدواژگان: فرم شهر، ساختار فضایی، پایداری اجتماعی، پایداری اقتصادی، پایداری زیست محیطی
  • حمید احمدزاده کرمانی، بهرام امین زاده گوهرریزی* صفحات 33-44

    سوانح طبیعی همواره چالشی بزرگ در دستیابی به توسعه پایدار جوامع انسانی بوده است. نگاهی که تا کنون در مدیریت سوانح و مدیریت شهری وجود داشته ،بیشتر نگاه مقابله ای و کاهش مخاطرات بوده است. حوزه ادبیات مخاطرات در یک تغییر پارادایم از (ارزیابی مخاطرات) به سمت (تحلیل آسیب پذیری) تغییر رویه داده است. در پژوهش پیش رو با توجه به تبیین رابطه تاب آوری در جهت کاهش اثرات سوانح طبیعی ، در راستای شناخت ابعاد تاب آوری و راهبردهایی برای تقلیل خطر، ابعاد چهار گانه رویکرد تاب آوری بررسی شده است.هدف از پژوهش حاضر،تحلیل شاخص های تاب آوری، اندازه گیری تاب آوری،بررسی میزان تاب آوری منطقه 9 شهرداری مشهد میباشد.در این پژوهش با استفاده از مدل میانگین مجموع فواصل از حد بهینه مقادیر DSF,IIFو URF محاسبه گردید و میزان تاب آوری منطقه 9 شهرداری مشهد برابر با 0.89 بدست آمد که شرایطی نسبتا تاب آور را مشخص می کند.

    کلیدواژگان: تاب آوری، ابعاد و شاخص ها، سنجه های تاب آوری، میانگین مجموع فواصل از حد بهینه، منطقه 9 شهرداری مشهد
  • الهام جعفری، حمزه غلامعلی زاده*، محمود مدیری صفحات 45-60

    در این پژوهش تصور بر آن است که یادگیری دانشجویان معماری در محیط آموزشی آنان، صرفنظر از سایر عوامل با اجتماع پذیری قرارگاه های موجود در محیط کالبدی آموزش ارتباط دارد. لذا ضمن آزمون اثربخشی اجتماع پذیری بر یادگیری دانشجویان، به تعیین عوامل موثر در ایجاد و افزایش اجتماع پذیری پرداخته شده است. در این ارتباط، به کمک روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی پس از شناخت متغیرها و جمع آوری نظرات محققان پیشین، عوامل مذکور شناخته شد و سپس از طریق روش دلفی-فازی و به کمک نظرات خبرگان (اساتید معماری) صحت تاثیرگذاری این عوامل مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. نتایج این مرحله عوامل موثر بر اجتماع پذیری را به شش عامل (عناصرفیزیکی، فضایی-معماری، معانی زیباشناختی، احساس امنیت، معنایی-ادراکی، عملکردی-فعالیتی) و 22 زیرعامل تقسیم کرد. در مرحله دوم نیز، فرضیه تحقیق مورد آزمون قرار گرفت، رنتایج تحقیق ضمن تایید نتایج مرحله قبلی، رابطه معنادار بین اجتماع پذیری محیط آموزش معماری را بر یادگیری دانشجویان معماری نشان داد.

    کلیدواژگان: اجتماع پذیری، تعاملات اجتماعی، محیط آموزش معماری، تحلیل ساختاری
  • سیدکمال الدین شهریاری، علی کریم زاده*، شهرزاد شهریاری صفحات 61-74

