International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Winter 2013

Labor is a physiological event involving a sequential, integrated set of changes within the myometrium, deciduas, and uterine cervix that occur gradually over a period of days to weeks. Biochemical connective tissue changes in the uterine cervix appear to precede uterine contractions and cervical dilation, and all of these events usually occur before rupture of the fetal membranes. In other word Parturition is the process of delivery of the fully grown fetus on the completion of the normal pregnancy period.

Isotopic and nuclear techniques play an important role in food and agriculture, health and industry. In the agricultural sciences and food technology sectors, recent research has elucidated the new potential application of radiation for microbial decontamination, food preservation, improve the nutritional quality of  foods  and effectively utilise its potential as human food or animal feed. The information presented will help researchers to identify techniques of relevance to them. Simplification of some of these techniques must be addressed so that they can be used more widely, especially in developing countries. This review suggest that a key challenge for the future is to use these techniques for improving efficiency of livestock production and decreasing environmental pollution.

Mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes varied during composting cycles with high numbers in the initial and final cycles with maximal values in compost C and D, and sharply decreased in the heating cycles. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were dominated at the initial composting cycle. Whereas, at maturity Bacillus subtilis was the major followed by B.badies, B.polymixa and B.brevious and exhibited high numbers in compost C and D. Thermophilic B.stearothermophilus,Thermus sp. and other Bacillus sp. were the major in the heating cycles(20,40 days) with maximum values in compost A and D. Fusarium oxysporium and F. moniliform disappeared at the heating cycles while, Rhizopus nigricans was the major mesophilic fungus found in compost heaps with maximum value in compost D.  Aspergillus fumigatus was dominated in the heating cycles with high frequency also in compost D. Trichoderma viride and T. ressei appeared  only in cooling cycle and dominated in compost D. Streptomyces antibioticus, St. cinnaborinus, St. roses, Thermo dichotomicus and Thermo vulgaris exhibited high frequencies in all compost heaps in initial and cooling cycles. While, Thermo dichotomicus and Thermo vulgaris were dominated in heating cycles. Microbial succession and community dynamics started by high numbers of mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the initial phase followed by high numbers of thermophilic ones in the heating phase whereas, other mesophilic organisms appeared in the final cooling phase. Mixing equal ratios of Rice, wheat, clover, faba bean and maize straw (compost D) might be more suitable in composting of rice straw.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influential factors on entrepreneurial spirit of wood and paper industries students in two universities, namely Agriculture and natural resources faculty of Tehran University and Shahid Rajaiee teacher training University. A sample of 100 students were selected from a target population of 572 students using the Cochran formula. The respondents were asked to provide their answers to a standardized questionnaire. Results indicated that from the students’ perspective such factors as motivation, providence and achievement propensity had the greatest impact on entrepreneurial spirit of the respondents whilst factors like internal control, exception ability and having systematic attitude had the least influence. Moreover concerning the effect of educational and academic factors on entrepreneurial spirit, the most effective items were respectively favorable access to computer and internet and learned and efficient instructors whereas the least effective items considered were degree orientation, students’ apprenticeships in executive environments and education at the university. The findings showed a significant positive relation at the significance level of 0.05 between the level of education and age with the creation of entrepreneurial spirit amongst students. Furthermore a significant positive relation was observed between educational and academic factors, propensity to achievement, risk taking and ambiguity toleration, control source and family with entrepreneurial spirit at the significance level of 0.01. Also the results of multiple regression analysis showed that 79.7%of entrepreneurial spirit (the dependent variable) variance was explained by such independent variables as educational and academic factors, achievement propensity, being innovative, risk taking and ambiguity toleration, control source and family.

Today, all over the word, we see the scientists, thinkers, politicians, consumers, producers and ecologists (who support the environment) pretest against the method of agriculture, Because trying to increase the crop outcome to its maximum rate for Hectare through the irregular use of chemical input in industrial agriculture lead to a disaster in human life which will endanger the whole life on the earth in future. Therefore, the general purpose of this research is the analysis of effective factors on not accepting organic agriculture. This research is an applied one and the method used is descriptive and is a survey. The statistical population includes all the agricultural exports who work in Jihad keshavarzi of Alborz province (N=110). Based on Morgan table we selected 100 people as the sample. the tool of research is a Questionnaire whose content & surface validity was approved by the professors of Tehran university and its reliability was verified by doing a guide study of Cranach’s Alpha (between 0.71 and 0.78). In order to analyze the data, SPSS was used. The results of the research show that most of the agriculture experts have positive Attitude toward the organic agriculture (62 %) and they believe that it is necessary for the realization of sustainable development in agriculture. From the experts' point of view, the most important reasons for  not accept organic agriculture include: making no distinction between organic products and other products, inability in producing ideal production if the fertilizers aren't used, inability in controlling weeds and pests when pesticides  are not used and the lack of farmers level of education.

