نشریه اندیشه معماری
پیاپی 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Domed buildings and, in particular, domed squares are among the most important visual elements in the public view of the cities. Despite the importance of the domed square in Iranian architecture, there has not been much studying related to the aesthetic evaluation, through the mental approach for these buildings. Due to the fact that domed structures are associated with the historical memory and identity of the people, it is important to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on their aesthetic preferences. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors of aesthetic desirability of a domed square from the viewpoint of students in two groups of artistic and non-artistic disciplines and is trying to answer the question of “which factors contribute to the preferences of the people for the form of domed buildings?” Another question is about the impact of arts education on these preferences. The research is conducted based on a qualitative approach. The data is obtained via using Q-sort technique and semi-structured interviewing tool. The participants are consisted of 46 students (23 art disciplines and 23 non-art disciplines students). They were selected from students of Tabriz University and Tabriz Islamic Art University via the convenience sampling method, and the sample size was determined by data saturation. In order to provide visual stimuli, at first, 16 domed buildings (with curved domes) were selected in various shapes from the famous and historical mausoleums as mentioned in the resources related to Iranian -Islamic architecture. Then, their general form that consists of three parts of the dome, the drum, and the base were simulated using AutoCAD software. The buildings’ height was considered to be the same for all of them. Visual stimuli were presented to participants in four categories. After ranking the stimuli in two stages, they were asked to give reasons for their preference for each of the four top selected buildings. Data analysis was performed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. Eight main themes and 27 subthemes were extracted. Based on the results, the desirability of the form of domed building is clustered around four general concepts including visual richness, size and proportion, simplicity, and style of the building (related to familiarity and novelty). The motion or variety factor that appeared in the form of a polygonal base or drum versus rectangular shape have an important role in the desirability of the form. Also, good proportions were very important for most participants. They compared the three main parts of the buildings in terms of size and chose more natural and balanced proportions. Although the preferences of two groups of art and non-art students were based on almost common themes and, three of the four top choices were shared between them; art students showed a tendency toward simplicity and volumetric purity and at the other hand, the visual richness related to the features of elegance, and complexity was more preferred by non-art students. The results of this research can be helpful for designers of monuments and urban important buildings in terms of predicting preferential factors.

In the post-Islamic era, mosques were among the most important types of buildings in Iran. Mosques have been the center of manifestation of Muslims' spiritual identity, their reference, refuge, and reliance, from the earliest times of Islam until the recent years, these buildings have also been the most important urban and architectural elements and the center of appearance of the highest forms, creativity, and taste of Muslim architects and the most important buildings of Islamic culture. Despite similar functions of mosques in all the regions, this building after entering Iran, and under the influence of different factors in every geographical area of the country, has gained special characteristics which led to its differentiation from the mosques of other regions. One of these geographical-cultural zones is the cultural zone of Fars province. Non-use of the dome is one of the architectural features of the historical mosques of this area. But among all the historical mosques of Fars, there is an exception that has a dome. This mosque that is located in the city of Jahrom, combined with the Khan School (Madrasa-e- Khan), has formed two separate buildings as a mosque and the Khan School. In this research, with the use of logical reasoning as our research methodology, through the comparative study of the mosques and tombs of this region and other parts of Fars province, and Iran and also the use of the historical interpretive methodology in confronting with the historical documents related to our research, we tend to not only comprehensively introduce the mosque but also to answer the questions that when and why this mosque had gained a dome. Given the significant similarity between the form of the mosque with the tombs of Jahrom's Imamzades and the central parts of Iran, also the possibility to pass through the Mihrāb of the mosque, it is hypothesized that the Khan Mosque was originally built as a tomb and later, with the change in its use, transformed into a mosque. The results of the research indicate that the building was probably built in several stages. In the first stage, due to the structural difference between the dome and the surrounding corridors and other spaces, it was built as a single vault with the function of a tomb or other functions in the post-Islamic era. In the second stage, the corridors around the vault, in the style of tombs of central areas of Iran, have been added to modify the function of vault into a tomb or expansion of vault by preserving the function of the tomb. In the third stage, based on historical documents during the construction of the school in the Qajar period, and under the rule of Haji Mohammed Momen, who ruled this area at the time, the construction of an ayvān in front of the dome as a mosque and other related parts was implemented. This suspicion is reinforced by the ornamentations, orientation of the ayvān, and the climate of Jahrom, which provides the conditions for outdoor and semi-outdoor prayer.

