International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
Volume:1 Issue: 8, Summer 2013

This study examined barriers of sustainable rural development from perspective of experts in Department of Rural Development in Razi University, Institute of Rural Research & Development, and Organization of Rural Cooperatives in Kermanshah (N=42).The sample size was estimated by population census. The main research instrument for data collection was pre-tested questionnaire. Validityof questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 18 .The results showed that the main obstacles to sustainable rural development in the province of Kermanshah were five factors: : 1- Physical- Structural; 2- Investment problems; 3- Weak policymaking; 4- Agricultural Production risk; and 5- Lack of skill

Marek's disease (MD) is the most common lymphoproliferative diseases of chickens; During the last year the incidence of MD was  investigated among slaughter houses and suspected broiler farms, located in  Isfahan (Iran) as the region of  highest density of poultry husbandry by histopathology,  For subclinical MD investigation, in  total 1550 chickens originated  from slaughter houses  were examined, Parallely  for clinical  MD investigation, 100 chickens  from  10 broiler farms were examined.Based on the obtained results, about 6.81% of the liver samples (with average age of 60 days) collected from slaughter houses showed pleomorphic lymphoid cell proliferation  and  infiltration of  mononuclear  cells as subclinical MD. The microscopic results of examined broilers (average age of 57 days) with clinical signs of MD , showed  pleomorphic  lymphoid cell proliferation in sciatic nerves (62%) ,  spleens (66% )  and livers(71%). Now in Iran, the outbreaks of subclinical and clinical MD in broiler chickens increased  but MD vaccination is not permitted so regarding to the results it will be to an obligation for hatchery  MD vaccination, and/or decreasing the slaughtering age  besides a good bio security  of broilers farms

The preparation of vegetation cover maps by used the land inventory and a traditional method has a lot of cost and time. But today, remote sensing is one of the main sources of data collection and information production for study and monitoring land resources, and was efficient tools for providing quickly and timely data and information needs for program planning in the natural resource filed. In the variety of available remote sensing data the satellite images has a minimum of cost and time for creating vegetation cover maps. The aim of this study is the capability of Liss-III sensor from IRS- P6Resorce satellite for creating vegetation cover maps in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province   (the area of study site was 34177 ha) in the central zagros forest. By using the different methods includes the creating the color composite, principal component analysis and vegetation index enhancement the satellite image, Then by using the  supervised classification method and  maximum likelihood function the image was divided into four separate classes

Infiltration process plays an important role in water cycle of the nature. Conducting field experiments is necessary to determine the coefficients of infiltration equations due to the dependence of these coefficients to the soil type, soil surface conditions and the amount of initial soil moisture content. This study has been carried out in a field located in Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht branch, Fars province. With regard to various initial amounts of soil moisture content and clay loam soil texture of the study area, permeability tests including double rings and single ring methods were conducted in 8 points as well as the coefficients of Philippe and Kostiakov models were determined to estimate the coefficients of infiltration models and to determine a proper model to forecast cumulative infiltration values. Results of the evaluation shows that, Kostiakov model has more proper operation in estimating the amount of infiltration compared with Philippe model, and coefficients of the studied models (Kostiakov and Philippe models) vary with soil moisture variation. These variations in some cases are high and for some others are low. Variations trend also is not fully compatible with soil moisture conten

Physiological factors have effects on most forest parameters such as forest classification so that understanding knowledge about this subject is important to manage forests. The forests of Sorkhake-sanjabi village with area of 1645 ha located in Eslam Abad city, Kermanshah province, Iran were selected. 23 sample plots with rectangular shape (40m*50m) were selected and the species, origin of species and canopy percent were recorded. Broun Blankeh method based on percent of canopy area of dominant species was selected.  Results showed that two main forest types identified were Quercus-Daphne and Quercus-Prunus-Cratagus. Quercus-Daphne is coppice and ranging from 1820-2322 and Quercus-Prunus-Cratagus ranging from 1890-2130 that Cratagus aronica and Purunus tortuosa are high forest and Q. persica is coppice

