جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 7 (بهار 1398)

Regarding the fact that in analyzing the poems of great poets in Safavid era, a type of generative sociology is felt like any other era, and considering that the recognition and analysis of literary works and gaining knowledge about the life of the authors who have created such works is not possible without investigating the society and culture through which they have been brought up, the present research, aimed at investigating about social status of the era and knowing the general public lifestyles, is going to investigate different social ethics and customs in Iranian branch of Safavid era (the poems composed by Vahshi-e-Bafghi, Mohtasham Kashani, Naziri-e-Neishabouri, Kalim-e-Kashani, and Saeb). In this era, different issues such as the different traditions to celebrate the New year, wedding ceremonies, mourning, drinking alcohol, and other customs such as tipping, holding babies in cradle, fastening the letters onto the wings of pigeons, bottling the fairies and wearing something onto the arms were among the most frequent mentions in the Divan composed by Saeb.In Bafqi's poems, there is the least mention of social  customs

An analysis with the "intertextuality" approach examines the communication of a text with other texts. The main purpose of this study is to compare the moral teachings of Kimia Sa'adat and tebbol qoloob . Ethics is an important part of teaching literature in Persian literature. In Persian, such works as Kimia Sa'adat   and tebbol qoloob have been created with the theme of educational literature, full of moral teachings. In examining some of the virtues and moral vices of these two books, we find that the moral teachings in these two works are well-presented and impressive. Ghazali and Naqshband in their works will give their moral messages to humankind. The man of the present age, the controller and the deterrent of the fall in the corruption of the past, needs more than ever before. Consequently, the contemporary world's need for ethics is critical to the emergence of existing moral corruption. Accordingly, by recognizing the virtues and moral vices of these two writers, they can be seen in their worldview and by contemplating their thoughts in the way of the knowledge of morality and introducing their moral messages in order to apply them in life Individual and social way to save humanity from the ruin and corruption of the current world, the author has analyzed and analyzed the descriptive-analytical approach using the library method of the present article in the form of scientific-research paper.

Narratology has in recent decades been more concerned with presenting different theories and has been at least helpful in many ways in fiction literature. In this regard, one of the prominent theorists is Gerard Genet, who has relied on the concept of tone and has made a significant development in narrative. The application of the foundations of Genetic ideas in Persian stories reveals new portions of the writer's work. In the field of classical Persian literature, Rumi is a distinguished figure. In Masnawi he has described many moral, mystical and religious issues at the heart of the story. In the next article, the descriptive-analytical method explores the narrative techniques used in the narrative of Arabi -o- Zanash ​​and its tone with an approach to Genetic ideas. The results show that the dominant time of narration, coincidence and location of high frequency narrative, was the hero. In other words, the inner monologue was the only component not seen in the story. This reflects the extraversion of their personalities and their activism in the real world.

The mystics have spoken at various times about how they walk.  This article deals with the comparative analysis of the views of Attar Neishabouri and Imam Khomeini on travel and the stages of journey and journey.  Both the mystics give a degree to the course of the course, although there are differences of opinion between them regarding the explanation and explanation.  The important point is that both mystics have been working towards a common goal, and that the expression of mysticism is in a language that is in the habit of understanding ordinary people because, as both mystics, mysticism is a necessity of human life in all ages, and stepping in this direction all aspects of human life  Therefore, it must be eradicated from the particular difficulties and complexities of science, so that the whole human society can be learned.  In this research, the descriptive-analytic method, the stages of journey and mystic journey in the works of the writings of Attar and Imam Khomeini have been compared, and the concepts, common and contrastive words in these two, have been identified.

Ethics is a human concept, and since literature is a means of representing categories related to humanity, we have witnessed widespread reflection in literary texts. Islamic mysticism is one of the intellectual and cognitive styles that describe and define the ethics for which it is defined. The Sufis, using a variety of tools, especially poetry, have expressed their most important ethical thoughts and teachings, including Jami and Feiz Kashani. These two students of Ibn Arabi school of mysticism have discussed ethical humanistic attributes in the Sonnets that will be examined and compared in this study, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the study show that two poets have spoken about "abandonment of selfishness, desirable love, altruism, worldliness, blasphemy, hypocrisy, silence and blasphemy and worldly blasphemy." It also turned out that Jami'ah had mentioned cases of "repentance and avoidance of persecuted people", and Feiz Kashani had spoken of "the necessity of performing rituals, the welfare of a good friend and the neglect of blasphemy." In sum, the ethical recommendations of the poets are rooted in two sources of Islam and Islamic mysticism and are thus defined in one respect.

Fictional characters are repetitions of real characters and based on the characterizations of the novelist, the story information more documentary than information that people show up. Special needs of the characters create instability, and humans in a particular environment embody many of their own rules and inner angles. Stories have also become the subjective reflections of particular human lives, so they can be based on psychology theories of all fictional characters and human characters in particular. One of these theories is the humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow. The hierarchical needs of the Maslow encompasses his ideas and can be based on the theory of human beings and explain with it. Candide is the most famous novel of Voltaire that can be analysed by the theory of Abraham Maslow. Based on the results of this study, we can see that in all the characters, including candid, Cunégonde    Pangloss, Old Lady, Martin and Cacambo; overcome psychological needs and then belongingness and love needs. Because of the problems and corruption of the Voltaire time society the most characters around candide were initially not qualified to cultivate their hidden talents to flourish; so the heroes of this novel are often introverted, isolated, psychotic and defeated. They spent a lot of time and have worked hard to achieve their full potentials and self-actualization.