فصلنامه حقوق پزشکی
پیاپی 48 (بهار 1398)

Individual citizenship rights or the regulations and rules that determine the boundaries between individual rights and the jurisdictions of government are among the key discussions in the contemporary world. In Islamic government of Iran the relationship between individual rights and government is of specific place and individual rights have been explained in full details in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran and it has not remained silent in this regard; because Iranian constitutional law is mainly driven from Islamic jurisprudence and its most important part is the delineation of the basic rights and freedoms of individuals which is in line with Islamic values. Although in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran the terms citizen and citizenship rights have not been used there are still other relevant terms like nation's rights, public rights, general rights, individual and social rights which have been frequently used; needless to say, their comprehensive explanation requires deep and detailed research. Then, the current study seeks to determine the place of individual rights of citizens in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law and at the same time provide a short outline of its relevant general regulations and rules.

Marriage entails a number of rights and responsibilities for every couple (man and wife). In Islamic jurisprudence, these rights and responsibilities have differences with regard to some notes belonging to the article 16 of the convention concerning the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. This being the case, the present study, through descriptive content analysis, has attempted to study and analyze such laws while placing emphasis on the equal rights for the couple, including the right of child-bearing, custody and employment. Yet, the main question here is what the main differences are and how they should be brought to a minimum. Such ambiguity being the case, the present study, through descriptive content analysis, has reached the conclusion that there are differences between the article 16 of the convention and the Islamic laws; concerning the article 16 of the convention (custodianship), the status of this article is superior to the women’s custodianship in Islamic Law, therefore, a shift in the attitude and status of custodianship is necessary. Prevention of undue employment for the couple in Islamic law is equally conducted. Maintaining such equality is suggestive of Islamic justice; therefore, it can be said that Iran’s law system is more superb than the convention which has included no constraint.

Gender justice is a very important subject in the area of development in such a way that achievement of gender justice is very necessary for the countries’ economy as reported by the global bank. The undeniable fact is that gender justice and equality are not the only demand of human main right and social justice rather they are required as a means of and a prerequisite to the development. Therefore, the present article’s objective is comparative study of the role of gender justice in Kashan’s work market parallel to the creation of sustainable development in urban and rural regions. The study population included the residents of Kashan out of whom 384 individuals were selected as the study sample volume based on multistage cluster sampling method. Factor analysis was the method of choice for investigating the validity and construct validity was utilized for measuring the reliability. The results indicated that the variables "women’s access to the job opportunities" 0.35, "genders stereotypes in the area of women employment" -0.32, "men’s emphasis on the women’s house responsibilities" -0.38 and "the amount and type of the women’s technical instruction and training" 0.53 are associated with sustainable development in Kashan.

The defendant’s incarceration is one of the most important solutions to the achievement of the thing to which s/he is sentenced and it is carried out in a resort to the mechanisms specified by the legislator in the special law on the method of enforcing the financial convictions. The present study’s goal is the analytical-descriptive investigation and interdisciplinary examination of the individuals’ financial convictions as a result of their falling short of liquidating their debts to the others from the perspectives of the criminal rules and Iran’s statutory provisions as well as the theology field of the study; it also aims at analyzing the nature of such a type of incarceration, its conditions and barriers and offering of solutions for its replacement. The general result of the present study is that the legal nature of the incarceration should be accepted in financial convictions according to the jurisprudential and legal documents and proofs posited in the body of the present research so that it can be considered as a punishment. This has also been accepted and confirmed in the texts of the Islamic sciences. The necessary conditions for the incarceration of the defendant would be the impossibility of retrieving the thing to which s/he has been sentenced through ways mentioned in the law on the method of enforcing the financial convictions and the plaintiff’s demand and the barriers to such an incarceration, as well, would be the acceptance of insolvency, debt payoff and/or the creditor’s consent. On the other hand, since incarceration is a ground for the real perception of the debtor’s financial status and a way of liquidating the liabilities hence lacking any topicality, it seems that it can be replaced by other ways lacking its harms.