    شناخت قابلیتها و جاذبه های گردشگری، در راستای توسعه شهری و ارتقاء حضور گردشگران، حائز اهمیت می باشد. هدف از این پژوهش شناسایی قابلیتها و جاذبه های گردشگری در محدوده های بازآفرینی شده تاریخی، می باشد. در گام اول، جهت شناسایی اصول بازآفرینی گردشگری محور با روش تحلیل محتوا، به بررسی متون نظری شامل تعاریف و بررسی دیدگاه و نظریات اندیشمندان پرداخته شده است. در گام دوم، با بهره گیری از روش میدانی، معیارهای بازآفرینی شهری گردشگری محور، از طریق پرسشنامه گردشگران شهری در محور بازآفرینی شده زندیه شیراز، مورد آزمون واقع شده که پرسشنامه گردشگران شهری با نرم افزار SPSS و بهره گیری از آزمون فریدمن تحلیل شده و قابلیتهای تاریخی و یادمانی در اولویت اول و قابلیت های فرهنگی، تفریحی و محیطی در اولویت های دوم تا چهارم قرار دارند. این خود راهنمای مناسبی جهت برنامه ریزی های بازآفرینی شهری در محدوده زندیه با محوریت گردشگری خواهد بود.

    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری شهری، بازآفرینی شهری، مجموعه تاریخی زندیه
  • معصومه نیاستی، سیدامیرحسین گرکانی* صفحات 75-86

    بشر همواره در زندگی خود با مخاطرات طبیعی مواجه بوده و سعی در کاهش جبران خسارت های جانی و مالی آن داشته است. در این میان ارزیابی اقدامات گذشته از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است تا امکان اتخاذ بهترین تصمیمات را در مورد سوانح آتی با توجه به سانحه خیزی کشور ایران فراهم سازد. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی پیامدهای ناشی از بازسازی و جابه جایی روستاها پس از سیل 1384 شرق استان گلستان می باشد. این پژوهش، از نوع کاربردی و به صورت ترکیبی از تحلیل محتوای کیفی و پیمایش مقطعی درمرحله کمی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش از ساکنان شهر فراغی (تجمیع 11روستا) و روستاییانی که به روستاهای قدیم بازگشته اند می باشد. برای مقایسه پیامدهای بازسازی در نمونه های مورد مطالعه، از آزمون t نمونه های مستقل استفاده شده است. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که ساخت سکونتگاه جدید علی رغم کاهش آسیب پذیری کالبدی با افزایش پدیده هایی چون افزایش مهاجرت به شهرها و بازگشت به روستاهای قدیم همراه بوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: آسیب پذیری، جابه جایی سکونتگاه، تجمیع روستاها، سیل 1384، استان گلستان
  • سعید نوروزیان ملکی*، ندا امیدی صفحات 87-98

    افزایش تصاعدی جمعیت شهری و ساخت و ساز مسکن در قالب مجتمع های مسکونی و نگاه کمی گرایانه به عناصر کالبدی، پیامدهایی نظیر بیگانگی انسان با مکان و کاهش حس مکان را در پی دارد. هدف این تحقیق را می توان «ارائه راهکارهای طراحی فضاهای باز مسکن در جهت افزایش حس مکان در محیط مسکونی» دانست. در مرحله نخست، از مطالعات کتابخانه ای استفاده شده است. عوامل موثر بر حس مکان در 4 دسته شامل عوامل کالبد فیزیکی، محیط اجتماعی، عوامل تداعی کننده معنا و مشخصات جمعیتی شهروندان طبقه بندی شدند. در ادامه پژوهش تکنیک دلفی به کار گرفته شده است و افراد متخصص از اساتید دانشگاه های شهید بهشتی و علم و صنعت ایران در حوزه معماری مسکن انتخاب گردیده اند. از تکنیک دلفی برای «شناسایی» و «غربال» مهم ترین شاخص های تصمیم گیری استفاده شده است. با وجود اینکه روش دلفی یک روش تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره نیست اما در بسیاری موارد قبل از بکارگیری تکنیک های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره از این تکنیک برای غربال شاخص ها یا رسیدن به یک توافق در زمینه اهمیت شاخص های تصمیم گیری استفاده می شود. براساس یافته ها، عواملی مانند تراکم کم واحدها، کاهش ارتفاع در سمت دارای دید و منظر بهتر، دید واحدها به فضای سبز، روشنایی و نورپردازی در شب، در ارتقای حس مکان در یک مجتمع مسکونی تاثیر بسزایی دارند.

