نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال ششم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Oral supplements are common among athletes to relieve muscle damage from exercise. 30 wrestlers were selected voluntarily .The present study was performed with an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15) in the pre-competition season. Subjects in the experimental group performed an acute resistance exercise consisting of eight stations in three sets of 8 to 10 repetitions with 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Subjects in the experimental group took 20 gram of colostrum powder with 200 ml water for two weeks, every other day. Blood samples were taken from all subjects after 10 hours of overnight fasting in three stages: 1. Before supplementation, 2. 24 hours after completing supplementation, 3. 24 hours after resistance activity session. Data analysis was done by ANOVA with repeated measures and two-way analysis of variance tests using SPSS software at the significant level of 0.05. the results showed that the levels of creatine kinase (P = 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.02), respectively, after two weeks of colostrum supplementation and acute resistance training were significantly different in the training group and supplementation compared to control group, but the amount of malondialdehyde in the exercise and supplement group did not show any significant difference in the three measurement steps compared to the control group (P = 0.09). It can be concluded that although resistance exercise increases muscle injury indices, but supplementation with colostrum may prevent it.

The purpose of this study was to study the acute responses to BFR walking exercise on the mTOR signaling pathway in untrained male subjects. five (n=5) apparently healthy untrained male participants were studied identically on two occasions: (1) BFR aerobic exercise consisting of walking at an exercise intensity of 40% VO2max (2) Identical walking exercise without BFR (Ctrl). Each trial was separated by 3 weeks. Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) and blood sample (antecubital vein) were obtained pre- and post-exercise in given time points to determine protein expression and changes in GH and IGF-1. Results showed that mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation levels did not change significantly in both groups (P ˃ 0.05). IGF-1 and GH immediately after exercise increased in BFR group (P˂0.05). Blood lactate did not show any significant change in both groups. We find that the phosphorylation of p70S6K and mTOR did not activate after a bout of walking with blood flow restriction. As result the mTOR signaling pathway is not responsible for stimulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis after BFR walking exercise.

Due to physical activities, Myokines such as Irisin and FGF21 by mediating your anti-inflammatory effects are Effective in harnessing the progression of insulin resistance caused by type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT on Serum Irisin, FGF21 and Glycemic Indices in Type 2 diabetic women. 20 women with type 2 diabetes (age:55.3 and BMI:27.09) were randomly divided into two groups of HIIT and controls (n=10). The HIIT training program was performed at 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and with an intensity of 85-80% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the completion of the exercise program, blood samples were taken from two groups in fasting state that measured Serum Irisin, FGF21 and glycemic index. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and independent t-test (p<0.05). HIIT significantly increased the serum levels of irisin and FGF21 (p=0.001) and decreased HBA1c (p=0.003), glucose and insulin resistance (p= 0.006) in type 2 diabetic women after 8 weeks and. There was a significant difference between exercise and control group in FGF21 and Irisin and glycemic indices (p=0.001). Based on the results of this study, it seems that HIIT by stimulating the secretion of myokine, such as irisin and FGF21 It's effective in controlling glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. However, with regard to the effect of irisin on changes in white and brown adipose tissue, Consideration should be given to changes in adipokin with FGF21 and muscle irisin with HIIT exercises.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring substance that is widely consumed in a variety of forms. However, today the results of some scientific data on conflicting effects of caffeine compound on cardiovascular factors have been reported. The purpose of the present study was conducted to identify the effect of different doses caffeine intake on some functional cardiovascular indices response in male volleyball players. Thirty male volleyball players (age 21.47±1.45 years, body fat 10.47±3.11 %, and BMI 23.15±1.26 kg.m2) were allocated equally into three groups (n=10): supplement groups (Caffeine intake: 6 or 9 mg.kg-1) and placebo group (Dextrose intake: 6 mg.kg-1). 45-min after the supplementation, subjects were participated in a one-bout exercise protocol (running on a treadmill for 30 minutes with intensity of 65-75% heart rate reserve). Changes in heart rate and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic pressure) along were determined in three phases (before and 45 min after the supplementation and immediately after the aerobic exercises). The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, bonferroni and independent T test at α≤0.05. The results showed that the different doses of caffeine ingestion had leading to significant decreased heart rate (P=0.001) and increased the blood pressure indices on the basal (P=0.024). However, heart rate and blood pressure index was significantly increased in all groups after exercise without differences between groups (P≤0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that medium- and high- dose of caffeine intake has the same effect on variation range of cardiovascular indices after exercise.