“The void” is a broad concept and is present in various fields, from mysticism, philosophy and metaphysics to sciences such as physics, material science, astronomy, as well as sciences and arts like calligraphy, music and architecture. In the area of architecture and among the scholars, Christopher Alexander has paid special attention to this concept and made it a point. He has always tried to develop a thought in which human returns to his worthy architecture. He writes of the mechanical worldview of architects to matter and the universe, and believes that in the mechanical sense of matter, architecture can not be deserved, so there is a need to review the deep layers of the minds of architects and their view of the universe. He selects a way of speech, which, at the same time seemingly simple, requires understanding some of the concepts used. These concepts are the key to entering the deep layers of Alexander's thought, and we can not seek that thought, but through the understanding of their cocepts and their origins. One of these concepts, are the void. The analysis of the context of his comments shows that the void is present in this context, in the form of three related concepts, which are directly (The Great Void and The Void), or indirectly (The Voidness) have been paid attentioned to them. These concepts can be represented by thinking about their themes and their features in two parts: non-physical (The Great Void and The Voidness) and physical (The Void). According the breadth and depth of these concepts and to fully understand them in the thought of Alexander, This article tries to identify the origin and home of these concepts. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the source of this idea by identifying the origin of Alexander's thinking about the concept, and to determine which areas are the basis for explaining the concept of the borrower, and how those fields are related to different layers of the concept in his thought. For this purpose, three domains of religions, mysticism, science and art and architecture, which he has the most references to them, are examined. The results of this research show that the origin of Alexander's thinking about The Void, due to Alexander's references and common characteristics, is more than anything else in the field of religions and mysticism in the East, and also in the field of science, in particular, new physics. Meanwhile, the dominate of religions and mysticism is furthermore on his thesis about The Void, and forms the essence of this concept, while the findings of new physics gives scientific and experimental aspect to his ideas about this concept. Since these two domains make up the two systems of thought for understanding the truth of the universe and, therefore, share the same, we can say that the origin of the teh void concept in Alexander's thought is from the common point of the two domains, discovery of the truth of the universe, go over these two convergent intellectual systems, and develops by him. Indeed, Alexander uses these two domains explain this concept, which is a complex concept with a variety of metaphysical and physical meanings, so that all the dimensions and aspects of that concept are taken into account, but what ultimately offer is not fully metaphysical And not entirely physical, but is a Nutritioned and conjunctioned thought of Eastern religions and mysticism, and new physics, which expanded by Alexander as an architect.

The professional field of architecture requires "management" of a variety of items that acquaintance with them in an orderly and coherent way during education can lead to a healthier and more professional competition. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of architectural design management to use in undergraduate education, so that it can be used for architects to be more effective and we can have holistic architects with more ability to direct projects. Considering the effectiveness of architectural design in the process of conducting a project, its management, which means efforts to coordinate and control the various factors involved in the architecture sector, can reduce the cost and time and increase the quality of the project in this process. On the other hand, In the extremely competitive business environment of today’s construction industry, there is no place for ineffective organizations or professionals. This is especially the case with the growing number of professionals competing for the same job, with educated and more demanding clients, and recent technological advances, e.g. in the field of information technology. Therefore, construction organizations and professionals are seeking to develop effective management strategies in order, not merely to survive in the rapidly changing market, but also to be competitive. The training of required skills in the field of architectural management is one of the reasons that due to the lack of professors with the required knowledge, and also the short time compared with the rest of the courses in the field of architecture and not covering in the curriculum of most schools, has been underestimated. The research attempts to identify the most effective factors on architectural design management for use in architectural education and architecture, which can fix and enhance the position of architects among other building engineers. Today this management is carried out by other specialists in the field of building, such as structures and mechanics, although just architects have a better understanding of architectural space. Therefore, in research method, the combination of quantitative and qualitative has been used. The study population was the faculty members of universities and activists in the architectural profession, also snowball and the theoretical saturation was used to determine the sample size. In the Delphi method, an interview with 19 experts in this profession was conducted The results of the interview were analyzed using open and pivot coding and then a questionnaire was performed using the target table of the adjustment content which was administered in two stages. The results were extracted by Q-factor analysis and finally the effect of influential factors was determined. To determine the relationships between the components, the gray dimensional method was used and the experts completed the questionnaire.12 Important relation is displayed as a graph. the results of this study indicate that six factors of project management, market management, education management, personal skill management, information management and knowledge management are more influential in architectural design management. Among them education management, personal skill management, information management and knowledge management defined as influential contributors while project management and market management were he factors which were influenced by former items. Through clarifying the importance of education management and its crutial value in universities, items depicted in hierarchy proposed for content of architectural curriculum.