Human rights have different aspects and definitions in various religions, schools and ideologies. Nonetheless, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is followed by the United Nations, is recognized as the true and official document between different countries. In its ideal sense, human rights seek to uphold the rights of citizens regardless of race, color, beliefs and religion. Thus it pursues its own political, social, economic, cultural and civil goals and programs. From this perspective, jurisprudence as the source of legislation in Islamic law has vast human rights capacities, in which socio-economic rights are of prime importance. In this approach, the established rules of jurisprudence do not contradict the general tenets of human rights, and it provides a more ideal way for fulfilling human rights in a variety of form, such as preserving human dignity, creating individual and collective comfort, maintaining the rights of citizens, providing individual and collective freedoms, and preparing social and economic programs. Therefore, it can serve as a basis for Islamic human rights.

Citizens' rights is one of the important issues in the current society that That people have it due to membership in a nation-state In terms of civil, political, social and economic rights, In the light of two principles of human dignity and social justice. It is considered as one of the most important fundamental rights of individuals, that considering it as one of the indicators of the stability of economic security, especially in the area of transactions, it seems necessary. Economic security is the most important issue in citizens' rights, which requires the existence of healthy business relations between citizens and the Coagulation of transactions in a reassuring place and therefore the property of individuals should be protected from any violation and aggression. The legislator considers the security and accuracy of transactions in related to intention of the actual creation of the contract companions. But in some cases, individuals destroys others Dignity by various motivations And escaping legal constraints and they take action to Coagulations that there is no real intention to do it. From the examples of such transactions, can refer to unconscious child, comatose, mad and Drunk person and, most importantly, formal transaction in order to escape depts. Which is one of the most prominent trades that is devoid of serious will. The formal transaction is a condition in which the sids apparently pretend to have established a contract, but do not actually adhere to its provisions and there is no real intention to establish a legal relationship.The formal transactions in jurisprudence and in Iranian law are False. It is due to the lack of real intention and legal protection of citizens, especially creditors and the securing of void transactions. It seems that the weakness of citizens' awareness about the effects and consequences of this kind of transactions and the non-compliance with the ethics and principles of citizenship rights, including the principle of dignity, security and justice, provide the necessary context for the prevalence of these transactions. The present study uses a library research method to investigate the legal and juridical foundations of non-serious transactions as well as the relation of these transactions with citizenship rights.

Population control is a deliberately change in the population growth rate, which aims to reduce population. This policy is usually adopted with consideration of the natural, economic and social conditions and facilities in a Society, Which is in the Islamic society and in the presence of the jurisprudents, have adversaries and opponents. Usually Population control is also associated with citizenship rights because it deals with the political, economic and social life of mankind. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer this question that: To what extent can the adoption of population control policies in the Islamic society be protecting or violating of citizenship rights? The hypothesis is that the existence of the principle of expediency, as the main reason for the ruler of the Islamic society, provides a Possible that He Take action to regulating the population of the citizens and preserving the interests of the Islamic community. The results of this study indicate that the population regulation policies, including the reduction or increase of population by the Islamic ruler, indicate that these decisions are compatible with the interests of the Islamic community and do not violate citizenship rights. The research approach is descriptive-analytic, which has taken action by library method for collect information.

Today citizenship rights have been taken into account as one of the basic components of various political systems. Although citizenship rights have relatively universal foundations including equality and justice, freedom, tolerance, civil ethics and human dignity, conceptions and definitions of citizenship rights by political schools and ideologies are different. While in western civilization the emphasis is laid on the centrality of liberty, liberalism and secular human rights, other civilizations including Islamic civilization are grounded upon the centrality of religion in the determination of social and political values. On the other hand, civilization as the totality of the practical achievements of human life insists on such features as justice, knowledge, intellection, thinking and civility and thus it has certain similarities to citizenship rights. Now the basic question of the current research is this: what are the basic components of citizenship rights in Islamic civilization? Among the results of present study one can refer to the idea that citizenship intended by Islamic civilization is dependent upon going beyond the ordinary notion of citizenship in western civilization and such concepts as theocentrism and divinity, justice administration, ethicalism, tolerance, intellection and thinking. Moreover, in Islamic civilization citizenship is based on the rights and responsibilities and the golden principle, "Every one of you is responsible and accountable before the citizens", represents its building block. Given the subject-matter of current study we have taken advantage of the descriptive-analytic approach together with the library and documented method. Furthermore, we have gathered the required data via evaluation of the scientific articles in this field.