Forests are an important economic source for human and have key role in nutrient cycle, hydrology and ecosystem performance, any interference in this vital ecosystem causes to damage to forests. Mechanical logging and road construction in forest areas have led to much soil compaction. Soil physical and chemical properties were studied in parts of road and non-road in the Darabkola forest of Iran. To investigate the soil properties, sixty samples of the top soil (0–20 cm deep) in two parts of forest ground and forest road surface were collected by cylinder for physical and chemical analysis: forest ground (30 samples) and forest road surface (30 samples). Also, soil compaction and runoff production investigated in mentioned parts. Therefore, produced runoff volume due rainfall in two studied parts was measured in equal area after the natural rainfall. The results showed that there was significant difference among soil different properties rate and too produced runoff rate in two studied parts. Correlation matrix results in part of forest road indicated that there was significant negative and positive correlation between runoff and silt, clay, bulk density, lime and gravel, organic matter, PH, EC respectively and too in part of forest ground there was significant negative and positive correlation between runoff and moisture, clay, silt and gravel, organic matter, PH, EC respectively

STATs are a family of latent transcription factors that reside in the cytoplasm of resting cells. The STAT1 transcription factor gene located on the chromosome 2 at interval 60 to 63 cM. This factor upon stimulation with INF gamma, dimerizes and translocate to the nucleus where mediates transcriptional regulation. In this study, we estimated the allele and genotype frequencies of STAT1/Pag1 gene polymorphism and examined the association whit milk yield (305-day milk yield) and milk component (fat and protein percentage) traits. DNA was isolated from 317 Holstein cows of five different herds. A 314 bp fragment in STAT1 gene was amplified and the animals were genotyped using RFLP-PCR technique. Seven genotypes including DD (89 animals), BB (25 animals), CC (11 animals), AC (15 animals), BC (9 animals), CD (164 animals) and BD (4 animals) were identified. Frequencies of A, B, C, and D alleles were estimated to be 0.021, 0.101, 0.332 and 0.546, respectively. Association of STAT1/Pag1 genotypes with percentage of fat in the milk was relatively high (P < 0.05); the DD genotype was superior to other groups. But corrected milk production for 305 days and protein percentage of the milk did not differ among all groups (P > 0.01). We concluded that this marker should be considered for milk component (fat percentage) selection in Holstein dairy cows

To evaluate the effects of the current situation and future development on Source groundwater whether quantitative or qualitative point of view, simulation computer resources, a powerful tool in the optimal utilization of source is considered. Year recent several model of math and computer simulation of hydraulic behavior of underground water resources focus is located. Like making mathematical phenomenon hydraulic set of algebraic relations, differential and integral that the groundwater flow hydrodynamics and its relations with aquifer levels to show. In this study, like making Narmab aquifer located in Golestan province, using a mathematical model Visual Mudflow 3.1 was performed. Changes of water level data from 15 wells piezometer water table in the study area, were evaluated. Results with coefficient estimates 97 percent representation for all to month showed that the water level model with acceptable accuracy similar building and to model groundwater flow in the aquifer above the complex nature of her is. Predictedresults indicate that the probability of the next few years the water leveldrops in the aquifer, in the case of a large harvest process, will be verysevere

Astigmatism’s defect has not yet been formulated in Physics and medical physics books theoretically. In this paper, we are trying to formulate the astigmatism’s defect. The results of formulation show that “the degree of astigmatism is negative reverse the distance that vision’s condition of astigmatism’s chart lines change conditions in dimness angle from dimness condition at infinite distance or the farthest vision’s distance to clarity condition at that angle”. Secondly, the degree of astigmatism which has been theoretically formulated is measured with a lens with a special focus. To read the degree of astigmatism faster, we have tried to let the machine show the degrees automatically

Seed storage proteins are synthesized as sources of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur for the next generation of plants. Reactive oxygen species serve as second messengers for signal transduction; however, molecular targets of oxidant signaling have not been defined. Here, many researchers showes that ligand–receptor mediated signaling promotes reactive oxygen species– dependent protein carbonylation. Carbonylation of the majority of proteins occurred transiently. Protein carbonylation in response to ligand–receptor interactions represents a novel mechanism in redox signaling. The role of protein oxidation in dormancy alleviation could be discussed in relation to the nature of the carbonylated proteins. Carbonylation of storage proteins has previously been reported in dry mature Arabidopsis seeds, and it was suggested that carbonylation of these proteins facilitates their mobilization during germination. Also, in sunflower seeds, breaking of dormancy in the dry state may be associated with preparation for storage protein mobilization. Hence, ROS accumulation appears to be a key signal governing cell activity during after-ripening. The role of specific proteins in maintenance of seed viability or longevity has been well documented However, quality and hardiness in seeds determined by protein contrnt