Architectural experience, whether as an experience of facing a building or as being present in it, is the most important factor in the existence of architecture. Understanding a phenomenon such as "architectural experience" necessarily requires a rigorous research perspective, and each research perspective should be compiled according to the broad architectural discourse on experience. This study seeks to gain a clear understanding of the nature of the "architectural experience" through enactive cognitive approach based on phenomenological view and neurological findings. This is because both of approaches, from the very beginning, investigate the architectural experience through the relationship between the mind and the human's psychological experience of the world. In fact, humans have a central role in both attitudes in the perception of the world, since on the one hand, experience-based phenomenology is their basis, and on the other hand neuroscience researches offer a complementary approach relevant to architectural experiences. This is because human emotions and his reactions to the environment are analyzed based on the function of the brain and its responses to various stimuli. Plus, both mentioned contexts consider "sensory experience" a key factor in perception and relate human psyche to physiological emotions and experience of the environment. Taking these into considerations, this study seeks to address the following questions: How is "experience" achieved in architecture? And what components help this experience form? This study presents a conceptual model of the subject using a qualitative approach and a descriptive-analytical method. In conclusion, the findings showed that the architectural experience brings together the biological perspective related to the human through concepts related to "embodiment" on the one hand and "motivation" on the other as architectural potentials for interaction. These components are developed through enactive approach to cognition, perception and emotion. Then the role of the "body schema" and "embodiment" attitude to architectural perception as well as the concept of "affordance" of architecture - as the design goals- are focused in order to describe the architectural experience. In addition, there is a particular emphasis on the essential role of the "emotional component" in the cycle of cognition, perception, and practice. Thus, by using the enactive approach as the central feature of experience and its corresponding content, one can consider the "architectural experience" as a combination of cognitive, embodied, practical and emotional components. From the perspective of the enactive approach, the way people experience the perception of architectural spaces is generally affected and controlled by sensory-motor activity and influenced by specific embodiment conditions. Accordingly, it can be argued that the human interacts with architecture through "enactive embodiment" and that experience in architecture is formed through complex patterns of sensory-motor activity. Therefore, users are not merely abstract observers of spaces, but the value and meaning of architecture is obtained through architecture-body interaction. According to this practical framework, the embodied "interpretation" becomes possible. It makes the body essential for the architectural experience and emphasizes the intrinsic connection between architecture and the human body through "action". In addition, in accordance with sensory-motor theory of perception and its practical meaning as predictive and action-oriented, it is assumed that architecture can be understood by presenting its affordances as potentials for action. Thus, the validity of the architectural experience in the tectonic language of construction is rooted in bodily perception.

