فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Ecological niche is an area of one or more of the environmental factors in which the growth, reproduction and survival of a living organism is possible. In this study, Maximum entropy method was used to model the distribution and quantification of bear ecological niche in Ilam province. To select the background points, the network bias was used using the kernel density method. 70 percent of the points were used for training and 30 percent were used for the test. The results showed that the model was successful in its running (AUC = 0.97) and had a significant difference with randomized design in all thresholds (P<0.05). In order to determine the variation of the ecological niche of the species in the distribution range, a 50% threshold (0.5) was applied to the habitat suitability map and the output of this map was used to determine the grid range. Grid selection was made according to the home range. For each network, the suitability map was cut and entered the ENMtools software to determine the ecological niches breadth. Non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the process of ecological nest width changes. The results showed that altitude, NDVI and distance from semi-dense forests had the most effect on species distribution and bears in Manesht and Qalarang areas have the highest ecological niche breadth. The trend of ecological niche showed that the breadth of ecological niche of species from the northwest of the province to the south east has a significant decreasing trend.

Over the last few decades, human threats have imposed widespread negative impacts on populations of ungulates in Iran. While, climate change may also additionally increase vulnerability of the ungulates through changing current environmental conditions in future. In this study, impact of future climate change on distribution of two vulnerable ungulates of wild sheep (Ovis sp) and wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and changes in their current distribution along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients were investigated. Future predictions were made using an ensemble modelling approach and climate data prepared by five global circulation models based on RCP 8.5. Future range shifts by 2070 were also estimated by calculating the difference between mean elevation and difference of geographic distance between centroids of current and future distribution ranges, respectively. Results indicated that as a result of climate change, more than 68% and 75% of suitable habitats for wild sheep and wild goat may become lost by 2070, respectively mostly across low elevations of southern (south Khorasan, Yazd and Fars) and central (east of Isfahan) parts. Climate change also resulted in proportions of currently unsuitable habitats to become suitable expansion of which was limited to northern part (Semnan province). Result of evaluations also revealed that current distributions of wild sheep and wild goat may change as much as 27 and 150 m and; 167 and 124 km along elevational and latitudinal gradients, respectively.

Since Persian Fallow Deer has suffered from debilitating in length decades 30-40 so population reduction plan is started since then it has been a long -term program. One of these projects was transfer Deer to Ashk Island of Dashte Naz. In this study for estimation rate being used of exploitation the plants after identifying the priority species was done by cutting and weighting method the measuring production and difference between two season in order to rainfall the get tested rate of change in production. This difference can have presented from view available plant cover in Island and difference habitats and also production volume priority plant species in two season spring and summer. Spring production nutrition priority species which preferred by Fallow Deer (including 6 species) in 4 habitat types (Plane, High Slope and Rocky, Edge wellhead and East Edge, North Edge) estimated 284531.238 Kg. While the spring production volume estimated for priority species involving 7 types of food stuff 241367.580 Kg. Spring Sampling done in May that in this month growth of have been low plant covers, and so production value naturally doesn't very difference by production in summer which has been sampling in September.

Communication is an important feature of the landscape, which in the event of destruction of biodiversity gets in serious denger. Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) is one of the salient species of Iranian plain which is distributed in the no hunting area of Qaraviz in the west of Kermanshah province. Due to the vulnerability of habitats of this species, numerous threats have potential to affect this species. As a result, preservation of suitable habitats and communication pathways between these habitats is necessary. The aim of this study is identifying the communication pathways of the species in the Qaraviz no hunting area with western parts of the distribution range in Iraq. Initially, suitability of the species habitat was obtained using the Maxent model. Then, the results of the model were extended to the boundary that includes the connectivity range between Iran and Iraq. In order to modelling, presence points of species and 9 habitat variables were used. By applying the threshold on the habitat suitability map, the habitat blocks were identified. The reversal of the suitability map was used as transfer cost map. Paradigm modeling was conducted using the least cost analysis method between the habitat blocks. The results showed that the variables of distance from the road, height and slope had the most effect on the species. Based on the density and suitability of landscape metrics, the highest protection value for the displacement between habitat spots, belongs to the western corridors of the Qaraviz area in the vicinity of Iraq.

The protected areas management rules have been designated for conservation purposes, it has limited access to natural resources by villagers and tribes. conservational actions have increased the population of wild species, which will result in greater damage to gardens, agricultural land and domestic livestock. Rural and nomadic communities are in direct need of using these resources to provide their livelihoods. These laws, while ignoring the economy and livelihoods of local communities and focusing solely on protective laws, create a negative attitude towards the law and the tendency to escape the law of the local communities will increase. Consequently, the result will be a growing human conflict. After collecting and classifying data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Correlation analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between the local people's environmental awareness and reduce human-wildlife conflict. Correlation analysis shows that between independent variables: socio-economic factors of indigenous inhabitants, wildlife management, threats to ecosystem and wildlife, environmental behavior, awareness and knowledge of the protected area and sources of information in the area of conservation, there is a direct and meaningful relationship with the dependent variable of environmental education to reduce the challenge of humans and wildlife. Also, most studies only look at the technical aspects of reducing conflict between humans and wildlife, and environmental education is ignored. Therefore, to solve this problem, there is a need for a comprehensive long-term program that can cover social, cultural and protective aspects.

