پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال نهم شماره 18 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Jahiz (255-160C), the great author of the second and third century Hijri, is one of the most prominent Arabic prose figures in different fields of archeology, critique and literature, music and zoology. He has several famous works that "Al-Bukhlal" is one of the most fascinating. In this book, Jahiz specifically focuses on the subject of stinginess as a social theme and has made it a work of his own and narrated stories from stingy people. He devoted most of his stories to the narratives of the parsimonious people of Marv and Khorasan, which shows the effect of the Shoobiyeh's school, one of the most important political events of that era, on his work. Jahiz, by resorting to this flow, writes stories that does not have a true basis and relates them to the Ajams. However, he is a belletrist and capable of presenting these narratives in a truthful form to the audience. And although the stories are empty of the truth and do not fit with reason and logic, the story is considered true by reader using the means of truth On the author's part. This research shows that by relying on the type of story with respect to its technical and causal criteria, the creation of the citation process, the accuracy of the description of objects and the detailed description, he has made a process of truth-making, and the reader is required to confirm his narratives.

The topic of changes in meaning and its causes has always been one of the interests to linguists and semantic scholars. Semantic studies examine this changes in different ways. One of the ways of approaching the reason for the diversity and meaning of vocabulary is to study the semantic lexical process. The present study is intended to explain the process of the semantic transformation of the word "Buruj" with the approach of historical semantics, by exploring the vocabulary, interpretations, ancient poems, translators of Qoran and the etymology in Semitic languages. The analysis of the semantics of the word ”Buruj” indicates that the meaning of this word is limited in Semitic, and when the word is entered in Arabic, its semantic circle has expanded. This process of development has continued in the sensory meaning , abstract meaning and ideological meaning.

Social semiotics is an applied approach to the study of texts whose primary concern is the understanding of social signs and meaningful behaviors. A structuralist look at social novels and an examination of the constituents and decoding of texts can provide a better and more complete understanding of it. “War in the Land of Egypt” is Yusuf alQa'id's pithy novel, who is one of the eminent contemporary writers of Egypt and a prominent Arab novelist, in which he addresses the unfortunate and inappropriate conditions of his society that is under heavy oppression. This study intends, by using the analyticaldescriptive method in light of Pierre Guiraud’s approach, to analyze the social signs used in this novel and reveal the theme of the author's message. The results show that signs related to identity, such as nicknames and names, occupations and status of individuals in society, signs of etiquette such as the tone of the speech, the gestures and moods of the novel's characters, as well as fashion codes such as clothing and cuisine, all attest to the confrontation of human beings with each other and social disorder that afflicts the community of that day in Egypt. The author's use of text coherence tools, especially lexical tools, is also an emphasis of his intention regarding this matter. In this essay, the efficacy of using social codes and signs in conveying the novel’s motif to the reader is proven.

Mostafa Wahbi al-Tal known as Arar is the most famous poet, literary, intellectual, and educated in Jordan. His work consist of themes such as love, wine and drunkenness, being and nothingness, life and death, debauchery and pleasures. Of course, Khamriat (poetry about wine) is one of the most important themes used in his complete poetical work (Valley Yabes) in various ways to the extent that they consider him to be in Khamriat, the coequal of Abū Nuwās, Al-A'sha, and Al-Akhtal. Drinking wine, wine and drunkenness are the most important subjects which obviously are seen in his poetry. The study has concluded that the khomriat (poetry about wine) of this poet are combined with the theme of wine effects, such as: "debauchery and pleasures, neglect of the world and its belongings, anxiety and fear of death and appreciating time, and using of wine and real grapes, and treatments and medicine of diseases", and is studied with the research method Descriptive-analytic. And it answers to this question: How is wine manifested in the poetry of Mostafa Wahbi al-Tal? And it is based on the assumption that, debauchery and pleasures, and after that, appreciating time is the result of his thought about wine. This research is seeking to achieve this goal: liquor and wine are some of the most important poetic motives of the poet and its presence in his poetry is undeniable.