Sleep deprivation is more common in military personnel due to missions and military operations, and they are scheduled to be deprived of sleep at special times at night posts, respectively. However, sleep deprivation has effects negative and irreversible. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the functional response, immune system and hormonal levels of the military to short-term sleep deprivation at different times of the night.

The present study began with the purposeful and voluntary selection of 40 healthy military personnel, they were randomly divided into 4 groups (Group 1: Deprivation from 12am to 2am; Group 2: Deprivation from 2am to 4am, Group 3: Deprivation from 4am to 6am and Group 4: control group). Each group was evaluated in two stages before and after sleep deprivation.

There was a significant difference in pre and post-test sleep deprivation hours 12am to 2am static and dynamic balance, auditory and visual reaction time. Also, in deprivation hours 2am to 4am significantly changed the auditory and visual reaction time and cortisol. In addition, were increased cortisol and melatonin at time 4am to 6am (p<0.05).

The negative effects of sleep deprivation appear to occur at different dimensions and with different times, but only 12 to 2 deprivation have a deleterious effect on balance and reaction time and 2 to 4 deprivation on reaction time and cortisol.

Considering the potential of omega-3 in maintaining cell survival through modulating the production of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors, it seems that it can modulate apoptosis. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on the levels of caspase-3, as apoptosis index, in acute resistance exercise of non-athletes men.

Twelve men 18-30 years with mean weight 69 ± 7.6, height 172.4 ± 4.1 and fat percentage 18.3 ± 2.34 among non-athletes, healthy, non-smoker and normal men with no history of supplementation and medication simple randomly were selected. Then, subjects were restricted for two weeks from foods with omega-3. After this two weeks, the subjects participated in control session resistance exercise with intensity of 80% of 1RM. They consumed omega-3 daily (1800 mg of Eicosapentaenoic acid and 900 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid) for one week. On the eighth day, the subjects again performed acute resistance exercise. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after acute resistance exercise to determine the serum level of Caspase.

Results:

Caspase-3 increased after acute resistance exercise (p = 0.015) but its levels did not increase significantly after one week of omega-3 supplementation and acute exercise (p = 0.054).

It seems that a 7-day omega-3 supplementation could modify the increase caused by acute resistance exercise in caspase-3.

Resistance exercise with different methods such as the use of training masks and blood flow restrictions which are performed at lower intensities than the traditional ones is accompanied by various physiological responses. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise with blood flow and respiratory restriction on response of testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio in male wrestlers.

In this study, eight male wrestlers (mean age 26.87±4.7 years and body mass index 25.26±2.49 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to three consecutive weeks in three method of traditional resistance exercises (Control) (with 80% 1RM), resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and resistance exercise with respiratory restriction (with 30% 1RM). Four sets of 15 repetitions for squat were considered as resistance exercise in all conditions. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise. The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

All three methods of resistance exercise resulted in a significant increase in testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and no change in cortisol after exercise (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the methods.

The results of this study showed that resistance exercise with restriction of blood flow and respiration can have similar positive effect like to traditional resistance exercise on hormonal responses. Therefore, it seems that these training methods have a convenient effectiveness to improve hormonal changes.

Obesity is a global challenge that due to the positive energy balance and the use of the best exercise protocol is one of the methods for obesity and related disorders management. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of eight-week high- intensity interval training (HIIT) alone and combined with resistance training (CHRT) on lipid profiles and glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in overweight/ obese middle-aged women.

Twenty-four middle-aged overweight/obese women participated in two homogeneous HIIT (5 days/week, n=12) and CHRT (3 days/week HIIT with 2 days/week resistance training, n=12) groups for eight-week. The HIIT protocol consisted of alternating bouts of high-intensity exercise at 80%–85% of VO2max with active breaks at 60% of VO2max and resistance training protocol conducted to a circuit-weight training with 75-80% of 1-RM. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the training period, and then the data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The findings showed that the reduction of BMI and WHR was not significant in the HIIT group, but body fat%, cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance significantly decreased in both group, that WHR and lipid profiles were significantly different between the two groups.

Results of this study showed that CHRT can lead to weight loss and adjusted metabolic status in middle-aged overweight/obese women.