The Islamic Countries’ Organization or its new title “Islamic Cooperation Organization” has the capacity and potential for coherence and partnership in international affairs and the newly emerging issues due to the principles and premises shared by the member countries in regard of Islam and the Quranic teachings and instructions; in line with this, there are enacted rules and regulations in supporting the Islamic citizenship rights in the hope of setting the grounds for growth and development and this issue has been even taken into account in the organization itself in such a way that it has led to the establishment of the Islamic Justice Court as the main pillar of the International Islamic Court between the member countries in Kuwait Conference. However, there are many barriers and problems, including Islamic creeds and religions’ differences, conflicting and challenging interests between the member countries, competitions and, subsequently, regional discrepancies and short-sightedness and biases and prejudices between the influential states and countries in this organization, that have barred the blossoming of the important and influential capacity of such an international court amongst the Islamic countries.

Islam, as the most complete religion, has given a program of human life that can easily reach its perfection and prosperity, and that education is among the areas of human perfection and attention to these results has resulted in fruitful results in the field of human behavior. One of the characteristics of the subject of education is the stages of human life that are divided into childhood, childhood, adolescence, puberty and aging. The purpose of the present study is to study the philosophy of life-critical life of the childhood and adolescence and the role of child's education in achieving perfection in two areas of international law such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the religious teachings inherited from the Ahle-Beyt (AS). The results of the research show that the threefold relationship between parents, children and God is based on love and affection, and the lack of this Islamic dough on human personality is diminished. The customs and practices of familiarizing with religion and its implementation in the field of education and sexual issues are among those that have a certain rule and instruction in Islamic teachings. Islam is very sensitive to the education of children and has paid attention to their rights. So that in Islam, a child has rights both from birth and from pre-birth.
In recent decades, attention has been paid to children and adolescents at the international level and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is the most important document in support of this stratum, has been drafted and approved. Although the convention has strengths and disadvantages, it has, in its turn, been lacerated.

Corruption is considered to be one of the main challenges of Islamic Republic of Iran. This challenge particularly in economic, administrative and social domains has given rise to numerous difficulties. For example, in the domain of citizenship rights it has led to the creation of discrimination, social and political inequalities, lack of accountability before the citizens and also the lack of suitable mechanism for dealing with the economic and political crimes. The current essay is an effort for studying the most important representations of corruption after Revolution and providing the required solutions for its prevention. For this reason the following questions are raised: what are the effects of corruption on citizenship rights in Islamic Republic of Iran? What are the legal and practical solutions for each one of them? According to the results of the present study, development and expansion of freedoms mentioned in the Constitution, recreation of the role and place of the Inspection Organization and Administrative Supreme Court as well as avoiding parallel works in the institutions and decisive fight against corruption can prevent from the corruption in a desirable way and protect the citizenship rights. The present study takes advantage of descriptive-analytic method and its data have been gathered via library studies.

Waging war and corruption on earth are among the crimes against security which have been criminalized after Islamic Revolution based on the verses 32 and 33 of Surah Al-Ma'ida. Of course, some examples of them can be seen in the public penal code before Revolution. These two titles have been simultaneously used in Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1982 and given the existing ambiguities they have not experienced major developments in the law adopted in 1991. However, in the law adopted in 2013 some fundamental and positive developments have taken place and they have been given independent criminal titles because the examples of waging War have been eliminated and restricted to its cases. Other examples have been presented in the form of the crime of corruption and rebellion. With the changes that have been made in the concept and extensions of the waging war following the examples that exist in other relevant codes under the title of waging war or semi-rebellion if they do not fit with the waging war, they should be changed or have to be interpreted based on other legal articles like rebellion and corruption on earth. Most of the previous extensions of corruption on earth must be considered based on the article 286 of Islamic Penal Code in view of the rules of human rights as well as human dignity and principle of justice. Execution is not justifiable for some of these extensions because it leads to the criticisms of many of the native and foreign legal experts against this type of criminalization that is considered to be an example of violation of human rights. Nevertheless, Islamic Sharia with the dignity and stature that has given mankind is itself a proponent of human rights. Then, at first sight, criminalization of waging war and corruption on earth might seem to be in conflict with human rights; while, not only this is not the case rather these two titles can help the realization of human rights. The punishment of execution is not in conflict with the right of life and inhumane.

