International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Winter 2013

Silvicultural operation need to notice the species diversity. To this study Gomarlang district in marivan region, northern zagros forest was selected. In this study 30 circle sample plots (500 m2) were collected by random method. In every sample plot the kind of species and number of trees and shrub were recorded. In the sample plots the micro plots of 5 m by 5 m (i.e. area of 25 m2) were designed and Herbaceous and shrub information was recorded then. Species diversity indexes including Shannon Wiener (H׳), Simpson (1-D) and Margaleff (R1) were used to evaluate plant diversity in each sample plot. Data analyzing was done by Past and Ecological Methodological software's. Results showed that 8 tree species, 8 shrub species and 64 herb species observed in the site study. The plant species that identified in the studied region belonged to 16 trees and shrub species in 9 families. Overall results showed that the presence of 80 plant species in the study area indicates the high biodiversity in the Northern Zagros forest and herbaceous layer had the highest richness, evenness and diversity.

For maintaining of Zagros forests role in wild life, water and soil conservation, the suitable solutions and methods for assessing the existing conditions and planning for management of this forests should be given. To detection of suitable sampling method to study tree density in the northern Zagros forest, Blake forest, in Baneeh region, Kurdistan province, and west of Iran was selected. 40 square sample plots one hectare (100×100 m) were selected and perfect inventoried. In every sample plot the position of tree, kind of species and number of species were recorded. In order to study of tree density (tree/ha) different sampling methods (rectangular sample with 20×50 m and 10×50, random sampling method with 40, 50 and 60 circle sample plots which everyone was 1000 m2) compered the prefect inventory. To determination of suitable sampling for study of tree density used the %E2 ×T indexes. To compere the tree parameter in the every sampling methods and perfect inventory used the t-test analysis. Data analyzing was done by SPSS16 software’s. Results showed that the rectangular sample with 20×50 m sample methods was the best methods and have maximum of accuracy. Overall results showed that the rectangular sample with 20×50 m sampling methods was (have minimum of time and %E2×T criteria) the suitable methods to study of density (tree/ hectare). Authors suggested to study of tree density (tree/hectare) in the northern zagros forest used the rectangular sample with 20×50 m sampling methods.

Regeneration and forest durability guarantee is one of the most important aspects of forest sustainability and it should be placed in forest plans priority. To compare regeneration in the two grazed and non-grazed forest, Baghe-shady forest located in Khatam city (it has the preservative regions that they are 20 years old), Yazd province, Central of Iran was selected. For this purpose, 60 sample plots (30 plots in the grazed and 30 plots in the non-grazed area) were sampled by a randomized-systematic method with 100 m2 square plots (10×10 m) in the Net 100×200 meters were sampled. In every sample plot recorded regeneration and health condition. T-test was used to analysis of mean regeneration differences between grazed and non-grazed area. To analysis data use the SPSS16 software. Results showed the mean of sound seedlings of almond, pistachio and Monpollier maple in the non-grazed region were more than grazed region. These results indicated that non-grazed region more preference than grazed region. Regeneration in non-grazed region was less than grazed region. T-test indicated significant difference between non-grazed and grazed region for sound and height seedlings. Overall results showed that the grazing have a negative effects on regeneration. To manage of this forest authors suggested that continue preservative plans (non-grazed area) and provide foliage for cattle.

Silvicultural operation need to notice the plant species diversity in forest. To this study Gomarlang district in marivan region, northern zagros forest was selected. Selected 100 ha area because have similar physiography condition (north aspect and 1650 to 1800 m s.a.l. In study area 100 micro plots of 5m by 5 m (25 m2) including the species and the numbers of this species randomized-systematic method in the 100×100 Net. Diversity index including Shannon Wiener (H׳), Simpson (1-D) and Margaleff (R1) were used. To analysis of the data, use was Ecological Methodological software. Results showed that 65 herb species observed in the site study.  Results indicated that Gramineae, Pappilionaceae and Compositae highest number of species. Bromus tectorum L, Poa spp and Avena sp were dominant herbaceous species, respectively. Herbaceous layer had the highest richness, evenness and diversity. Authors suggested approaching the sustainable forest management focused on the dominant plant in the study area

The Zagros forests (west of Iran) have been highly exploited in recent decades by human impacts. Easy access, abundance and variety of valuable forest yields have led to population growth density, creation of new residential areas and deforestation activities. In order to determinate the distribution and rate of deforestation from 1995 to 2006 by using the satellite imagery (IRS-1C and  LANDSAT image) and possibility of modeling the changes extent and its relation to physiographic and some human factors by using multiple regression in the Kohkeloeye and Boveirahmad province,  Golestan province. Southern Zagros forest, west of Iran. Classification was performed using maximum likelihood classifiers and forest divided two classes (forest and non – forest). Results showed that the maximum likelihood classifiers exhibited the highest results with 96% overall accuracy and 74% kappa coefficient. The results showed that about 462.5 ha from forest areas were deforested in the 12 years. To determination of major element of forest destruction used the multiple regression methods. According to results distance from road and village variables were in contrary of deforestation expanding. Forest destruction was increased with increasing around populated villages and near of this village.