The main purpose of this paper has been to discuss the effects of psychological stress and other environmental factors on incidence of diseases. We were specifically concerned with stress that increased susceptibility of uninfected hosts when exposed to infection. If such stresses also reduced resources, fecundity and/or survivorship, there was a reduction in the host carrying capacity. In addition, stress that increased parasite mortality decreased disease. The opposing effects of stress on disease dynamics made it difficult to predict the response of disease to environmental stress. Stress can simultaneously increase parasite mortality and impair host vital rates, making it more likely that parasites will be extirpated by stress. Stress may have multiple effects on hosts and parasites such as increasing susceptibility to disease while decreasing host vital rates, such as reproduction. The knowledge about stresses help clarify predictions about the interaction between environmental stress and disease in natural populations

Aflatoxins are toxins which are usually produced by a kind of Aspergillus fungus named Flavus, Parasiticus, and Numius. There are 18 kinds of Aflatoxins have been discovered by scientists and Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and carcinogenic. Taking aflatoxins present in food causes lots of diseases like liver diseases, alcoholic liver, mutagenesis, and malformation in animals. It also has some other outcomes like weakness of immune system, decrease in growth, decrease in eating, decrease in lactation in cows and abortions. To reduce the aflatoxin in milk, there are different methods and in this paper have done that by iodine solution. Milk is the most perfect food that can be used by humans. This food consists of a complicated compound including fat, proteins, sugar, lactose, minerals, vitamins, and water. A significant amount of milk is water and it may be due to the iodine present in the water. Iodine is a radioactive element which existence in milk during production and storing causes some physical and chemical changes in milk and its components. This paper is carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the dose amount of absorbed Gama was measured during one day with a milk with aflatoxin impregnated with 1Bq/m3 iodine based on Nano rad  with MCNPX software. In the second  stage the Reduction of  aflatoxin M1 with adding radioactive iodine to milk was investigated

Nowadays, the separation of pistachios which seem to have aflatoxin is done according to their organoleptic physical qualities like color and etc. As these methods are not  fully practical, and there is always a possibility of error and also the conditions like the wrong time harvest, the transportation of picked pistachios, the delay on the processing cause some contaminations in pistachios which do not have particular physical qualities and which are not separable and the detoxification methods must be surveyed. In this paper, the effect of Gamma, Beta, and Alpha rays from natural uranium activity on Aflatoxin reduction was analyzed. Beta and Alpha rays don’t pass through the exterior shell of pistachio. Therefore, we need to consider only Gamma rays. So, the Aflatoxin infected pistachios were put into two thick cast iron containers (steam boilers), which one of them included natural uranium soil and the other normal soil and the pistachios were kept there for ten days. Then, the amounts of Aflatoxin in the two boilers were measured by HPLC method and the data were compared. The results show that the B1 Aflatoxin in the natural uranium boiler has reduced from 134.85 ng/g to 72.28 ng/g where as the B1 Aflatoxin in the normal soil boiler has not changed at all. This cheap method on Aflatoxin reduction can cause the increase on pistachio export, improvement of economic situation of the society, reduction of cancer contamination and increase of the society health

Animal agricultural production systems are major sources of nonpoint pollution affecting quality of water sources. Nitrogen has been identified as the foremost source of nonpoint water pollution  and the potential negative impacts of N have become an area of public concern. protein degradation from feed ingredients is an important factorinfluencing AA supply to the duodenum. Ruminal proteolysis determines the amount ofammonia, AA, peptides, and branched-chain VFA available for microbial growth andproliferation. Carbohydrates are the main components in the dairy ration, comprising roughly 60 – 80% of total dry matter (DM) and could supply to 70% net energy lactation (NEL) for high yielding dairy cows. External markers such as 15N or 35S as well as internal markers such as nucleic acids have been used to determine ruminal microbial protein production

Fenugreek is an medicinal plant that use in disease some therapy. This plant use  for blood lipids and sugar decreasing in diabetic and non diabetic peoples and have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The plant contains active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, Saponins etc. It is an old medicinal plant. It has been commonly used as a traditional food and medicine. Fenugreek is known to have hypoglycemic, and hypocholesterolaemic, effects, Anti-inflammatory effects.  Recent research has identified fenugreek as a valuable medicinal plant with potential for curing diseases and also as a source for preparing raw materials of pharmaceutical industry, like in steroidal hormones. Since fenugreek is a self-pollinated crop, a mutation breeding method can be used to generate mutants with a determinate growth habit. Irradiation and chemical mutagens can be used to produce point mutations in fenugreek