مجله علوم باغبانی ایران
سال پنجاهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

In order to investigate the effect of amino acids application on yield and essential oil of German chamomile under various levels of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh in 2017. The treatments were included application of chemical fertilizers, vermicompost, farmyard manure, poultry manure and mycorrhiza as the first factor and foliar application and non application of amino acids as the second factor. Results showed that the highest flower yield at the first harvest was obtained in poultry manure (225.4 g.m-2), chemical (204.6 g.m-2) and vermicompost (186.6 g.m-2) treatments, respectively. At the second, third, fourth and total harvests no significant differences were observed between the applications of different types of fertilizers. The highest essential oil percentage was obtained at the first (0.92 %), second (0.95 %) and total harvests (0.8 %) with vermicompost application without significant difference with farmyar and poultry manures. The highest total essential oil yield was obtained in poultry manure (4.6 g.m-2) and vermicompost (4.41 g.m-2) treatments. Application of amino acids led to significant increase in flower yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield and biological yield in all harvests as compared to non-application.

In order to study agro-meteorological indices at different phenological stages and yield of new potato cultivars in winter planting in Behbahan Agriculture Research Station an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design including 11 cultivars in three replications. The results showed that at tuber bulking stage the highest growth degree day and helio thermal unit (respectively 1003.97 °C day and 7301.90°C day hr-1) belonged to Sante cultivar. The maximum photo thermal index in all studied cultivars belonged to tuber bulking stage. Evaluation the correlation coefficient between characters showed that, yield exhibited significant positive correlation with growth degree day (r=0.387) at tuber bulking stage. The highest plant height (67.90 cm) and minimum days to canopy closure (71.33 days) belonged to Savalan cultivar. The highest yield (34.28 t ha-1), heat use efficiency (18.95 kg ha-1°C day-1) and helio thermal use efficiency (2.06 kg ha-1°C day hr-1) were found in Savalan cultivar. According to result Savalan, Ottawa, Jelly, Georgina and Bunba cultivars are recommended for winter potato planting in Behbahan.

In order to determine the optimum water consumption in lime tree (Citrus aurantifolia), A three years field experiment in a randomized complete block design from 2006 to 2008 was conducted using drip irrigation at Minab Agricultural Research Station. Treatments consisted of four water intake: I1) full irrigation: 100% of the water intake, I2) I1 + 25%I1, I3) I1 - 25%I1, I4) I1 - 50%I1 with three replications. The plant's water requirement was calculated using the FAO-56 method and the irrigation interval was set up every two days. Based on the results, increasing the water consumption increased the yield. Significantly differences were found in yield (P ≤0.01) and water productivity (P ≤0.05) among the treatments. It seems in normal years (without shortage water), I2 treatment is the best due to the highest yield (6709 kg/ha), and in drought years, I4 treatment because of less water use (about 50% I1) and the highest water productivity (0.73 kg/m3), is a good option for saving water consumption. Also, according to the results, the amount of water consumed by this plant in this region was obtained 22% more than the calculated value by the Soil and Water Research Institute.

In order to determine the effect of fulvic acid and NPK fertilizer on antioxidant activity, biochemical parameters and yield of basil, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design. The results showed that the highest of anthocyanin (21.1 mg/g dry weight) with application of 3 per thousand of NPK fertilizer and the lowest anthocyanin (0.95 mg/g dry weight) were obtained from control treatment. The highest antioxidant activity (76.6%) was obtained from 5 kg/ ha fulvic acid and its lowest (70.6%) were obtained from control treatment(no fertilizerfulvic acid and NPK fertilizer). Also the highest anthocyanin (1.74 mg/g dry weight), chlorophyll b (1.52 mg/g fresh weight) and total chlorophyll (2.99 mg/g fresh weight) were obtained by application of 3 per thousand of NPK fertilizer and 10 kg ha-1 fulvic acid. Also result showed that the highest biological yield (22955 kg.ha-1)  and plant dry weight (483.8 gm-2) were obtained from treatment of 6 per thousand of NPK fertilizer and 10 kg ha-1 fulvic acid and the lowest amounts (14418 kg ha-1 and 259.5 gm-2) from control treatment (no fertilizerfulvic acid and NPK fertilizer(