Studies show that visfatin is a newly discovered adipokine which is highly expressed in visceral adipose tissue and is associated with obesity. But the effect of exercise training on its levels is inconsistent. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect 8 week of combined aerobic-resistance exercise training on serum visfatin levels and anthropometric indices in obese young girls. 24 obese female university students (mean age 20 to 25 years, body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/ m2) who did not participated in any regular training program. These subjects were randomly divided into combined training (n=12) and control (n=12) groups.The combined exercise training program includes a combination of resistance training (3 sessions per week, 60-80% 1-RM, 7 stations, 3 set 8-12 repetitions), and aerobic training (3 sessions per week, 60 to 80 percent of vo2max, 25 to 40 minutes of activity). For surveying plasma exchanges of visfatin blood samples were taken in fasting state before and after 8 weeks of exercise training. Serum concentrations of visfatin were measured by ELISA using a human kit of Eastibiopharm. Results showed that in combined exercise training group, Visfatin had reduced significantly compared with control groups (p=0/005). Also BMI, weight, waist circumference, WHR in combined exercise training group, compared with control groups reduced significantly (p<0.05). Overall, it appears that 8 week of combined exercise training can decrease visfatin level in obese young girls through reducing body weight, waist circumference, WHR and body mass index.

Intradaction:

 Ubicuinone is one of the safest antioxidants that is prescribed by experts to reduce oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ubiquinone supplementation on some oxidative stress indices (malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity) in athletes and non-athletes men.

In this study, 44 athletic and non-athlete subjects were divided into experimental groups (11 athletes, 11 non-athletes) and controls (11 athletes and 11 non-athletes). First, were taken 5 ml of venous blood. Then, for two weeks a day, 2.5 mg/kg ubiquinone was administered and after 2 weeks, was performe a second stage blood sampling.

 Resalts: 

Serum total antioxidant capacity in non-athletes before taking ubiquinole 0/84±0/68 and after taking ubiquinole 1/01 ± 0/86 mmo/ml (P<0.05). average degree of malondialdehide, before use 2/54 ± 0/28 and after taking ubiquinone 2/54 ± 0/28 nm ml (P>0.05). also in athletes men capacity antioxidation before taking ubiquinone 0/72 ± 0/18 and after ubiquinone 0/85 ± 0/34 mmol per ml (P<0.05) and malondialdehide before taking the average of 1/68 ± 0/58 and after taking ubiquinone 1/64 ± 0/36 nmol / ml(P>0.05).

Consumption of ubiquinone can cause increase antioxidant capacity in active nad non-active. However state levels of serum total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyd in subjects in this study is more active than passive.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute resistance exercise at different volume on plasma IL-6 response in active females. 10 active female student (age=25±50 yrs., Height= 164.10±3.58, weight= 61±125 Kg) with no resistance training experience, participated to cross-over design study. Subjects complete two acute resistance exercise sessions with different volumes (single set vs three sets), but same intensity (10RM) and rest interval between sets (2 min) with one week intervals between sessions. Resistance exercise sessions included 6 full body exercises. All sets performed to repetition failure. Two hours prior to exercises, participants consumed a standardized breakfast after an overnight fast. Blood samples collected pre- and immediately post exercise, and 24 hours post exercise. Blood samples was analyzed with Eliza Method. Results show that there was not significance difference (p< 0.05) between pre and immediately post and 24 hours post exercise in plasma IL-6 concentrations. Also, there was no significance difference (p< 0.05) between two groups in plasma IL-6 concentrations. This result indicated that Acute resistance exercise with moderate intensities can't change plasma IL-6 levels in active subjects. Also, volume of resistance exercise (single set & three sets) had no effect on plasma IL-6 levels in active female subject.

Saffron has high levels of antioxidant compounds able are inhibite the apoptosis induce of exercise exhaustion. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the combined effect of aerobic exercise with Saffron extract on some indices of soleus muscle apoptosis regulatory factors of male rats following an aerobic exercise until exhaustion. 48 Wistar male rats were assigned into following four groups (N=10) :G1) placebo؛ without exercise :G2) supplement؛ without exercise+ Saffron extract, 100 mg/kg :G3) exercise؛ 8 weeks exercise: G4) combination؛ 8 weeks exercise + Saffron extract, 100 mg/kg. The end of experiment, half of the rats was killed immediately before exhaustive exercise and remaining rats were killed immediately after performing an acute bout of exhaustive exercise on the treadmill. Bax and Bcl2 genes expression were analyzed through the Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, with the significance level of P < 0.05. The results showed that prior exhaustive bcl-2 gene expression and Bax/Bcl2 ratio of the G3 and G4 groups were significantly mor and lower than the other groups respectively (P < 0.05). As well as, in the all groups except G4, the bax and bcl-2 protein expression increased and decreased, respectively and bax/bcl-2 ratio increased following an exhausting exercise (P < 0.05). In general, combined of aerobic exercise with use of saffron extract prevented the increase of Bax gene expression and Bcl-2/Bax ratio following an exhausting exercise