    کلیدواژگان: حس مکان، فضاهای باز عمومی، عناصر طبیعی، تعاملات اجتماعی
  • میترا فرجی، فاطمه ابراهیم زاده نوایی* صفحات 99-108

    ادراک متفاوت از محرک های مشابه می توان نتیجه ی در آمیختن عوامل متعددی باشد.در ادراک یک بنای معماری عناصر تشکیل دهنده ی فرم بنا در زمره ی عوامل محیطی تاثیرگذار است به گونه ای که میتوان تاثیر این عناصر بر کاربران را پیش بینی و سبب افزایش ویا کاهش کاربران یک بنا شد.در این پژوهش عوامل موثر بر ادراک بصری افراد نسبت به کاربرد فرم در طراحی معماری امروز با تکیه بر نظرات آرنهایم، اداندیس و گروتر دسته بندی شده و محرک های بصری فرمی با توجه به نظرات دونیس اداندیس در چهار جدول باعناوین تنش،ویژگی های کالبدی،وزن و پویایی آورده که زیرمجموعه ی هر یک از عوامل شناسایی و به روش ahp توسط بیست خبره در زمینه ی طراحی معماری مقایسه گردید که ویژگی های کالبدی نسبت به دیگر عوامل مهم تر تشخیص داده شد و عواملی چون پویایی تنش و وزن در جایگاه بعدی اهمیت قرار گرفتند.

    کلیدواژگان: ادراک بصری، فرم معماری، AHP، انسان
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  • leila afroozeh, MahmoudReza Saghafi * Pages 5-16

    Today, community participation is a topic that has been considered globally, especially in the field of architecture programming. Participatory approaches in architecture have been noticed during the last two decades. Many studies show that paying attention to the users' demands increases the chance of success in a design, because they are more aware of their needs than those who look situated outside of the story. A few research, have studied users' participation during the process of school design. Lack of knowledge about the benefits of this approach and the limitation of funds are the reasons that this approach has not been considered by responsible organizations in our country. The dissatisfaction of most users about school architecture and its disability to fulfill some of the educational needs in most of the schools shows the importance of utilizing this approach in Iran. Nowadays there is a gap between opinion of school users and its planners (and or designers). So it seems essential that school programming should achieve by accompany of the community. The aim of this study is to reach to participatory programming of the community school and presentation of users' participation, as a proposed model. In this regard, the users' opinion of Omolbanin primary school and residents of the Mollasadra neighborhood has been used by participatory tools; including participatory groups (parents, teachers & students), interview and questionnaire (13 questionnaire by teachers & 87 questionnaire by parents & residents). In the first stage, two questionnaires were set up. The number of completed questionnaires by teachers was 13. Of the 272 distributed questionnaires, between parents and residents, 103 completed questionnaires were delivered to the authors. Of these, 16 were not credible. Therefore, according to 87 questionnaires, information on architectural programming was obtained, such as identifying the needs of the community and identifying the shortages at the school and neighborhood. After analyzing and evaluating the questionnaire, the process of participation began through team working. These workshops were divided into three groups of parents, teachers and students. Each workshop was began with a brief overview of the goals and displaying photos of successful schools, trying to break down the usual forms of participants' mental imagery. At the main stage, they were asked to describe the elements of their desirable school with details, which resulted in the extraction of codes through relations of spaces and physical elements. According to the extracted codes at each stage and the matching of the participants' planning ideas with the educational environment criteria, the architectural programming table was set. This qualitative research using a descriptive-analytical method for data analysis, and a library method, as well as interview and questionnaire in field survey as tools for data collection. The findings leads to setting the table based on received factors. The result of this study is presentation of the proposed model of user participation in programming process of the community school that it can be effective in recognizing the actual needs of users and increasing user satisfaction in learning environment design.