Repentance as one of the most effective institutions in the Islamic Penal Law can serve as a punishment for punishment in customary law. Recognizing this Islamic founder in the criminal law will cause the criminal system, on the one hand, to justify the punishment for cases where the offender has not been prosecuted and his correction is punishable for the purpose of the abolition of punishment or the granting of a rebate, and, on the other hand, according to The rules of repentance, which determine the limits and limits of the law, will remain immune in the direction of the fall of the penalty of adopting approaches and discretion. In this regard, the author attempts to first explain the foundations and typology of repentance in terms of the rules of the criminal law and then, by studying how the legislator's policy in the New Islamic Penal Code is introduced, examines the place of repentance and how it affects punishment. Certainly, the adoption of any normative approach to repentance in criminal affairs, except through a jurisprudential reading of this Islamic establishment, will not be possible in the direction of the correct orientation to the legislative criminal policy.

Movies and TV shows as "cinematic" call. The identification and benchmarking juvenile character in the film is undeniable. The library criminological studies and field for the prevention of crimes perpetrated by the impact of this phenomenon is needed. Research scientist in the field 100 human and 68 of Correction and Rehabilitation Center patients and 50 normal children and adolescents were selected by simple random sampling. Questionnaires with SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation between juvenile delinquency and the juvenile was shown with some variables. The results showed that children and adolescents are patterned films and through observational learning behaviors persist engaged in conflict with the law, as well as the relationship between watching films and viewing behavior is against the law. Learning criminal behavior of cinematographic works not necessarily lead to crime. The influence of the "genre" family, criminal and sexual behaviors such as theft crimes are different, genres criminal behaviors most affect children and adolescents is a crime against persons and property.

Universal human rights have Common concepts with Islamic human rights, these Included justice and equality, freedom, human dignity, security and the right to freedom of thought and Opinion. Notwithstanding the existence of universal norms on human rights, which has been approved by international organizations, including the United Nations, There are still various Perceptions and interpretations of human rights. Among these differences are the fundamental differences between Islamic human rights and Western human rights, which in this regard offer different approaches. The present Research, for Examine their approaches, is trying to compare the two principles study and it tries explain Islamic human based on the Beliefs verses of the Qur'an. In this regard, these questions arise: What are the most important differences between Islamic and Western human rights?. What is the advantage of the idea of Islamic human rights over the Universal Human Rights, which has a western and secular basis?. The present research shows that the basis of universal human rights is natural or contractual and situational rights, while Islamic human rights is based on humanitarian jurisprudence and divine revelation. Western human rights is not universal and is more based on Western values and it designed for liberal democracy systems, but Islamic human rights on based of the inherent and acquired principle of human dignity, has a universal view. Western human rights have a negative mood also, but Islamic human rights have a positive approach. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical, that has collected information through a library and documentary approach.

Cyber terrorism occurs if the critical infrastructure of a state including air transportation, dams, nuclear power plants and power generation plants, banking and financial systems are attacked politically motivated or under the ideological actions aimed at forcing the government or organizations with a variety of malware weapons, and thereby causing fear and panic. There is no a comprehensive definition of terrorism on international community and even there is no compulsory comprehensive instrument on this issue, but this new form of terrorism along with other forms such as bioterrorism, nuclear terrorism and eco-terrorism may cause harmful damages compared to the classic types of terrorism. Cyber terrorism disturbs public order and therefore it is known as violating human rights law in each of its four generations in addition to breaches of the Peace and Security. The importance of addressing human rights violations by terrorists in the cyberspace, as well as in the context of the fight against cyber-terrorism, must be taken into account in a comprehensive response to this phenomenon. The current paper is a descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected using library sources.