Relation between culture and environment of setting is a subject that many researches focused on, in the entire world. In this vein, Amos Rapaport known as pioneer that he focused on the home. Moreover, he investigates the effective cultural element on formation of space setting specially, in vernacular instance. He has created a three step approach including: separation, analysis, and combination. Based on this approach, first cultural related factors at home separated to smaller elements, second these components are analyzed one by one, and finally they are combining and describe in general view about this subject. So, by selecting the Naghshine house form the Ghajar era, this paper aim to use this process. In the research process flow, first based on citation interview are done and the list of current behavior instance are extracted. Then, based on current behavior setting, existing spaces at home are analyzed part by part. Finally, home generality are described based on cultural setting. In this paper we use qualitative approach and the research methodology done based on historical- descriptive way. Data collection was done based on documental and field study and semi-structure interview with survivor owners of home. The results indicated that correlation between culture and environment in Naghshine house are based on matched of four elements: space, time, meaning, and communications. In this house it seems that time and space organizing have compatibility with different level of social communications. Meaning has a navigator role for other aspects. In fact, it can be said the set of Naghshine house are combination of social, religion, usual, biological… The emerging of the meaning is formed in the behavioral setting and in the following in the space and the physical setting. Relation between culture and environment of setting is a subject that many researches focused on, in the entire world. In this vein, Amos Rapaport known as pioneer that he focused on the home. Moreover, he investigates the effective cultural element on formation of space setting specially, in vernacular instance. He has created a three step approach including: separation, analysis, and combination. Based on this approach, first cultural related factors at home separated to smaller elements, second these components are analyzed one by one, and finally they are combining and describe in general view about this subject. So, by selecting the Naghshine house form the Ghajar era, this paper aim to use this process. In the research process flow, first based on citation interview are done and the list of current behavior instance are extracted. Then, based on current behavior setting, existing spaces at home are analyzed part by part. Finally, home generality are described based on cultural setting. In this paper we use qualitative approach and the research methodology done based on historical- descriptive way. Data collection was done based on documental and field study and semi-structure interview with survivor owners of home. The results indicated that correlation between culture and environment in Naghshine house are based on matched of four elements: space, time, meaning, and communications. In this house it seems that time and space organizing have compatibility with different level of social communications. Meaning has a navigator role for other aspects. In fact, it can be said the set of Naghshine house are combination of social, religion, usual, biological… The emerging of the meaning is formed in the behavioral setting and in the following in the space and the physical setting.

Achieving educational goals requires an appropriate place to create relevant behaviors, so the effective role of the learning environment in Improving students' learning and development, cannot be ignored. One of the environmental capabilities that can be effective in students' education in a class is the layout pattern in the classroom. As previous study stated, the layout pattern is divided into two general categories comprising traditional and participatory pattern. The former shows the pattern where people sit in a row whereas in the latter people work in groups of more than two people. In this regard, the layout can be circular, semi-circular, or optional. In this study in order to clarify the influence of the architectural studios layout on students' cognitive function, two above-mentioned patterns in different type including traditional, participatory (multi-personal groups), participatory (circular class-based) and participatory (table-based) were tested. It is worthy of note that the experimental experiments were carried out to record the student behaviors in the context of different furniture layouts in architectural studios. Therefore, much of this study is qualitative in nature and behavioral observation technique was used. Date analysis was done by using content analysis method. The statistical population of this research included 100 undergraduate and postgraduate students of architecture studying at University of Mazandaran during 2018-2019. In this regard, data achieved from deep observation studios are analyzed qualitatively to achieve the appropriate pattern of furniture layout for architectural studios of University of Mazandaran. The results of deep observation showed that traditional model increased attention to self-employment, individuality, and student-teacher dependency. Moreover, this pattern can reduce the level of enjoyment, which plays an important role in increasing learning capacity. In contrast, participatory (multi-personal groups) layout enhanced the interaction between students. In this regard, the information exchanged results in increasing collaboration in designed activities similar to participatory (table-based) layout. The obtained results from participatory (circular class-based) demonstrated that the mobility, attention and academic performance decreased. In conclusion, it is noted that the use of group layout had a greater impact on improving academic function while the using of a table setting had a greater impact on cognitive function. According to the achieved conclusions and alongside the purpose of the study, the final pattern is expressed as a composition of current patterns. It is suggested that the pattern includes: - personal spaces next to the plural ones with using flexible arrangement so that the confidentiality of the students is covered necessarily and a groups-based space can be shaped to promote interaction between them. _Making semi-open chambers for each group to make personalization for the groups in addition to sitting space with special shelves in the situation, groups can make changes in appearance as well as color of them to promote the belonging sense, pleasure of and cooperation in the classroom. _Increasing in interactive space of students with applying table-based arrangement around teacher's table to increase interaction between students and teacher as well as information exchange. _ Creating shelves for students, a small library for each class, a display space, a semi-open space beside the green space for each class.