In the present study, hairy root induction from leaf and stem explants in two Hyssopus species (H. officinalis and H. angustifilius) was assessed using four Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains including A4, ATCC15834, LB9404 and 2656 on three culture media (MS, ½ MS, B5) as a factorial experimental based on a completely randomized design with three replicates. Almost all leaf and stem explants produced hairy roots. A fragment of transferred rol B was amplified through PCR from the genomic DNA extracted from transformed roots. Different A. rhizogenes strains and culture media and Hyssopus species had significant effects on hairy root percentage and root length. The highest rooting percentage (%71) and root length (4.7 cm) were resulted from stem explants of H. angustifolius co-cultivated with the strain ATCC15834 on MS culture medium. While, the leaf explantsof H. officinalis co-cultivated with the strain A4 on MS culture medium showed the rooting percentage of 55% and the root length of 1.6 cm at most. The MS medium was the best culture medium for both species. These results can be useful in genetic manipulation of hyssop and its hairy root culture to produce high-value secondary metabolites.

This experiment established to investigate the effect of symbiosis of three mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (Glomus intraradices,Glomus mosseae, Glomus howei) on growth and quality of dwarf lisianthus flower (Eustoma grandiflorum ‘Matador Blue’). The experiment carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with three factors, mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi, concentration and bed culture in three replications. The results showed that mycorrhizal increased fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and roots, and plant height and number of buds. Chlorophyll concentration and nitrogen content also increased significantly with increasing mycorrhiza content compared to control. Generally, mycorrhiza application increased P and N content in pot lisianthus leaves. According to the results, incubation of medium with mycorrhiza significantly could improve the nutritional conditions of pot lisianthus and improve the vegetative and generative traits too.

In order to study the effect of salinity stress on morphological characteristics, absorption and transport of some nutrients of almond, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with two factors including rootstock and rootstock and scion combination in four levels(vegetative rootstocks: GF677, GN15, and tetra and seedling rootstock of bitter almond as control and Shahrood-12 on four mentioned rootstocks) and salinity of irrigation water in five levels (0.3(control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m) were used. The results showed that increasing salinity up to 8 dS/m reduced the leaf nitrogen content of Shahroud-12 cultivar in grafted form and non-grafted rootstocks. With increasing salinity up to 8 dS/m, the highest and lowest reduction in leaf phosphorus content were observed on the control (non-grafted) GF677 and Shahroud-12 cultivars on GF667, respectively. Increasing salinity resulted in increased potassium content of Shahroud-12 on GF677 and non-grafted GF677 rootstock. The results also showed that with increasing salinity, the ratio of sodium/nitrogen in the root of the control rootstocks increased. In salinity of 8 dS/m the highest and lowest sodium/potassium ratio was observed in the seedling rootstock of bitter almond and Shahroud-12 on GF677 rootstock. The results showed that Shahroud-12 grafted onto GF677 was the most tolerance compound to salinity.

The present research was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of different amounts of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on the morpho- physiological and biochemical aspects of sweet basil. Pre-treatments of the soil with different concentrations of Cd and Pb was applied two months before starting the experiment in the greenhouse, and then seeds were sown in pots containing contaminated soil, under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that application of cadmium and lead have led to significant changes in morphological traits and reduction in physiological and quality traits including number of lateral shoots, flowering intensities and stem diameter. By increasing concentrations of Cd from 0 to 20 mg. kg-1 soils, the amount of basil cadmium from 0.71 to 3.6 mg. g-1DW and with increasing concentrations of Pb from 0 to 400mg. kg-1 soil, the amount of basil Pb from 0.93 to 4.95 mg. g-1DWwas increased. Different levels of both heavy metals have resulted in significant reduction of SPAD value (22.95 to 13.98) as well as in the amount of chlorophyll a (0.755 to 0.333 mg. g-1 FW) chlorophyll b (0.330 to 0.125 mg. g-1 FW) and carotenoids (0.228 to 0.095 mg.g-1 FW) and photosystem II in chloroplasts (0.834 to 0.422) decreased compared to control plants. According to the increase of Cd and Pb in the plants is harmful and associated with the serious human health, therefore preventing culturing vegetable crops in the heavy metal contaminated soils should be considered.