It is quite common for the physicians to acquire letters of exoneration from the patients or their custodians before performing any special sort of treatment measures, including surgery, endoscopy, radiotherapy and so forth. The majority of Imamiyyeh jurisprudents have offered this jurisprudential solution within the format of the axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about" for relieving the corresponding physicians from the heavy load of responsibility. In fact, according to the well-known idea of Imamiyyeh jurisprudents, the knowledgeable and versatile physicians whose actions might result in the wastage of a body organ or life are held liable unless they acquire a letter of exoneration from their patients before performing a medical operation. The resort to this axiom is ijtihad against the plain text and authenticity of exoneration. Thus, it is not to be considered as "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about" due to the existence of an expediency of a type. The jurisprudents realize exoneration as the "Esqāt Mā Fi Al-Zimmah" meaning "the waiver of the thing to which an individual is obliged" hence negating "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about". This is while the majority of jurisprudents hold that the physicians are generally exonerated. Apparently, the nature of the common exoneration is in contradiction with the physicians’ specific exoneration based on the axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about". The present study tries elaborating the issue and offering a solution to this conflict. In line with this, the nature of the physicians’ exoneration and the reasons of its authenticity are seminally expressed and the axiom’s nature is explicated subsequently and the existing conflict and the solution to it are eventually investigated.

According to legal regulations, endorsers of a commercial document hold severally liable against its holder; due to legal rules, the holder has some duties to perform. Among these duties, after the demand and protest for non-payment in legal time is litigation within a certain legal time. There are different opinions regarding inclusion of the guarantors in article 286 of Iran’s trade law and judicial procedures are also divided and vary, and according to some rulings of some branches of Iran’s Supreme Court, the guarantor is included in the subject of article 286 while some of the branches consider it outside of the article 286 subject. This difference resulted in the issuance of Supreme Court’s precedent decision no. 597 on 1995 May 2nd which rules on the exclusion of the guarantor in the subject of article 286 inclusion. In this paper, along with reviewing the ruling, the guarantor inclusion-exclusion cases in the subject and ruling of article 286 of the Iran’s trade law is determined; it is found that article 286 rules on endorser guarantor but the guarantor of other document’s responsibles are out of that. However, the court’s decision comprehensiveness is debatable. Hence, the document holder’s citizens’ rights is more clear toward the guarantor.

Media and citizenship rights are interconnected in many ways. Considering the positive aspect, it can be asserted that in the field of citizenship life, media can spread information and awareness; and regarding the negative side, they can also be considered as making the context for the threat to citizenship by representing crime and provoking insecurity. Therefore, the media has dual impacts on the lives of citizens. However, from the aspect of examining the negative impacts of the media, one can point out their undesirable effects on increasing insecurity, fear of crime, its normalization and even the generalization of crime practices among all citizens. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine the impact of the media on increasing the sense of insecurity and crime from the perspective of citizenship law and provide solutions to counter the adverse effects of the media. From this perspective, security is regarded as one of the fundamental pillars of citizenship. The most important findings of the present study are that the media is also an agent contributing to the spread of insecurity by presenting crime, normalizing crime, fast transmission and educating criminals and thus, is considered as a threat to citizenship. Contrarily, the criminal laws of governments, the monitoring of the performance of media administrators, the need for a review of the content of media that provokes insecurity and the fear of crime, as well as the participation of citizens in monitoring and producing media content are among the solutions that can eliminate the media's undesirable effects while at the same time, defend citizenship rights. The present research is a descriptive-analytical one that utilizes documentary and library resources, papers and studies related to the subject to collect the data.

Providing conditions for the Reconstruction and restoration of social offenders is one of the most important legal and criminal issues in different laws of the world that it in turn effects on social and individual ethics. Because it provides a way to ethically reform for society by conducting Reconstruction and restoration social offenders and ensuring that penalties are not repeated. . The present study seeks to examine the ethical implications and consequences of Institutions exemption from punishment and postponement of the conditional Discharge in domestic law.