Students are considered to be the main elements of educational environments and higher education institutions. In other words, satisfaction and performance of students indicate the quality and weakness of the educational system, the effectiveness and services provided in these educational centers. Hence, increasing the academic satisfaction among them will not only help to improve the level of science, work and social, but also will lead to scientific progress and achievement at the highest levels of societies. With the development of graduate education courses in undergraduate and doctoral degrees and the development of science-related architecture, the need for a more specialized view of this field and the formulation of theoretical knowledge in thematic and interdisciplinary fields have become more and more important. Hence, attempts to increase the satisfaction of students in postgraduate education motivate not only them to promote the level of scientific and social education, but also provide a suitable basis for guaranteeing the country's future. On the other hand, without noticing this influential stratum, it can impose irreparable consequences on the future of a community. One of the factors that has led to increased quality and satisfaction of students is the competition between higher education institutions, which is a challenge to improve their conditions. The services offered at Higher Education Institutions should be such that students, while relaxing, get an incentive to learn better and deeper. The sensitivity to this is that these centers are growing and cultivating humans who will play a major role in the future in livelihoods. The purpose of the present study was to validate and measure the academic achievement level of graduate students in architecture among the top five universities in the field of architecture education in comparison with other higher education institutions. The statistical population of the study is graduate students in different disciplines of architecture, which is divided into two groups of students from the top 5 universities in architecture based on the recent rankings of the Graduate Student Admission Scoreboard And students from other colleges have been divided. 200 students were evaluated as a sample. The tool for collecting the information needed for this research was an electronic questionnaire designed by the researchers, which included 51 questions that questioned the six main areas that affected the field of education in order to measure students' satisfaction in each of these subgroups Six items categorized in this questionnaire included satisfaction with educational requirements (9 items), satisfaction with professors (9 items), satisfaction with the educational environment (9 items), satisfaction with student assessment methods (9 questions) ), Satisfaction with interactions among classmates (8 questions), and finally, satisfaction with their future career and education. The score of each of the statements in this questionnaire has a range of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 meaning superiority of the proposition and ruling conditions, and the score of 1 is the lowest level of satisfaction and desirability. Given the electronicity of the questionnaire, this confidence will be strong among respondents whose information is completely confidential and more responsive to the questions as well as access to a wider statistical society beyond the scope of the possible distance. Acceptable. The data gathering tool was an electronic questionnaire designed by the researchers whose validity and reliability were confirmed by determining the coefficient of Cronbach's induction. Also, the correlation between the results of the two groups of academic variables was compared by Pearson correlation test and evaluation Is located. The findings of the research show that among the 6 areas studied in this study, the variables of the university of education were only three areas of satisfaction from the educational conditions and the proposed headings, satisfaction with the educational environment and classmates were significant And correlates with the results.

Buildings have a great contribution in the consumption of energy and resources available on the planet earth. Given the importance of the sustainable development and the preservation of resources and lands for future generations, the idea of adaptive reuse of existing buildings is addressed globally. Adaptive reuse of the existing buildings is an approach to restore the life of buildings at the end of their useful and service life, by determining a suitable use based on their potential and characteristics. Adaptive reuse of existing buildings through maximum use of building material, social, cultural, structural and physical potential, avoid of unnecessary extension of cities and use of lands and resources, is well align with sustainable development main goals. But, despite all the benefits and advantages of adaptive reuse, there are cases that adaptive reuse is not suitable and demolition is inevitable. Therefore we need some criteria to evaluate buildings potential for adaptive reuse. For buildings which have a high potential for adaptive reuse, we also need some criteria to determine a (re)use in compliance with the existing building features. By determining such criteria, it is possible to modify the life cycle of buildings through adaptive reuse. Based on such a perspective, the authors investigated the literature and scholars view points and criteria which are addressed in different scientific documents. The literature shows a confusing variety of criteria. Through this study the adaptive reuse related criteria are identified and by an analytical approach and according to similarity between these criteria, they are classified in two areas. The first area includes the criteria in concern to examine existing buildings adaptive reuse potential. The authors identified eight comprehensive criteria for this area. The second area includes the criteria related to the determining a match reuse for existing buildings. The authors identified six comprehensive criteria for this area. The presented comprehensive criteria, covering all criteria in the literature, can be considered as a new framework and foundation for future studies on existing buildings adaptive reuse. In this way this study will contribute in buildings sustainability. According to presented criteria, buildings life cycle is modified. The traditional buildings life cycle include these phases: design, construction, operation, maintenance, demolition and new construction. It should be noted that such an approach to the buildings life is a linear approach, while regarding the increasing importance of sustainable development, attempt to restore buildings into the life cycle is a more acceptable approach. According to this, after the end of buildings useful life and before the demolition, buildings potential for adaptive reuse should be considered according to the related criteria and only when a building dos not have a good potential for adaptive reuse, it can be demolished. This approach will extend buildings life span and can lead to avoid of premature demolition. Premature demolition of buildings has many disadvantages. Of the disadvantages of this approach are wastes production, waste of buildings’ embodied energy, unnecessary use of resources and materials. Therefore the proposed buildings life cycle can leads to a more sustainable environment.