Ezeddin Ismael is one of the critiques who is renowned to have a cognitive psychologically oriented approach in the contemporary Arab literary criticism and to have a special place. His most important work in this field is the book "al-tafsir al-nafsi leladab". His studies have been conducted in three domains: literary analysis, artist's personality analysis, and the study of the process of creating literary work. Given the fact that today the effective psychological foundations of the literary creativity process as well as the psychoanalytic analysis of literary personality are of the essence in the literary criticism studies, it is necessary to scrutinize the views held by Ezeddin Ismael as both a critique and as an authoritative pundit in this realm. Therefore, this research aimed at probing the views of Ezeddin Ismael through a descriptive-analytical lens. Moreover, it aimed to investigate the following questions: from his perspective, to what extent the psychostimulants affect the literary creativity? What roles the psychoanalytic analysis of the literary person play in his view? The results of this study unveiled that using cognitive psychology in the critique of literary works, he has come to believe that although some of the psychological stimuli such as neurosis, narcissism, intelligence and insanity—to some extent—contribute to the creation of literary works, their impacts seem to be infinitesimal. Notwithstanding, in his opinion, the analysis of the character of Adib contributes to the understanding of literary work as such that for instance analyzing the psychoanalysis of the character of the ancient Arab poets, we can elicit or discern some of the weaknesses or shortcomings of the literary genre of drama in the ancient Arabic literature.

No one is without presuppositions and these presuppositions form our judgments and viewpoints regarding the phenomena in the world. Systems of thought are also subject to this rule since they can be based on ontological, epistemological or ideological bases. The ideological basis has an import on the making of concepts and theorizing. The influence of pre-conceptions can be seen in the theories of Arabic rhetorics. Arabic rhetorics was formed in a historical context under the influence of religious, cultural, social and political parameters. The present paper tries to shed some light on the role of ideology in the formation of rhetorical analyses, focusing on the views of Ash'ari and Mo'tazeli theologians. The results show that Muslim theologians, especially the Motazelis, defined their rhetorical concepts according to their ideological stances. Keywords: Rhetoric, ideology, theologians, Ash'aris, Muʿtazilit.

Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most valuable religious texts after the Holy Qur'an, and the researchers have tried to study it from different aspects of science and education, Because this book contains the precious speeches of Imam Ali (AS), which is at the height of his eloquence and meaning and expresses various issues in the best of words and artistically. Sermon 87 Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most beautiful sermons which speaks of the most popular servants of the Lord and describes their characteristics, and expresses their distinction with the transgressors. In this article, we try to study the sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah at the levels of intellectual, phonetic, syntactic, and rhetorical in a descriptive-analytical way and from the perspective of structuralist stylistics. The beauty and values of the sermon and the views of Imam Ali (as) About the righteous and the disbelievers. Findings of the research indicate that the three levels of phonetic, syntactic, and rhetorical forms coherently and coherently express the thoughts and thoughts of Imam (AS) and are in line with the level of thought. The phonetic level with the music created by the repetition of the script and the letters has, on the one hand, transmitted these concepts. And through syntactic syntax with the statements of the verse and the exaggeration of the present sentence and the impossibility of the additions and affinities, the expression of the meaning and meaning of Imam Ali (as) has been addressed to the audience; The rhetorical level has also contributed to the verbal and religious industries to make the word more beautiful.

Phoenix myth in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish to the cause of the oppressed Palestinian nation and struggle for emancipation from the yoke of Israeli occupation, despite the desire to reclaim land occupied many wars and crimes, and also tied His poetic developments. He reread phoenix as a symbol of resistance and steadfastness, and the rise from the ashes of death is refresh. Phoenix in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish of the first tribunal has referred to the " Uhibbuki aw la uhibbuki (I love you, I love you not)" to " Ka-zahr el-lawz aw ab'ad (almond blossoms and beyond) cardboard dimensions" who has changed his last court. In this paper, we have to analyze its dimensions. The results show manifested in three problems: First, the myth of the phoenix in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish is to say that the aspirations of the Palestinian people and he did not die, but each time the blood of their martyrs and brave youth raised will continue. Second, Darwish's poetry Phoenix in some cases to speak of man and woman is the symbol of calving. Thirdly Phoenix in the final stages of his battle with death and resurrection symbol Darwish life again. The method in this paper is analytical, and tried to critique and analyze the myth of Phoenix and semantic transformation of a great deal in his poems.