While our subject is Moral legitimacy in of Institutions exemption from punishment And postponement of The conditional Discharge, The use of legal and ethical texts as well as an examination of legal and criminal law as documents and sources on this subject are on the agenda. Therefore, the research approach is descriptive-analytical and the research method is qualitative.

The most important findings of the present study is that Institutions exemption from punishment And postponement of the conditional Discharge for individualization of penalties as well as the rehabilitation of non-dangerous criminals, create ethical and normative practices in Islamic society, and thus promote the principle of human dignity in the individual and Social.

Rehabilitation and reform of human behavior in society is one of the main foundations of Islamic law and ethics. So helping to non-dangerous criminals can be a way to revive it in Islamic society. In addition, of Institutions exemption from punishment and postponement of the conditional Discharge can reduce the number of prisoners and improve the status of reformable criminals, which in turn has ethical legitimacy.

The system of social ethics in any society expresses the particular ethical behavior of its members, which can be influenced by the views of thinkers, theorists and poets in that society. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the social ethics system from the point of view of Rumi and Shahriar, who are two of the most famous poets of Iran in past and contemporary age.

According to the approach of the present study, using the main sources and texts of poets such the mathnawi of Jalalu'adin Rumi and shahriar book of poems as the basis of the present discussion, it has been on the agenda. Accordingly, the approach of this study is a descriptive-analytical one that is done by qualitative method and considers the viewpoint of social ethics in rumi and Shahriar's thought.

From rumi point of view, social ethics is achieved not by exclusion or homogeneity, but by the consideration of all social classes. Rumi, therefore, is advocate of pluralism while still being unitarianism, which embraces divine unity by embracing different ideas. Social ethics in Shahriar's thought is based on the cleansing and refinement of the incompatible elements of modernity and industrialization, as well as attention to the ethical challenges of contemporary humankind that refinement is achieved with return to ancient traditions.

Rumi's social thought is based on a pluralistic acceptance of different beliefs, views, religions and tendencies that in turn, is a support for the peaceful life of man. It is therefore highly compatible with the Communitarian school approach. Shahriar's social thought can be achieved on the basis of a return to the ancient national and Islamic traditions and the patterning of the infallible Imams, which is more consistent with the Islamic ideological school as well as with critical thinkers in rejecting and criticizing the elements of modernity. At the same time, the scope of Rumi's social ethics is much broader than Shahriar social ethics system.

Individual and social rights have various dimensions which often constitute the major parts of international human rights. In the same vein, rights of future generations in the field of environmental health have been lately introduced into political and social circles in the form of solidarity rights. The current study intends to assay the future generations’ rights of enjoyment of environmental health in international law and Iranian law and also the need for conservation of environment for the future generations. It also seeks to provide solutions for the environmental challenges. Accordingly, the most important findings of the present research is the relationship of individual and social rights of future generations with human rights approaches due to acceptability and understandability of the problem of human rights for the world people, its high compatibility with the cultural and value elements of various societies, existence of various human rights institutions and organizations in most world countries and also the expansion of social media and movements in the field of human rights issues which in turn can pave the path for the realization of individual and collective rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. Particularly as to Iranian society, one should say that defense of human rights and institutionalization in this field based on Islamic and Iranian values and cultures can be considered as a path for defense of the rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. The present study takes advantage of descriptive-analytic method and the data have been collected using library documents and sources.

The causality relationship is an intermediator binding the action and the result with the role of this relationship being the expression of the criminal action’s share of and effect on the final result; in this regard, nothing should have cut the criminal behavior’s connection to the result. It is in this regard that the relationship between the citizenship rights and the Islamic penal code of law gains meaning. Criminal trial procedures and Islamic penal code of law seek discovering and punishing the causality relationship and causation in the intentional murders and, in order to discover this relationship, although they are in the same line with the citizenship rights’ charter, there are rare cases in which the citizenship rights are likely to be neglected. Since these two (the action and the result) are material phenomena, the causality relationship falls in the position of the crimes’ material pillar whereas Egypt’s supreme court realizes the causality relationship as being laid on the foundation of two elements, i.e. material and intellectual.