The CAB 6P and JASPI rootstocks belongs to Prunus genus, are very noticeable in terms of dwarfing. Due to the importance of dwarf rootstocks in fruit trees commercial production and also their mass propagation by tissue culture, this research was conducted to study the proliferation, rooting and acclimatization of these rootstocks. A factorial experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design, including the effect of MS and ½ MS media in combination with different concentrations of BA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and IBA (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/l) on proliferation and also the effect of WPM and MS media in combination with different concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) on rooting of two rootstock (JASPI and CAB 6P). Based on the results, MS medium with 1 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l IBA for proliferation of both rootstocks and WPM medium containing 1.5 mg/l IBA + 0.5 mg/l NAA and WPM medium containing 0.5 mg/l IBA+ 0.5 mg/l NAA are recommended for rooting stage of CAB 6P and JASPI rootstocks, respectively.

The research was carried out to reduce the effect of salinity on morphophysiologic traits of gerbera flowers using chemical nutrition in 2017. The experiment was a factorial based on a RCBD with three factors consisted of nutrition of mineral elements, fertilization time and saline water. The results showed that, with increasing salinity, a significant decrease was observed in growth characteristics, especially plant height, flower and peduncle diameter, leaf number and leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weight of the aforementioned organs, and concentration of nitrogen and calcium elements. With increasing salinity levels from 2 to 3 ds/m, the amount of silicon element increased from 0.93 to 0.98 mg/kg dry weight. The amount of silicon in fertilizer treatments 1 g NPK in pot + spray 1 g in 100 ml calcium silicate, 2 g NPK in pot + spray 0.5 g in 100 ml calcium silicate and 2 g NPK in pot + spray 1 g in 100 ml calcium silicate was highest at 30 and 45 days after planting, and showed a lower amount by delaying fertilization to 60 days after planting. Finally, the results showed that nutrition with NPK, calcium and silicon fertilizers has been able to maintain plant growth under salinity conditions, even in some treatments, increase the growth compared to the control.

The present study aimed to study quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by complete nano fertilizer (0 (K0), 5 (K1), and 10 (K2) mg l-1), carbon nanotube (0 (L0) and 2 (L1) mg l-1) and different planting dates (August 15 (T1), August 26 (T2), and September 5 (T3)) in a factorial experiment based on a RCBD with three replications. It was found that delayed sowing accompanied with the application of nano fertilizers promoted quantitative and qualitative traits; so that in the application of "L1K1T3" for the duration of flowering period (14.66 days), flower number (4.033), stigma fresh weight (0.0488 mg), stigma dry weight (0.022 mg), and safranal (44.56), picrocrocin (81.13) and crocin (188.33); However, "L1K1T3" is in all mentioned traits other than picrocrocin did not significant difference with "L1K2T3". The highest anthocyanin was obtained under "L1K1T3", "L1K2T3", "L1K2T2" and "L1K1T3". In total, it can be said that the quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron was improved by the application of nano fertilizers – through making the optimum nutrients available-and the planting of roots in August-September – through making the optimum moisture and temperature available.