    Keywords: User participation, Participatory programming, Architecture programming, Community school
  • azadeh gharaei, Esfandiar Zebardast *, Hamid Majedi Pages 17-32

    Urban form and spatial structure are important aspects for city surveying and its analysis. Literature review on the concepts of spatial structure, urban form, pattern of the city and etc. indicates variety and diversity of opinion in these areas. Some of the reasons for differences in the definition of these concepts as follows: the difference in scales and areas of research, different ways of words translating, different semantic content for similar indicators, view of planner or designer and etc. So the author is looking for detailed analysis and explanation of the concepts of urban form and urban spatial structure. we can find out that the urban spatial structure and urban form in some parts and some variables such as natural landscape, transport infrastructure, communication networks, spatial pattern of land use, morphology of housing, density and etc. have overlaps, but not completely overlapping or following. In other words, if we classify the definitions of these two concepts into three levels: the macro level (metropolitan areas), middle level (cities and regions) and micro levels (neighborhoods and neighborhoods units), at the middle level, the implications of these two concepts have overlaps, so in this scale, the two concepts cab be equated. However at the macro level, the components of urban spatial structure and at the micro level, the elements of urban form can be clearer to explain the issue. Although some researchers use urban spatial structure for micro scale or urban form for macro scale, but in this article, by analysis of comments of majority of experts, it has been argued that the concepts of urban form and urban spatial structure at the middle scale equally, the components of urban form at the micro scale and the elements and variables of urban spatial structure at the macro scale can repaint the nature of urban development issues with a more accurate method. On the other hand, urban form and spatial structure of the city are known as one of the most important sources of environmental, economic and social instability. There are many ways to achieve a sustainable future for urban and regional scales. In this research with an analytical view, the author want to identify how urban form and spatial structure affect Tehran sustainability. In this research, after collecting information and analyzing the spatial layers, using the K-Means Clustering Model and the softwares of GIS and Python, we classified the 22 districts of Tehran into six clusters based on the urban-form and urban spatial structure indicators in the middle scale. The similarities between the form and spatial structure indicators in each of these categories make such categorization and typology meaningful. Also we classified these districts into six clusters besed on the urban sustainability indexes by using K-Means Clustering Model The overlap of clustering in Tehran's districts based on the form and spatial structure indicators and on the basis of sustainability indicators, shows urban form and urban spatial structure factors affect sustainability directly. Determining the extent of this relationship will be important in future research.

    Keywords: Urban form, Urban Structure, Social Sustainability, Economic Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability
  • Hamid AhmadzadehKermani, Bahram AminzadehGoharrizi * Pages 33-44

    Cities as the most complex human-made manifestations face a wide range of risks due to a wide range of hazards and multiple vulnerabilities.Natural disasters have always been a major challenge in achieving sustainable development of human societies. As a result, ways to achieve this development have become necessary through vulnerability reduction models. Today, disaster management and sustainable development perspectives and perspectives seek to create resilient societies against natural hazards. Hence, according to many researchers, resilience is one of the most important issues for achieving sustainability. Resilience is a way to strengthen societies by using its capacities, and different definitions, approaches, indicators, and measurement models have been developed. The view that has existed in disaster management and urban management has long been the focus of coping and mitigation. In the meantime, the concept of resilience is a new concept that is used more in the face of unknowns and uncertainties. It can be said that the domain of literature on hazards and disruptions has changed in a paradigm shift from (hazard assessment) to (vulnerability analysis). It can be understood that the system can absorb and manage risks ). The framework for the Hyogo plan was approved by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) on January 22, 2005, which is a positive move in this regard. This research is aimed at: the attempt to explain the components and characteristics of resilient constructivism and to determine the contribution of factors affecting the resilience strengthening, Emphasis on recognition of different levels of resilience of individuals and groups of society, efforts to provide solutions to reduce the natural disasters of earthquakes in urban areas.Considering the study and explanation of the relationship between urban community resilience to reduce the effects of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, in order to better understand the resilience dimensions and strategies for risk reduction policies, the four dimensions of the resiliency approach have been investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze Indicators and resiliency measures, explanation of different models of resilient measurements, survey of resilience of Mashhad 9th district in accordance with selected indicators in resiliency. 9 area of Mashhad municipality in terms of accumulation of main branch faults Mashhad is of high importance in terms of crisis. Therefore, after analyzing the indices in the field of resonance and measuring these indices in the region and comparing them with the optimum level, the numerical value of the area's resilience was calculated using the average distance of the optimal range. In this The three dimensions of social, economic, and spatial dimensions were studied and the numerical values of the IIF, DSF and URF indices were calculated. Finally, the numerical value of the resilience of the area was 0.89, which shows a rather resilient state. Given the degree of resilience The weaknesses in the area were studied in the indexes and crisis in the economic dimension was strongly observed. At the end, suggestions are also given to maintain and improve desirable indicators and to improve desirable indices.