Using a descriptive-analytical method and doing library research and taking notes from the resources related to the match between the citizenship rights and Islamic penal code of law and making comparisons with Egypt’s judicial procedures, the present study tries exploring the causality relationship and causation in intentional murder. Considering the fact that this study has been conducted in comparison with Egypt’s legal system, the main constraint was the limitation in access to the resources, especially in Egypt’s legal system.
Ethical Considerations:</strong> In all the study’s authoring stages, principle of trustworthiness and honesty have been observed.

Findings signified that the Iranian legislator has realized it necessary in numerous cases such as article 492 of the Islamic penal code of law for the murder or any other crime’s actualization that the perpetrator’s behavior should have caused the result and the murder should be accordingly attributable to the perpetrator’s behavior.

In various cases, the Iranian legislator has placed the veneration of citizenship rights atop of his agenda and realizes the ascription of murder to a perpetrator’s behavior as being necessary; the citizens’ freedoms have been also respected; the same procedures have also been stipulated in Egypt’s judicial procedures though there is no special article in Egypt’s penal code of law regarding the scale for the causality relationship; however, Egypt’s supreme court realizes the verification of causality relationship and causation as being necessary as mentioned in the issued judicial verdicts.

Preventive criminal policy is a branch of criminal policy that aims to determine and propose non-criminal measures to prevent delinquency in a community or a limited population. Entering the discussion of prevention in different areas can be for different reasons and interests. Regarding environmental issues, in addition to the issue of inefficiency of penalties, the requirements related to environmental issues, including the irreparable nature of many damages that are directly related to human life and the preservation of various natural issues, are doubly important to discuss prevention in this Gives.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

The degree of intervention of individuals, the form of intervention, regulatory bodies and attention to basic human rights are among the issues that should be considered in the participation of people in crime prevention and its aspects should be well explained. Strategies based on social crime prevention by providing the grounds for human growth and excellence in public life, and since they often do not conflict with the private security and privacy of citizens, they are considered as useful and desirable solutions in prevention studies; however, studies show that these strategies are not able to prevent all crimes.
Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Education and raising public awareness, the educational role of the actions of citizens and non-governmental organizations, the educational role of mass media, situational prevention, the supervisory role of individuals in environmental crimes, the supervisory function of non-governmental organizations, the supervisory function of mass media. The mass media in the form of popular observers and a wide audience can force these sectors to abide by the law and be cautious in their activities by choosing specific topics and focusing on the activities of the private sector. In this regard, ensuring the independence of the media as much as possible in creating a sense of trust in the media in the people is very important.

Child Marriage has been repeatedly introduced as a harmful phenomenon in various books and articles. Many books and articles on the rights of children and spouses have been published in the international research space, but the common feature of these books and articles in the study of spouses with a statistical view in different regions and countries is clear. Existing international documents identify it as a clear violation of human rights and international statistics and studies show that the most vulnerable groups in this phenomenon are girls and children. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze the concept of child marriage and its place in international and regional documents and resolutions of the current situation of the international community in the field of child marriage.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.</span>

The existing international approach in the field of child marriage considers poverty, deprivation of education and cultural and religious traditions as the main factors for the establishment of this phenomenon in the international community. This phenomenon can cause much harm to its victims, although the child of a spouse, regardless of gender, can also affect adolescent boys and expose them to many dangers and social and psychological harms. However, due to the large differences and differences in the rate of child marriage statistics among adolescent girls, this issue has received less attention due to its male victims.
Ethical Considerations:</strong> In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.</span>

Due to their responsibilities under various international instruments in the field of child marriage, especially international human rights instruments, countries that face this phenomenon more widely than other countries can adapt their domestic laws to the guidelines contained in these instruments to international standards in this field. Get closer and reduce the rate of child marriage and early marriages. International resolutions and conventions in this field, regardless of the binding or non-binding effect of these instruments on the members of the United Nations, can be the basis for the gradual development and extension of soft international law and customary rules and, consequently, the ratification of more binding treaties in this field.