In order to study quantitative and qualitative traits of early ripening sweet cherries cultivars and genotypes, an experiment carried out based on a completely randomized blocks design (RCBD) in Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Khorasan Razavi. The results showed that flowering of promising Mashhad-86 started one week earlier (the first week of April) compare to other cultivars and fruit ripened in the third decade of May. Mean fruit weight of promising Mashhad-86 (6.26 g) was higher than Adli (4.9 g),Siah Qazvin (3.7 g), Pish Ras(4.26 g), DellaMarca (3.8 g) and Mashhad-84 (6.06 g). PishRas and promising Mashhad-86 had the highest total soluble solids with 19.73% and 18.16%, respectively. The highest and lowest yield be longed to Pish Ras (21 kg per tree) and Siah Qazvin (12 kg per tree), respectively. Early ripening cultivars, due to the short growing season, had smaller fruit size. Promising Mashhad-86 genotype with higher mean fruit weight and percentage of soluble solids had higher economic value and marketability.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and boron elements on quantity and quality characteristics of karela (Momordicacharantia L.), a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in AgricultururalFaculty, Shahrood University of Technology. The treatments consisted of nitrogen as a first factorin in three levels(75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1,as urea) and foliar application of boron as a second factor in four levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1 boric acid). The results showed that the maximum amount of the phosphorus in fruit was obtained at the 75 kg ha-1. The results showed that foliar application of boron up to 2 g L-1 caused the greatest effect on the number of flowers per plant (96.46), number of perfect seeds per fruit (36.36), and reducing the number of hollow seed fruits (2.07) and increased the amount of nitrogen (11.10%) in the fruit tissue. The highest fruit yield per plant and seed thousand weight were obtained at the 150 kgha-1nitrogen and 2 gr/l foliar application of boron and the lowest of these traits were treated of 75 kg ha-1 and without application of bororn. Results showed that use of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer plus 2 g L-1 of boric acid, had a greater effect on the fruit yield and concentration of mineral elements in karela fruit.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid on freezing tolerance in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Shahani) as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 94 and 95 years. Factors in the first year included SA (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) foliar application at the time of the veraision, harvest, one month after harvest and three times. Freezing treatments were 4 (control), -15, 18- and 21- °C on cuttings that collected in January and March. Second year experiment based on the results of the first year and spraying with concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1.5 mM in the stage of one month after harvest and freezing at 4, -17, -19 and -21 °C on the cutting that collected in January and March. Based on the results of this study, the use of the SA 0.5 and 1 mM in the first year and 0.5 and 1.5 mM in the second experiment reduced the peroxidation of membrane lipids and thus reduced the level of ionic and phenolic leakage and malondialdehyde after freezing stress and increased carbohydrate solution, proline and phenolic compounds at both sampling times in January and March. So it seems that SA could decrease effects of low temperatures and damage to cell lipids. Also, the results showed which deduction the temperature to -21°C reduced the vegetative parameters of cuttings and it seems that SA could improve the cold stress damages in cuttings by increasing some of the biochemical parameters.

The purpose of the study was to improve plant regeneration efficiency in some commercial grapevine cultivars. To achieve this goal, embryogenic callus from immature anthers of six grapevine cultivars: ‘Bidaneh Sefid’, ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’, ‘Fakhri’, ‘Askari’, ‘Yaghuti’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’ were used. Embryogenic calli were cultured in plant growth regulator-free MS medium and the highest number of somatic embryos was observed in Bidaneh Sefid cultivar. Then, somatic embryos were transferred to two germination media: 1. MS medium containing 0.5 μM BAP and 2. MS medium containing 0.1 μM NAA plus 2.5 μM BAP. Plants with abnormal shoot and root apex were observed during germination; embryos with long root and abnormal shoot apex were also observed on medium containing 0.1 μM NAA plus 2.5 μM BA. There was no significant difference between the percentages of normal germination in ‘Askari’ on both media; however, higher normal germination was found on medium containing 0.5 μM BAP in other cultivars. After four weeks, plants were transferred to the MS and WPM media, both were supplemented with 0.5 μM BAP. Plants were transferred to regeneration media after four weeks. The regeneration percentage on WPM medium (76.87%) was higher than on MS medium (59.27%). Maximum percentage of regeneration was obtained from Askari (94.40%), Bidaneh Sefid (83.85%), Thomson Seedless (80.66%) and Bidaneh Ghermez (76%) on WPM.