    Keywords: Resiliency, Dimensions, Indicators, Resilience measures, Average Total Distance Between Optimal, Mashhad 9th District
  • Elham Jafari, Hamzeh Gholamalizadeh *, Mahmood Modiri Pages 45-60

    Depending on the findings of the freezer, student learning is influenced by several factors. Among the characteristics of the student and teacher personality, the views and methods of assessment, and the classroom environment. Among these factors, the classroom environment has been more focused and has been studied academically for more than half a century. Therefore, the important influence of the environment on all aspects of learning was shown. Quality of social relationships in a learning environment provides the conditions for the activities that are needed to improve learning.In the educational environment, providing students with the ability to interact and communicate can bring their experiences together and increase the exchange of information and knowledge among students. This is due to the aspects of the students' participation in architecture, because the nature of their profession and their training is based on their creative aspects, and part of the learning of these students, including observational learning and the acquisition of experience, is important Is.herefore, it seems that if the community of architecture architecture as its physical attribute can affect the learning process, it can be used as a strategy for designing an educational education environment. Considering the aspects of architecture students' sharing that can be considered as the same factor in architectural learning environments, partial case studies have not been much considered in this article.The role of the architectural learning environment as an effective model for architectural student`s schema and in educating them as future professional architects is important. The nature of architecture education is such that architectural students spend long hours with each other on classroom activities, so social interactions can be considered as one of the effective factors in improving their learning. Sociopetality as a qualitative feature of the environment can increase the possibility of social interactions in the activity spaces.Therefore, in this study, by assuming the effective role of sociopetality in the physical environment of the architectural education on students' learning, factors affecting sociopetality in the educational environment of architecture were examined. For this purpose, these factors were obtained by means of a descriptive-analytic research method after identifying the variables and collecting the views of previous researchers. Then, they were evaluated using the Delphi-Fuzzy method and with the help of expert opinion (architectural professors). The results of this phase divided the factors affecting sociopetality into six factors (physical, architectural, aesthetic meanings, sense of security, semantic-perceptual, functional-activity) and 22 sub-factors.In the second stage, the research hypothesis was tested. The research method used at this stage was a confirmatory factor analysis method one of structural equation modeling that evaluated the views of the architectural students in the colleges of Guilan. The results of the research, while confirming the results of the previous stage, showed a significant relationship between the sociopetality of architectural learning environment on the architectural students' learning. Therefore, it can be concluded that sociopetality as one of the environmental factors affecting architectual students`learning can be considered as a strategy when designing the educational environment of architecture.

    Keywords: Sociopetality, educational environment of architecture, learning, structural equation modeling
  • SeyedKamal AldinShahriari, Ali Karimzadeh *, Shahrzad Shahriari Pages 61-74