Degradation of acrylic water base color from synthetic wastewater by the Fenton process was performed. Experiments were conducted on the sample containing 100 and 400 mg/l of Acrylic water base color. The study was performed for searching optimum values of FeSO4 and H2O2 concentration, pH and temperature. The H2O2 requirement seems to be related to initial COD of the sample. FeSO4/ H2O2 ratios found were not changed for .the temperature affected the COD removal significantly at high degrees.

Heavy metals found in urban air with its toxic effects have a direct impact on human health. Selection of appropriate tree species and shrub refining capacity of heavy metals in urban areas can greatly reduce the toxic effects of these materials. This study aimed to identify the most suitable tree and shrub species of broadleaf evergreen, deciduous and coniferous refinement of heavy metals lead, copper and zinc in the air in both units and total leaf weight. 12 species of tree and shrub leaves in City Park in Gorgan in summer (August 2010) was sampled. Heavy elements present in the samples were prepared and measured by atomic absorption instrument. The results showed that the performance of the trees in comparison to shrubs refinement of heavy metals lead, copper and zinc were more appropriate. Among the species present for purification of Pb and Zn, refine Shiraz, Magnolia and Cypress Pine copper refinery in Shiraz were the best and Tehran and Palvnya had the best performance for copper.

To modeling of Suitability Iranian Oak site to establish coppice regenerations, chahartagh forest reserve, Ardal region, chaharmehal and Bakhtiari Province, southern Zagros forest, and southwest Iranian state was selected. To modeling Suitability Iranian Oak used the physiographic element, soil depth, climatology and distance from village selected. To this study used the raster formats by pixel size 20 meter and data convert to this size and physiographic and other parameter extracted. The element have negative impact on the Oak condition was negative score. By used the table of score and range of score detected the site condition. Site condition divided the high un-appropriate, un-appropriate, average, appropriate and high appropriate. Results showed that the 40 percent of study area are appropriate and high appropriate condition for established the seed regeneration. Overall Results showed that the approximately of 40 percent of study area have a suitable condition for regeneration. Prevention of livestock grazing and irregular tree cutting in the degraded forest stands can be suggested as a suitable approach for natural restoration and increasing plant diversity and regenerations.

The use of remote sensing techniques as a suitable solution to estimate the levels of species diversity is of high importance for the sustainable management of forests. In order to investigate the potential of using sensor data from Landsat 7 ETM+ to estimate species diversity in the Zagros forests, digital data related to the August 7, 2002 from forests in the Qalajeh Kermanshah Province were analyzed. To this end, 114 sample plots were created using a systematic method. The plots had the dimensions 60 × 60 m and were positioned using a GPS device. The number of features, species, DBH and crown diameter in two directions, North-South and West-East harvest, were recorded. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index per sample plot was calculated. After testing for normalization using the Kolmogorov–Smironov test, the Shannon-Wiener index was used as the dependent variable, and spectral values from original and synthetic bands from different processing on the ETM + data were used as the independent variables. The Pearson correlation was used to select the best bands among 40 major and artificial bands, and three-bands (ETM4, NDVI and MSAVI2) were selected. To analyze the relationship between species diversity and these bands, the best subset regression was used. The results showed that the combination of linear regression, in which ETM4, NDVI and MSAVI2 were set as the independent variables, compared to other bands and compounds that were used for species, are better able to estimate the tree and shrub diversities (Radj2=0.327). The results of this study indicate that ETM+ sensor data has a relatively low ability to estimate species diversity of trees and shrubs in the study area that was analyzed.

Forests are biologically diverse systems, representing some of the richest biological areas on Earth. They offer a variety of habitats for plants, animals and micro-organisms. However, forest biodiversity is increasingly threatened as a result of deforestation, fragmentation, climate change and other stressors. Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or on the entire Earth. Hypothesis of this paper is method of investigation in agro biodiversity for conservation biodiversity beside economic products. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species. The year 2010 has been declared as the International Year of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, but is consistently rich in the tropics and in specific localized regions such as the Cape Floristic Province; it is less rich in Polar Regions where fewer species are found. Research on biodiversity has been investigated in the species diversity level. The objective of these researches was to study of every plant dispersion spatially woody plants and biodiversity of associated woody species in forests. In addition, type of woody species identified and is documented. Shannon-Wiener ̓s and Simpson ̓s diversity indices are used for evaluating of woody species diversity; also, evenness and richness indices will be calculated. For detecting relationships between diversity indices with richness and evenness, correlation of Simpson s index with its evenness and etc must be analysed. D is Simpson ̓s index and N2 is N2HILL that is applied for very abundant species. H is Shannon-Wiener ̓s index and N1 is McArthur is applied for abundant species. In order to provide a research we can apply every index of biodiversity and spatial pattern formulas to appraisal diversity in agroforestry and other methods such as agro sylvo pasture, aqua forestry and wood culture. In developing countries agroforestry compilation and match of culture in farming must be side conservation on biodiversity.