To evaluate the possibility of replacing urea with organic and bio-fertilizers, a study carried out on 14 years old Thompson Seedless grapevines (Vitis vinifera</em> L.) in a calcareous soil. The results showed that treatments affect cluster yield, chlorophyll index, total soluble solids and total acidity of fruit and N, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in leaves, significantly. Maximum fruit yield resulted in liquid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure and solid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria with 11.73 and 11.83 kg/vine, respectively. All treatments showed relatively similar increase in soluble solids content and decrease in fruit acidity compared to the control. The Highest chlorophyll index and concentration of N, Fe, Mn and Zn in leaf have been reported in liquid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure and solid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure treatments. The nutrient balance indices were 160 and 145 in treatments without N or urea application, but the amount was decreased to about 107 and 108 in N-fixing liquid inoculum+animal manure and solid N-fixing inoculum+animal manure treatments respectively, which shows the improvement in nutritional balance status under these treatments. The results indicated that application of N bio-inoculations with animal manure more than N chemical fertilizer source improved the nutritional balance of grape and produced the highest yield, but their effect on fruit quality was similar to urea.

With the aim of investigate the effect of different plant growth regulators on orchid immature seed germination, Dendrobium nobile Lindl spicies, was performed in two experimental MS and M culture media, as a composite analysis in a randomized complete design with 4 replications in Balouchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2015-2016 years. Twenty-two plant growth regulator treatments included control (no use of growth regulator), 4 concentrations of NAA or α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mgl-1), 4 concentrations of Kin or Kinetin (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mgl-1), 4 concentrations of IAA or Indole-3-acetic acid (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mgl-1), 3 combinations of Kin+IAA{(0.5+1), (1+0.5) and (1+1)} mgl-1, 3 combinations of NAA+IAA{(0.5+1), (1+0.5) and (1+1)} mgl-1, and 3 combinations of NAA+Kin{(0.5+1), (1+0.5) and (1+1)} mgl-1 on two culture media. The simple effect of the culture medium on all measured traits was not significant, while the simple effect of growth regulators as well as the interaction effect of growth regulators and culture medium on all traits measured at the level of 1% was significant. The results showed that the lowest and highest percentage of germination were observed in control treatments and NAA+Kin (1+0.5mgl-1), in M culture medium, respectively. The shortest time to start germination observed under application of NAA;1.5mgl-1 inM culture medium, and the longest time to start germination was happened in the absence of hormone use in the both culture media. Also, the shortest time to spherule formation, was observed under application of NAA;1.5mgl-1 inM culture medium, and the longest time to spherule formation was occurred under conditions of non-hormone use in the both culture media and Kin+IAA(1+1mgl-1) treatment in MS culture medium. The shortest and longest duration to protocorm formation, was observed under application of NAA;1.5mgl-1 in M culture medium, and in conditions of non-use of hormones in the both culture media, respectively.In general, NAA;1.5mgl-1 treatment in M culture medium was the best and most economical treatment in compared to other treatments in the two culture media, which are the result of combinations and concentrations the elements in this culture medium for orchids.