    Recognizing tourist attractions and capabilities with the aim of urban development and promotion of the presence of tourists is of high importance. Tourism-led urban regeneration can be considered as the main urban regeneration approach in the last two decades. Tourism in a strategic position and with the goal of achieving an economic and booming mechanism that can include urban development goals and draw a different face for the city. Tourism-led urban regeneration, by developing basic concepts such as innovative economic issues, finds that the inner context and central core of the cities can confidently benefit from the effects of urban tourism and its beneficial features in the regeneration process. This approach respects the traditional framework and adds new structures to these combinations in accordance with those frameworks. In this way, it represents a content and function with a superstructure of cultural and social issues, and an infrastructure of a fully economic and productive mechanism. Such a perspective brings about a kind of convergence in the purpose and means of urban regeneration. The lack of sufficient research in this regard has caused Iran not to have appropriate design and organization, in spite of the existence of indoor historical sites and urban tourist attractions. As noted earlier, there is little research on tourism-led urban regeneration in Iran. In addition, the frameworks proposed for studying urban tourism have more considered the concepts and methodology of urban tourism. In this way, it is necessary to carry out applied research to study urban tourism in order to explore the principles and criteria for urban regeneration. This research tries to fill this gap and focus on urban tourism by defining the different dimensions of urban regeneration as well as providing a set of principles and criteria appropriate for the urban space and testing them in Zandieh historical complex in Shiraz. The purpose of this research is to identify the tourist attractions in historically regenerated areas. First, a content analysis has been conducted to identify the principles of tourism-based regeneration, and the literature has been reviewed for various definitions, views and theories provided by scholars. Second, using the field method, tourism-led urban regeneration criteria have been verified through urban tourists’ questionnaire in Zandieh regenerated historical complex in Shiraz. The statistical population of the urban tourists in Shiraz city was 4,720,000 people in 1394. Using the Cochran formula, it is found that the sample size included 384/124 people. Therefore, the population of tourists was estimated to be 385 people. In order to increase the accuracy and reduce the functional error, 400 questionnaires were distributed among the tourists. It should be noted that the sampling method in this study was cluster sampling. The urban tourists’ questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS software and Friedman test. The findings revealed that the historical and memorable capabilities are at the first place and the cultural, recreational and environmental capabilities are at the second to fourth place of the prioritizing list. This is a good guide for tourism-led urban regeneration planning in Zandieh historical complex.

    Keywords: Urban tourism, Urban Regeneration, Zandiyeh Historical Complex
  • Masoomeh Niyasati, SeyedAmirhossein Garakani * Pages 75-86

    There are important choices to be made after the various accidents and the numerous financial and psychological effects of rural settlements, including decisions on how to intervene in rural settlements and the adoption of reconstruction policies. This intervention is identified as four types of identification, relocation, continuous development, or integration and integration for the reconstruction of damaged or destroyed villages due to natural hazards. Many scholars and scholars believe that among the above models, aggregation and integration have economic advantages in supplying facilities and services. The ruler's insight has led to less attention to its economic, social, physical and environmental implications. It seems that this indifference has led to the implementation and implementation of relocation and integration plans of rural settlements with the change in their vulnerability in the economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions and the development of the vulnerability of affected society Increase against future accidents. Extreme rainfall in the eastern province of Golestan province in August 2005 resulted in two devastating floods, one of the most damaging floods in the country. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Housing Foundation has been providing housing for the affected population and in order to reduce the resettlement of villages due to the occurrence of future floods, the eleven villages in the city of Kalaleh, which had been damaged in recent floods in Golestan Province, were displaced. This research is descriptive-analytic and its data have been collected in two sections of library and field. The statistical population of this study is a collection of residents of the walled city and villagers who have returned to the villages of Chatal, Ghapan Oliya and Sofla. To test the vulnerability in two samples. However, the review of various experiences suggests that displacement of settlements, although effective in reducing physical morbidity, is mainly due to numerous social and economic consequences The displacement and consolidation of 11 villages of Golestan province in the post-flood Pishkamar site of 1384 were unsuccessful due to the lack of planning and designing, with macroeconomic and social costs, in reducing the dimensions of vulnerability of a settlement, including social and economic. This has led to the return of villagers to their old villages or citys. The quantitative results of this research also confirm the hypothesis that increasing the migration to cities, returning to old villages, ethnic conflicts, reducing production levels, increasing bank debt and the prevalence of insecurity in the outskirts of the Faragi city are one of the most important factors in increasing the vulnerability in the social and economic dimensions of the study area. The investigations indicate an increase in the amount of vulnerability in recreational areas in terms of economic and social dimensions and reducing its physical-environmental vulnerability to three villages. Since reducing the vulnerability of settlements is subject to control and reduction of damage and damage in all aspects, it seems that the reconstruction of rural settlements after the flood of 2005 in Golestan province has been effective in increasing the vulnerability of this area.