Well-developed and valid review of published papers in journals seems to be an indispensible part of scientific journey and it certainly contributes to novelty in paper writing. In this line, a questionnaire verified by humanity and cultural studies research gate was used to critically review the content of 63 Arabic literal critiques. Research findings show that lectures from 1389-1394 at structural components have increased greatly. But in 1394&95 decreased and then in 1396&97 structural components increased appreciably. Conformity considering of lectures structure whit desired standards in scientific-analyzing lectures shows that article structure at question part ̦history̦ research procedure and reason of selecting that ̦ quality of collection and analysis of analyzing matters and result don̛ t conform with scientific-analyzing article standards. Research result indicates that authors did n̛ t have coherent structural model. And article structure have adjusted on the base of what they have been trained. This foible can be corresponded with inattention to structural standards in academic teaching. Furthermore̦ not to specify a structural comprehensive model of scientific-analyzing article from editors and referees ̦also has highlighted this problem. Therefore ̦this studying has suggested a structural component of scientific-analyzing articles in Arabic language and literature.

The difference in the literal critics' point of views regarding aim and logic of poem has led to different views about the poets' Abu Halal in Alsanatain investigated the poets' slip beyond syntaxe, poetry weight and rhyme and with adopting critical-based view rejected any poets' slip.although in this book.

The narrative critique of Arabic literature, influenced by morphology and structuralism, entered a new stage in the late twentieth century. At this stage, it was important to elements of narrative stories and narrative styles, but less concerned with the "artistic vision" of the story.The artistic vision is the unique experience of the writer from life, which leads to " story recognition " so that the reader will enjoy the story and and gain a new cognition Sayed Bahrawi, in the book "Types of Contemporary Arab Prose: Generations and Characteristics", attempts to introduce the various works of the writers of the Arab world. He analyzes the narrator's experience, which is equivalent to the author's linguistic experience .His way of analyzing a story is beyond the framework of a predefined analysis. He called this experience “The content of the form” which derived from the Arabic environment. Bahrawi wants to give an artistic insight of the Arabic experience by releasing subjective obsessions with the West. Does his method of analysis have an innovation? And can you use it to understand the story? Has this book been successful in achieving this goal? By analytical-descriptive method, along with quantitative and qualitative analysis of the content, it can be concluded that the main issue of the book "Types of Contemporary Arab Prose: Generations and Characteristics" is the aesthetic perception of the narrative of the human experience of the Arab man and the presentation of an artistic insight hidden in the network of fictional elements. Bahrawi in this book explains the characteristics of each story with the form content analysis method, and introduces a sample of many stories that contain the content of narrative making with the Arabic nature.

The qualities of each story are related to the type of presentation of the elements of that story by the author. The elements of the story include plot, personality, theme, angle, sight, and space, each of which has a great influence on the progress of the story. In this regard, child's story is among the literary types that reflect each nation's literature. "Jasim Mohammad Salih" is among Iraqi fiction writers whose major works are in the field of child's stories. The present study aims to analyze the elements of its 20 stories in the field of child literature based on the theory of analytic-descriptive research, in order to find the difference between the elements of child and adult stories as well as to determine the use of the elements of the story by the author and his success in this literary genre. The results show that the elements of the story, both in child stories and in adult stories, are all similar, and they differ in form of formation according to the purpose they pursue. Due to lacking enough room to redirect the story, the plots of Jasim Mohammad Salih are often, sequential. The themes of the reviewed stories include ethical, educational issues such as respect for others, avoidance of arrogance, self-respect, contentment, and so on. Therefore, it can be said that the author's idea is to impose such a concept on children, and that the story's angle in all stories, except for a story, is the third person, which, according to Rimmon-Kenan’s theory, in such stories, the opportunity to change the angle of view is very low.