The study of urban history reveals that a variety of factors have influenced the development of ancient cities. The economy has always been one of the most critical factors in urban growth. In traditional cities in Iran, the Bazaar has been a place for the economic, social, political, cultural, and civic activities of people. Then it is one of the most important spaces in Iranian-Islamic cities and the heart of their economy, which responds the needs of Iranian society. It is one of the critical elements of spatial organization in there; the main body of the city is not definable without the existence of the bazaar. Bazaars in different cities have several forms, the majority of them are extended in length, some have been developed organically, and some others have been developed based on careful planning. Indeed, the bazaar is an essential civic spatial and physical structure for carrying out business. The economic significance of Bazaar, along with its Multi-function as social, political and cultural functions, has been caused to be important how its formation and alteration over its lifetime. Therefore, it is necessary to study the background and current situation of Bazaar. The accurate studying of causes and factors of its development or recession in proper direction and planning is important in order to preserve and organize socio-cultural-economic effects in Islamic city. Tabriz is a historical and cultural city in Iran. It is considered to be the main economic pole of the northwest of the country and one of the most important centers of production and distribution of goods from ancient times, which has played a powerful role in trade between Iran, Europe and Asia. Bazaar of Tabriz as an important urban element, has always been undergoing many changes, but the international trade, high potential of Tabriz and to be located in the way of economic exchanges, has led to rebuild and develop. This research surveys the importance of Bazaar and the impact of the city on Bazaar and vice versa. Research method is the descriptive-historical method and study resources are travelogues, history books, articles, and maps. Interviewing with businesses and shopkeepers helps to study the developed and expanded process of Bazaar of Tabriz as the covered lengthy Bazaar in Islamic world. By examining three different periods of market formation, the causes of its changes are scrutinized and these factors are divided into two factors, internal and external, and are identified in both major and bold factors of these developments. What is noteworthy the variety of internal and external changes in the contemporary era, which illustrates the importance of paying attention to the bazaar and its surrounding context in the present period. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the architecture of Bazaar and its physical structure. Finally, considering the important commercial, social, cultural role of bazaar and as a tourism center in Tabriz, the necessity of using high potential of Bazaar is considered for urban macroeconomic policies, and appropriate solutions can be found for adjusting changes, modifications and changing existing patterns and structures.

The promotion of technology and science is one of the Manifestations of community development and is one of the main programs in developing countries. Following this development limitations and problems also appear. Due to advances in technology and consequently increasing energy consumption, especially in the housing sector, numerous issues including costs and environmental pollution, arise. In parallel to these issues in recent decades, in the design of small and medium-sized country houses, the calculations of the installation engineer related to comfort and low energy consumption have received little attention. Whereas in the past, according to traditional Iranian architectural patterns, passive cooling without energy consumption has been the most important part of providing comfort in hot and dry climates. Also, it seems to be a particular link between the architectural design patterns formed by geometrical proportions and the climatic design, that made the design faster and less neglected to provide comfort. However, today, with advanced computing technologies, we still see numerous buildings with severe deficiencies in climate design. This article assumes that there is a significant geometric structure from the perspective of static cooling in the traditional houses of Shiraz, seeking to find the relationship between the geometric structure of the architectural design to detect the optimal conditions of comfort with the lowest energy consumption and the fastest design time. In this regard, evaluating past designs with a point of view of energy based on new standards is a priority for the research path. The research method is descriptive-analytical and due to variation in passive cooling techniques and methods, along with computer analysis. After selecting the samples according to the criteria and extracting the geometric design pattern, base model production and energy analysis with the use of Design Builder software are performed, which enables the evaluation of the energy level of houses by adaptation of the analysis to the Iranian energy classification standard. Finally, it can be concluded that the geometrical and structural patterns used in the selected homes are significantly consistent with the comfort conditions. In other words, the numerical proportions available at "Peymon", could produce a structure of dimensions and coexistence of components at the time of architectural designing that, in addition to meeting the structural and aesthetic requirements, were responsive to current energy consumption standards. At the time of the designing of the buildings, due to the lack of installation systems, this privilege was obtained only through static methods. In the performed analyzes, all extracted base patterns without any change in the components conducted Energy class label C. Next; it was possible to upgrade to B and A levels by optimizing the structure with thermal Insulation and double glazed window, etc. In the end, we can say that the modern architectural design inspired by the "peymoon" theory can increase the quality of energy consumption in the buildings with high speed and ease. So if in today's buildings, in the architectural design process, we use a pattern-based approach to the peymoon structure, at least in possible parts such as facades or general geometry؛ Not only can design time be reduced, but even without the need for installation engineer calculations in the energy field (which is usually eliminated in the design of small and sometimes medium-sized houses) much better conditions can be achieved in terms of energy efficiency.

