فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، پاییز 1398)

Numerous articles and books on the concept of "Islamic city" have been written by Muslim scholars and western orientalists over the past decades. Some scholars have indicated that the concept of an Islamic city is not appropriate with the requirements of contemporary times and on the other hand, some scholars argue that there is a need for more attention. The aim of this study in the first step was to classify and analyze different readings of Islamic city and it was rethinking the definition based on the requirements of contemporary times in the second step.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and exploratory research. Data collection was conducted using library studies and depth interviews with experts inside and outside of the country that they were discussed, analyzed and criticized in comparison with each other. This study first categorized and compared the inter-religious and outer-religious approaches to the concept of Islamic cities. Another finding of this study was to add the inter-religious reading to earlier readings of the Islamic city. In this regard, in parallel with the investigation of different studies on Islamic cities, different layers of Islamic thought were also studied and adapted to existing readings.

In conclusion, the present study addresses the question of which aspect of Islamic thought is more in line with the needs of today's society in urban planning. According to the analyses indicated in the study, the emphasis on the ethical approach can meet the current requirements of cities in Islamic societies more than the other approaches.

Numerous environmental problems indicate the need to change the current practice in construction waste. However, the high potential of recycling-based solutions can increase the efficiency of energy consumption and reduce waste production rates and provide an effective step towards sustainable development from a macro perspective. Unfortunately, recycling in today's architecture is neglected. The purpose of the present study is to identify the roots and investigate its theoretical origins among Iranians and in Iranian-Islamic thought.

This study is a qualitative study conducted based on the grounded theory approach. The method of data collection is field study and the tool is the interview.

The continuity of recycling and its successful records in Iranian architecture show the strong roots of this issue in the Iranian-Islamic beliefs. Religious thoughts on the one hand, and cultural values and norms, on the other hand, represent recycling as a viable and principled strategy in Iranian architectural legacy. In this study, researchers investigated reverence and sanctity of nature, along with the social responsibility for the Muslim individual as the origins of recycling from the religious aspect of beliefs and deep connection with nature, and minimalism in life-style as cultural fundamental factors for utilizing recycling strategies in architecture.

It seems that the way to revive recycling in the modern architecture of Iran cannot be reached unless recognizing the roots and identifying the value of recycling through its history in Iranian architecture. It is hoped that studies of this kind will help to implement recycling in Iran's future architecture.

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting the pattern of Islamic Iranian city to respond to human needs from the perspective of Islam. The most important instruments for collecting the required data in this research were the library research method and questionnaire. The planning approach emphasized by the proposed pattern was sustainable urban development using the participatory planning approach, and the study approach of the pattern was the epistemic approach. In this way, given the importance of humans, this study explored humanity from the Islamic perspective and considering the various existential dimensions of humans, Islamic city is formed based on the physical and spiritual needs of humans in four types of bio-based, recreation-based, culture-based, and meaning-based needs. Then, for the purpose of the optimal realization of each mentioned quadruple needs of humans, the most important content principles of Islamic cities were introduced as justice, neighbourhood-based, mosque-based, avoidance of disturbance, privacy, beauty, and communication with nature. On the other hand, in this pattern, the aims of the viable city were considered as the theoretical basis, but instead of emphasizing the lower layers (physical needs), the emphasis was placed on accurate planning and maximal growth in supplying the higher layers (spiritual needs) of the human under the title of growable city. The pattern also emphasized two potential areas of the self that to flourishing the higher layers, the first two areas should only be answered according to the necessity. Indeed, the main purpose of this pattern was to providing background and warning for accurate planning and maximum growth in layers three and four (culture-based and spiritual-based) that is the main purpose of human definition. The most important point emphasized in a growable city is the attention to the fourth dimension (meaning-based).

This paper was carried out to show Islamic principles and Quranic verses in the Safavid Dynasty and Qajar Dynasty masterpieces, especially in the case of studies (Chahar-Bagh School-Mosque and Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb). Chahar-Bagh School-Mosque is one of the masterpieces of Safavid Dynasty, and Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb is one of the most important buildings of Tehran. The centrepiece of its tiling ornament has accomplished in the Qajar Dynasty.