    Keywords: vulnerability, Relocation, Resettlement, Faragi city, Golestan Province
  • Saeid NorouzianMaleki *, Neda Omidi Pages 87-98

    Population growth and housing demands have caused the cultural aspects of public spaces have been ignored in modern housing. Paying attention to open spaces is necessary as they are places to establish social interaction and thus increase the social security and create a sense of responsibility among residents. The main objective of this study is to find a way for the appropriate design of open spaces in high-density residential communities in order to promote a sense of place and community identity.In the first phase of this research, documentary studies are used to understand the basic definitions and information about the sense of place and its determinants. In the next step, survey method and Delphi technique are being applied to collect data. Experts were invited from faculty members of Shahid Beheshti’s Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, and IUST’s School of Architecture and Environmental Design. For the data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used with the software SPSS version 21.0. According to the findings of this research, factors such as low-density of apartment, reduction in the height of the side with better vision, the view into green space, constant and adequate lighting at night, developing a safe walking route along the public spaces and the arrangement of the public spaces between blocks have a significant impact on fostering a sense of place in a residential environment. Using interior yards or green areas can help to enhance a sense of place. Trees or natural elements can be used in creating public spaces. The results show that existence of natural elements in open and semi-open spaces can create a sense of place effectively.

    Keywords: Sense of place, Open public spaces, Natural elements, Social interactions
  • Mitra Faraji, Fatemeh EbrahimzadehNavai * Pages 99-108

    Observer’s perceive of architecture is used in many fields. Because much of our perception and understanding of the environment is based on visual stimulus, therefor an expert design should be based on visual stimulus too. Moreover, visual communication is to be used for strengthening, intensifying, and consolidation of other senses as well, otherwise the aforementioned design will result in poor perception of the environment.In discussing of the perceptions, the worring issue is that despite of the fact that perception system is same for every individual, but that individual has different perception of his/her environment. Perception can be different from similar stimuli and combined with different factors and one factor alone can't determine perceptions. Environmental data in all of conditions and positions are not available. Sensory effect actually is the effect of a form on individuals and it follows different factors, but visual effect belongs to the individual and it doesn't follow any factor and it can have different effects on the individuals.Perception of environment is a function of the ability to receive sensory receptors in which is a function of effective environmental conditions on events such as light, temperature, humidity , pressure, noise,odor and ... . Also personal and social features play significant role in human perceptions. Relationship between individual and environment is formed in different levels such as individual level (feeling, perceptions, values, inner experience and...) and social levels (larger units like different community groups or groups that are similar in age and gender.If sensory stimuli are opposed to each other, they will become confusing and disturbing. The sensory effect like perception deponds on state of body. Because this effect is covered in the individual body, it will follow the personal, biography and social intermediaries. Moreover, the visual effect is a force transmitted and directed by individual and it's quality deponds on individual characteristics.Different proportions range creates a variety of interpretations. Slender, thin and long forms show charm and elegance, while round forms show warmth and comfort. The forms tilted into the inside show aggression or curiosity, while forms tilted out show fear and anxiety. The relationship between basic forms and basic emotions are one of key points of design that embodies dilectical definition of emotions.In this research, factors affecting the visual perceptions of individuals with emphsis on the new approaches and the application of the form in today's architecture design is based on Rudolf Arnheim views on visual perceptions and criticized by the pair comparison method. These factors included tension (complexity and contradiction), physical characteristics,weight (reducing of the mass) and dynamics. Questionnaires were prepared on the basis of paired comparisons to determine the superiority of each of parts. collected data was analyzed using AHP on 50 questionnaires to determine the mean of superiority of each of the factors over other. In addition, in order to determine overall value of each factor, the sum of value of superiority of one part over other parts was calculated and mean was determined.Keywords:Visual perception, architectural, AHP, Human.

    Keywords: Visual perception, architectural, AHP, Human