In today's world, cities have become the center of human life and work. If, in the not too distant past, cities were exceptional and scarce phenomena, they would have become the main human and normative place of residence today. More than 50% of the world's population currently lives in urban areas, with urban population reaching 6.3 billion by 2050, most of them in less developed countries. Urban green infrastructure is directly linked to human health and biodiversity in urban areas and plays an important role in urban ecology. During the development of cities, urban green spaces were underutilized for some time and many urban green spaces were destroyed as cities expanded. Due to the growing population in cities, there are numerous human-related issues that challenge the viability of cities. Problems such as ethnic segregation, segregation of land, workplace segregation, exhaustion and deterioration, increased street traffic, deprivation and socio-economic inequalities, health, welfare, inequality in access to health, education, recreation, etc. This is one of them. In recent years, research on how cities have been managed, social, cultural, economic, and environmental systems can be stepped up to promote sustainable urban management. In addition to preserving and expanding nature and creating an active urban ecosystem, green urban infrastructures can also provide economic and social benefits to the city and can be used at various scales, from the home or building level to the larger landscape level. To fall. Other benefits of urban green spaces include equity in urban green space, health promotion, public education and citizenship, improving urban environmental quality, promoting clean transportation, environmental diversity, visual beauty. The present paper examines the impact of different types of green infrastructure on the enhancement of infrastructure, service and environmental factors in urban life. Investigating the relationship between landscape functions, landscape distance from residential environments, and landscape elements on infrastructure and environmental factors and services is an approach to enhance urban sustainability indicators and increase citizens' viability indicators. Understanding the factors studied in the field of services, infrastructure and environment in cities is one of the most important components in this regard, which is extracted from previous research. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The method of data collection was through questionnaire and analysis technique, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Statistical population of engineers and specialists was related to quality of life and quality of life and number of samples. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. The results show that the type of green space structure, thematic performance of green space and distance from green spaces have a direct impact on the change of urban environmental sustainability indicators. This paper examines the need for simultaneous attention and multifaceted attitudes to the constituent elements of the landscape and its influential and influential infrastructural, environmental, and service elements on citizens' minds. As urban environments change over time and with the growing population of the world, one vision of infrastructure will break down those systems. Cities need a comprehensive look at management and design so that they can meet the diverse physical and mental needs of citizens and respond to the needs of future generations. Urban residents use green spaces in a variety of ways, so it is important to understand how a green space can meet the needs of its users, as well as an overarching approach to the design of urban green spaces by rooting the cause and effect relationship.