Comparative analysis of tiling in these two buildings can help in recognition of them. This study compares these two buildings with analytical-descriptive, and survey study methods.

The Findings of the present study indicate that the main difference between these two buildings’ tiling is in pattern and colour. In the Safavid Dynasty, azure and turquoise colours are dominant, but in Qajar yellow, orange, pink and brown are seen the most. In Chahar-Bagh complex, Suls and Kufi-ye-Bannai typefaces are used to inscribe Quranic and religious anecdotes. In Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb Nastaliq typeface is used to inscribe anecdotes, holy names, craftsmen’s signatures, and describing the date of building construction. Geometric and arabesque patterns in tiling decoration of the Safavid Dynasty are simple and separate; in the Qajar Dynasty, complex shapes made of geometric and patterns with elaborate and complicated details can be seen.

A review of the two case studies studied, the Chahar-Bagh School-Mosque and Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb, shows that the verses of the Holy Quran can be considered as the source of the artist's idea of understanding the Safavid and Qajar works.

The ancient and historic texture of each city are a proper response to people lives in their time which transfer the values of society to architectural places. Although needs and culture of today's societies have altered due to industrial and information evolution, there are still roots in the culture of historic buildings that can be learned. One of the valuable principles of traditional houses is privacy and specifically visual privacy or the ability to control the view to inside of house from outside. This study focuses on analysing the effect of sea and view on the visual privacy of the buildings in the old fabric of Bushehr. In this regard, with action research methodology field studies have been conducted; six residential buildings with outsid Shenashir have been selected therough non-target purposeful sampling. After introducing effective elements in the visual privacy, the number, surface and their views, the amount of openness, semi-openness or closeness of house space of houses by these elements in the facade in and on the side of old fabric were compared and the effect of sea in the privacy of the houses was inferenced. the results suggest that sea has condensed visual privacy needs of the homes and the facades of houses inside urban texture have more closed spaces and less open spaces than the houses outside of urban texture, but the amount of half-open space in them are the same and not affected by the sea factor.

At present, the principles and patterns of mosque shaping and its symbolic look have been forgotten, especially at the level of neighbourhood mosques. Since the restoration of Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban identity is one of the tasks of contemporary architects and urban planners, therefore, the purpose of the present study was identifying features, principles and values existing and influenced by Islamic verses and hadiths in mosques architecture and urban planning, as well as adapting them to the needs of the contemporary period and modelling the values of beyond place and time mosques. In the present study, a survey method had been designed to investigate the effect of sensory perception models on satisfaction and desirability increase in neighbourhood mosques of Qazvin City. After explaining the models and components of sensory perception, the criteria for effective assessment of satisfaction increase in mosques were extracted and the questionnaire was adjusted according to the Likert spectrum, and structural equation modelling (SEM) method analyzed the relationships between variables and their impact. The findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between the components of sensory perception and satisfaction in neighbourhood mosques, in which the impact of cultural indicators and social system existing in the neighbourhood was more than other indicators. As a result, observing the sensory patterns in the design of the mosque's constituent elements increases the spatial utility, which creates and reinforces adaptive sensory architecture patterns in religious space and increases the motivation of worshipers to continue attending neighbourhood mosques.

Islamic art patterns have both visual beauty and symbolic values. Islamic art with its sublime wisdom in its symbolization has lots of possibilities that the most important tool of it, is geometry, but between the Islamic decorative motifs, the animal patterns are less visible. It seems the little presence of this figure in among of Islamic decorative motifs shows symbolism trend that points to special concept. In Roshan Abad building, figures like fish and bird attract attention and it seems are designed based on special concepts. Thus, in the present study, it is tried to study the symbolism of decorative motifs based on Islamic wisdom. This study is descriptive-historical research and qualitatively analyzes the research information, direct observations, as well as library research are also used for data gathering. According to the results of the present study, it seems reflection of Shia and mystical ideas as symbols that insinuate to concepts like pontificate and guidance, is the most voucher in decorations of Roshan Abad building.