Confronting the bank managers’ delinquency is one of the socio-economic citizens’ rights that can minimize the formation and spread of corruption in the banking and economic system of the country. To this end, the present study examines the issue of crime prevention of bank managers in relation to financial facilities and considers the Merida Conference as a framework for discussion.

The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical which has been written by collecting information from sources including books, articles, researches related to this research as well as international conferences and treaties.

Dealing with crime and its prevention in the banking system is done by recognizing the category of crime and public awareness about it. Therefore, if the bank managers’ performance is not monitored or there is a lack of a proper mechanism to monitor financial facilities, the economic and social citizens’ rights as ultimate beneficiaries’ banking services will be reduced and public trust will be disrupted.</span>

Supervising the performance of banks and financial institutions, privatization based on deterrent laws in the field of bank managers’ crimes, involving people in the field of banking services through the promotion of electronic banking, virtual banking and also using new mechanisms to monitor the bank managers’ performance to some extent can prevent the bank managers’ delinquency.

Crime is a behavior consisted of either doing or not doing of an action that is against the social order, on the one hand, and exposes the society to risks and damages, on the other hand, for its disruption of the social order. As an alternative to imprisonment, decarceration has always been amongst the principles related to citizenship rights taken into accounts also in the religious texts. The present study aims at the study of two legal systems, i.e. Iran and England’s, for the investigation of the incarceration-replaceable penalties and alternatives for the foresaid legal systems represent the Roman-German and Common Law systems, respectively.

The study has been conducted based on documentary and library research method through the use of note-taking.

Nowadays, no jurist can deny the accomplishments of the comparative laws that support the citizenship rights. In order to exploit the positive experiences of the other countries regarding the veneration of the citizens’ social and individual rights and freedoms, England’s legal system has been chosen for comparison with Iran’s for the enforcement of the incarceration-replaceable penalties is done under certain conditions as ruled in the laws of this country.

In sum, Iran and England’s legal systems differ a lot concerning the incarceration alternatives. Apart from the existence of numerous stages that can relieve the criminal from incarceration before the court’s trial of the crime, it is necessary in the law system of England for the discounting and suspending factors to be enforced in the best possible way to the maximum possible extent in such a way that even passing a job-learning course in the adolescents’ correction centers with a high discipline score can exempt a robber from imprisonment. It can be vividly understood that the observance of the citizens’ rights has been the focal point of England’s laws and that their rights and freedoms matter even when in prison. Considering the fact that England’s jurists have succeeded in enacting the regulations of incarceration alternatives earlier than Iran, they have more information and more experiences in contrast to the Iranian jurists regarding the extent to which each of the penalties might be effective.

A healthy environment for living is one of the divine blessings and one of the things that people pay attention to is the soul that is the source of human life; It is taken from a healthy environment, and a healthy environment requires constructive human interaction with them. Today, indiscriminate felling of trees and uncontrolled grazing, and destruction of the environment by humans are examples of this interaction, which unfortunately sees this balance upset. In the new age, God has created man free, but this right should not be in accordance with the rule of no harm, according to which Islam is opposed to harm, our aim in this study is to identify jurisprudential cases of respect for nature and constructive interaction with this divine blessing.

The present study is descriptive and analytical and has been compiled using a library source and using the method of taking notes from books, articles and dissertations.

The findings of this study show that the existing capacities in Islamic jurisprudence are such that verses and hadiths can be used to prove the human right to a healthy environment. In Islamic jurisprudence to use nature, as mentioned God created man free, but against this principle, there is also a harmless rule that warns against harming nature under any pretext, even citing the rule of domination.

The religion of Islam, as the most complete religion, has foreseen all human rules and has thought of measures regarding manchr('39')s relationship with nature. Man is a part of nature on the earth and a member of the organs growing on the body of nature. Human harm to nature is no different from harming oneself. Therefore, in order to protect and enjoy onechr('39')s personal interests, it should not lead to the destruction and harm of nature. In Islam, there are two types of primary and secondary rulings. No harm should be prevented by creating secondary rulings and guaranteeing jurisprudential rules.