New century, entering the digital age, puts museums in a different life cycle. Most museums in Iran are simply protective and unsophisticated spaces which is an influential factor in the low number of museum visitors. The first step in the revival of Iranian museums and the establishment of new ones is to achieve modern applied knowledge. Museums, as places with a great deal of narrative potentials, suffer numerous temporal, spatial, cultural, and social deficiencies. Narrative as a mediator helps audiences fill the gap in the museum environment. The present research aims to recognize the composition of the narrative and the atmosphere of the museum which plays an important role in providing a more successful understanding of the new museum spaces for visitors. The purpose of the present research is to understand how the audience interacts with the museum in the process of space perception, how visitors participate in the narrative of the museum's place, and finally to identify the influential factors through which the narrative improves the quality of museums' space. This research is based on the Grounded Theory method; theoretical studies, selection of case studies and finally field studies through deep interviewing were carried out. In the coding phase of the interviews, an international standard for documenting and controlling the concepts and information exchange in the cultural heritage and particularly museums has been used as the conceptual reference model. This model contributes to the promotion of a common understanding of cultural heritage by providing a common and widespread semantic framework. This standard illustrates the basic concepts of the subject and facilitates the integration, intermediation, and exchange of information and ultimately, as a common language, will be a guide to the conceptual modeling. In this research, we have defined a conceptual framework for each category and avoided repeating complex generalities. Holy Defense Museum, National Museum, and Carpet Museum have been selected as the study samples which are in line with the developments in modern museums and are often focused on a specific subject, with a variety of related collections. In the next step, the acquired codes through interviews were transmitted to the Protege software and analyzed using the extracted graphs and the secondary coding table. According to the analysis, three factors of place-time, object, and the subject can be considered as the main codes of understanding the narrative of spaces by the audience. The concept of place-time in art and architecture is meaningful in terms of movement within the space. Architecture can be traced as a physical entity and the audience grasps the various sequences of space by motion. Through the physical movement of the audience, the vastness and transparency of spaces cause the visual movement as well. Meanwhile, the mental movement is done by referring to the living body of the target audience. According to the results and the analysis carried out based on the frequency of codes on the museums' plan, the openness and broadness of spaces due to the visual polygon analysis play a significant role in perceiving the narrative of spaces by the audience. Museum objects are major parts of the cultural and natural heritage which reveal their narratives; each object has one or more stories and visitors make their narratives. Among the different manners of presentation, the possibility of touching the works and presenting them integrated with the space end in a more durable memory in the interpretation of the audience from the museums’ narration. Through blurring the border between the work and visitors, they perceive the narrative of space using their physical presence.

Architecture, or the art of creating space, is an important part of human life defined in relation to the concept of space, while other dimensions of human life, including human activities, meanings, interactions and relationships, occur in the social space. Nowadays, space is no more viewed as an objective, passive and impartial structure, inside which we are merely placed, or which can be calculated scientifically; it is rather produced through a complicated set of social actions that overlap: representational, economic, epistemological and conceptual actions, individual, spatial actions, and collective political actions. Henri Lefebvre organizes these actions in a spatial triad (spatial practices, representations of space and representational spaces). This triad tells us that it is not architects only that form the space, but in fact there are fields of numerous conflicting powers that affect the production of space, and architectural work is only a part of the process of the production of space. Although the relationship between the production of space and capital is an inevitable debate, numerous issues, including the time, place, and economic conditions of the community, have an impact on the type of use of space and perhaps its misuse. Nevertheless, the main purpose of this study is to show the general lines of capital impact on space formation in the contemporary world, so that it is impossible to determine the influences and importance of capital flow in relation to the past, in which the political determines the factor Was ignored. Indeed, nowadays capitalism has expanded its realm of influence. And In addition to the economic domain, capital dominates the cultural, social and, consequently, architectural domain. Therefore, it is necessary to review the role and status of the architecture.This is because architectural action directly affects the social relations, power, production relations, capital and life of societies, and in the long run it might cause social, political, economic and cultural changes in societies. In fact, this study seeks to reveal the role and status of architecture in capital accumulation. For this purpose, using qualitative methodology and logical reasoning, architectural space has been studied in this article through Lefebvre’s theory of production of space. The findings of the study have been presented in the form of analytical models and solutions. The results of the study indicate that the architect, as designer, planner and decision-maker, plays a role in form structuring (homogeneity), spatial organization (hierarchy) and spatial fragmentation, and overlooking the effects that the architect might have on social relations, power, and the production and accumulation of capital can cause architects (intellectual forces) to turn into the infantrymen of the capital. Thus, architecture, as a contributing factor to the improvement of everyday life, should turn into a knowledge-producing field. Architects and designers have mostly focused on technical and artistic aspects of architecture, they have failed to pay attention to other aspects of the design and production of space, such as the importance of architecture as a spatial discourse in which understanding the produced space of spatial forms can help protect social relations, production relations, control and power; as such aspects have been discussed in this study, it can be of great help.