Quince seedling genotypes are distributed in independent landraces in different parts of Iran. The selectection oftheir superior genotypes is possible for usingin some breeding programs. This research was performedto evaluate some quince genotypes of North West Iran and selection of superior genotype(s). Therefore, 13 genotypes from Ardabil and western regions of Guilan provinces,with cultivar `Esfahan` as control,were evaluated according to 55 traits of the National Guidelines ofDifferentiation, Unifirmity and Stability (DUS) Tests, and also organoleptic and yield traits. The results indicated some traits were distinct in growth habit, leaf, blossom and fruit in quince genotypes and in control cultivar. Dwarfing in AD6 and AD7 genotypes and late flowering in AD5, AD3 and PSH genotypes were considerable traits. Cluster analysis based on all traits, dividedthe genotypes in three clusters, in which the first was containg superior genotypes Givi, AS1, ASH, AD1 and control cultivar. In the second and third clusters, genotypes had lower values for selection. In the organoleptic evaluations, ASH, AD1, and AS1 were evaluated assuperior genotypes, so that both ASH and AS1 genotypes were considered for possibile use as fresh fruits, with higher organoleptic values than cultivar `Esfahan`. Givi, AD5 and AD6 genotypes with 28, 23 and 21 kg fruit per tree had the highest yield and yield efficiency. Based on all traits, Givi, AD1, ASH and AS1 genotypes were selected preliminarily for various purposes of breeding programs.

This study was aimed to eradicate three viruses, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV),Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) from seven pear cultivars including Abate Fetel, Beiruti, Dargazi, Coscia, Louise Bonne, Mellina, Spadona. Experiments were performed by evaluation of the effectiveness of thermotherapy duration including 0, 7, 14 and 21 days at 38 °C and meristem culturing in size of less than 0.2 mm on virus eradication rates of explants. At first mother samples were tested for ACLSV, ASGV and ASPV by and RT-PCR and all samples were infected by all three viruses, except Abate Fetel and Beiruti samples, that were free of ASP virus. Thermotherapy and meristem culturing were performed in vitro</em>. Explants from thermotherapy and meristem culturing were tested by RT-PCR for all three viruses and the results showed that eradication rates of ACLSV, ASGV and ASPV, respectively 78.46, 26.63 and 35.5 percent were different in the different pear cultivars. The highest rate of virus eradication was related to Coscia and the lowest to Spadona cultivars. There was a direct relationship between increasing the duration of thermotherapy and virus elimination of explants, but this increased period of time up to 21 days reduced the growth and multiplication and even destroyed the explants. Therefore, 14 days of thermotherapy was the most effective treatment for elimination of ASGV, ASPV and ACLSV, respectively 61.4, 100 and 45.5 percent, from pear explants. At the end of the experiment, samples that were diagnosed virus free using RT-PCR, were proliferated, rooted and transferred to greenhouse condition for acclimation stage.

Periwinkle plant Chatarantus roseus L. from Apocynaceae family is one of the valuable ornamental-medicinal plants. In order to evaluate the effects of ϒ-aminobutyric acid, humic acid and salicylic acid on some characteristics of periwinkle an experiment was conducted based on complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications at Agriculture Faculty university of Zanjan. Treatments included ϒ-aminobutyric acid (0.5, 0.75 and 1 mM), humic acid (50, 100 and 150 mg.L-1) and salicylic acid (0.5, 1 and 2 mM). The results showed that highest plant height, stem diameter and leaf number was achieved 0.5mM concentration of ϒ-aminobutyric acid which had a significant difference whit the control treatment. The lowest days to flowering were 0.5 mM salicylic acid. Foliar application of 2 mM salicylic acid was significant (p<0.01) on plant height, stem diameter, phenol, peroxidase and catalase activities in compared to the control treatment. Between the different treatments, the concentration of 50 mg.L-1humic acid had the highest effect on flavonoids content. Also, plant height, stem diameter, day to flowering, peroxidase and catalase activity significantly increased in the concentration of 150 mg.L-1 humic acid compared to control treatment. Between all treatments, the highest catalase activity was observed in 2 mM salicylic acid and the highest peroxidase activity was observed in 1 ϒ-aminobutyric acid and 2 mM salicylic acid treatments. Therefore, the yield, physiological and phytochemical indices of the periwinkle improved by using of ϒ-aminobutyric acid, humic acid and salicylic acid.