Fire, as a natural ecological disturbance factor in forest, this study located in the Marivan region, Northern Zagros forest, and western Iranian state of Kurdistan. In each burned and unburned area 30 circle sample plot (1000 m2) were collected by randomized-systematic method in the 100×200 m net (in total 60 plots). In every sample plot the kind of species, number of tree, the height of coppice shoot, the diameter of coppice shoot at breast height, tree crown diameter, shrub and regeneration information (i.e. coppice and seed provenance) were recorded. In the sample plots the micro plots of 2 m by 2 m (i.e. area of 4 m2) were designed and herb information was recorded then. Species diversity indexes including Shannon Wiener (H׳), Simpson (1-D) and Margaleff (R1) were used to evaluate plant diversity in each sample plot. Data analyzing was done by SPSS16 and Ecological Methodological software’s. In this forest have 79 plant species, which consist of 6 trees, 4 shrubs and 69 herbaceous species. Results indicated that Compositae families have the highest number of species. Herbaceous layer in burned area has higher the unburned area, but shrub layers in the unburned area higher the burned area. T-test analysis indicated the differences between diversity indexes in the shrub and Herbaceous in the two areas were statistically significant, but differences between diversity indexes in the tree layer in the two areas not statistically significant. Herbaceous layer had the highest richness, evenness and diversity in the vegetation layer.

Runoff estimation resulted from precipitation is the basis of more study in various develop and exploit design from water resource, then its measure and calculation due to environmental bottlenecks, always have a plenty problem. As a result of the importance of output runoff estimation and flood volume in watershed for the sake of country integrated watershed management in this study tried to 9 empirical methods of runoff estimation implemented in Banadaksadat and this provided result with observation runoff from Hydrometric station in watershed outlet have been evaluation by paired t-test, MD, BIAS, RE and RMSE tests then selected best model in Banadaksadat watershed to runoff height estimation that it’s have a most efficiency and precision. After preparation of necessary maps in GIS environment and Statistical test implementation in SPSS software, result showed that LACEY method with MD, BIAS, RE and RMSE value 0.016, 0.007, 4.36 , 0.026 respectively and also no significant difference with observation data in 95%confidence level, with runoff height equal to 1.53 cm, 2.29 MCM runoff volume and 18.79%runoff coefficient , determine the best empirical model to runoff estimation in the case study. The sensitivity analysis using Excel software was used for LACEY model to determine the influential reachs, according to the get result, F/Z parameter in 6-8, 8-10 and 18-20 reachs have a most effect in the model output.

The Zarivar Lake a freshwater lake in west of Kurdistan Province is home for large number of native plant and animal species therefore water quality and health of the lake are vital for conservation of these species. The present study aimed at evaluation of the Zarivar Lake using NSF- WQI as an indicator of water quality. WQI is a suitable tool to examine and classify spatial and temporal variations in water quality and pollution loads in a water body. Seven sites were selected in different parts of the lake for sampling. Water samples were taken and placed in dark bottle, kept in ice box to prevent any change in chemical properties of samples prior to transportation to the lab for further analyses. Nitrite, Nitrate, Orthophosphate, NH4 + , NH3, Iron, salinity, Electron Conductivity (EC) and pH were measured in all sites. Electron Conductivity was 295- 426 µS.cm-1 and pH varied between 7.28- 8.35. Concentrations of examined chemicals were PO4 3- : 0.019-1.45 mg l-1 ، NO3-:0.6 mg l-1 ، NO2: 0.001-0.011 mg l-1 ، NH4 + :< 0.11-11.33 mg l -1 which indicated trophic status of the lake. Water quality assessment was carried out based on values obtained for nine factors including dissolved oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, BOD, pH, water temperature (oC), Phosphate, Nitrate, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and turbidity. The highest value was recorded for Nitrate and lowest for fecal coliform. The study showed based on WQI indicator the Zarivar Lake is a low or slightly polluted basin with an average water quality.

Collection and reuse of wastewater and sewage in agriculture, natural resources and green environment is one way to conserve water resources and environmental. The aim of this study were to investigate the effects of wastewater Sirjan golgohar industrial on the characteristics of cultivated soils in several species of pasture trees. This study was performed at the Sirjan city which is located in southwest of kerman province (1766 meters above the sea level, 29º 27 N latitude and 55º 40 E longitude, and 162 mm annual rainfall). This experiment was conducted a completely randomized design block testing in split factorial with 5 treatment and 3 replicated. In this study, we used different ratios of water and wastewater including control (normal water), 25% wastewater + 75% water, 50% water + 50% wastewater, 75%  wastewater + 25% water and wastewater of sirjan golgohar industrial. These treatment were used for irrigation of several species of pasture trees (Pestasia atlantica, Amygdalus scoparia, Amygdalus elaegnifolia and Acer monspessulanum). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using general linear model procedure of SPSS software. Significance between means was tested using Duncan Multiple Range Test. A probability value of  P ≤ 0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant. Results showed that the difference between mean treatments in the study was significant (P<0.05). Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in soil before and after treatment showed that the using of  wastewater sirjan golgohar industrial were increased heavy metals in soils. Between treatments in terms of ECe, SAR and pH was observed difference significantly, the amount of ECe, SAR was highest and lowest in control and wastewater treatments respectively. With the increasing of waste, the amount of organic materials have also increased, the treatment with wastewater have the largest amount of organic matter. In generally, we can conclude that the using of wastewater treatments due to decrease salting and increase organic matter than to control treatments can improve the soil for the plants.