Environmental risk assessment (EAR) can be recognized as one of the important tools for the realization of sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to identify the types of environmental risks in Mazandaran province and provide a hybrid model in order to assess and prioritize them, which lead to better management of the environment hazards. In this research, 9 experienced manager from Mazandaran province's environmental protection agency and academic professors in this field were used as experts, and the Risk Breakdown structure (RBS) of environmental risk was defined based on their views at three levels. Then, using the DEMATEL technique, the importance of risk categories and their weight was determined. In the next step, criteria for risk assessment were identified and defined. Each risk was evaluated in each criterion based on the Taguchi Loss Function method, and their loss scores were calculated. According to the results,"cultural", "physico-chemical" and "economic" risk categories are more important than the others and affect them. Also,"Urban and Industrial Wastewater", "pest and disease of plants and animals", "excessive harvesting of forest and mineral resources", "discharge and disposal of wastes" and ... were considered as the most important environmental risks respectively.

Protective strategies planning and prioritizing for protected areas management based on existing status, plays an important role in conservation plan success. In order to achieve the best conservation strategy for managing the Mouteh Wildlife Refuge based on existing status, first, we identified the current status and the challenges facing this refuge using the DPSIR technique, with regard to protection. Afterwards, using the SWOT analysis, the weaknesses and strengths as well as threats and opportunities of the study area were identified and 12 protective strategies were suggested. Then, the strategies were ranked based on expert opinions and by applying IFE matrix and EFE matrix, strategic position and action evaluation (SPACE) matrix, and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM). The result of this study indicated that Mouteh Wildlife Refuge is now more in need of a competitive strategy (ST). The competitive strategies selected in this study for Mouteh Wildlife Refuge in order of priority are: (i) considering a zone for grazing of livestock (due to the high area of the refuge), (ii) monitoring and patrolling in the area to prevent illegal hunting (considering the proper number of environment-guards and large area of the study area), (iii) providing tourism programs in these areas to change local people's attitudes and raise their awareness.

The aim of this study was to determine to Pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit1) gene polymorphism relationship with milk production in Iranian Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 110 proof and un-proof Holstein bulls from North West and Tehran breeding centers of Iran. After performing extraction steps using modified phenol-chloroform method, PITI exon 6 polymorphism was determined with PCR-RFLP and HifI restriction enzyme. Two alleles and three genotypes were observed. Hinf1+ (G) allele and GG genotype were the more frequent. Allelic and genotypic variations in years do not show a specific trend, and for most of the years, the G allele was more frequent. The results of analysis of variance showed that PitI-HinfI polymorphism was not significant effect on milk, fat, protein production, fat percentage and protein content (p>0.05). Allelic replacement effect results showed that allele change from G to A did not have a significant effect on any of the studied traits. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that for the use of this gene in the of milk production traits improvement, further research is needed.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aflatoxin B1 addition and ability of commercial essential oil to reduce inhibitory effect of aflatoxin B1 on in vitro ruminel fermentation of dairy cattle diet. This study was including two experiments. In the first experiment, groups included: control (non-additive basal diet), AF1: aflatoxin B1 0.5 mg/ml., AF2: aflatoxin B1 1 mg/ml., AF3: aflatoxin B1 1.5 mg/ml. The second experimental groups were Aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet (1 mg/ml) with different level of essential Oil respectively 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. Gas volume of each bottles were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of incubation. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed gas produced by insoluble fractions and the constant rate of gas production were loser in AF3 compared the control group. The highest gas volume was related to control group and the lowest gas production was related to AF3 treatment. Aflatoxin addition decreased estimated parameters include ME, NEL and DOMD. The cashew nut shell and castor essential oil with produce more gas production and ruminal estimative parameters reduced detrimental effect of aflatoxin B1 on ruminal fermentation. According to the results it concludes that, in vitro ruminal fermentation reduced by aflatoxin and addition of herbal essential oil was improved rumen fermentation of animal diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1.

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between G286A and T340C loci of the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene and sperm quality related traits in Iranian Holstein bull’s populations. Phenotypic data and blood samples were collected from 150 bulls at the Sheikh Hassan Tabriz and Jahed Karaj Breeding Centers between 1992-2014. To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of GnRHR gene, PCR-RFLP method and MboII and BspMI restriction enzymes were used for G286A and T340C loci, respectively. The T and C alleles in T340C locus and A and G alleles in G286A locus two were obtained. G (0.679) and T (0.676) alleles and TC (0.46) and GA (0.45) genotypes were the most abundant. Analysis of variance showed a significant relationship between the above candidate loci and most of the sperm traits. The results of mean comparison indicated the superiority of heterozygous GA and TC genotypes in the studied loci. This study for the first time investigated the significant relationship of GnRHR gene with sperm-related traits in Iranian Holstein population. However, further research is needed.

Theileria species are obligatory intracellular hemoprotozoan parasites transmitted by various species of hard ticks and cause Theleriosis. Geographically, the disease has a global distribution and is often occurred in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In Iran, the small ruminant Theleriosis is caused by Theileria ovis and T. lestoquardi (Hirci). This study was aimed to identify Theileria ovis and T. lestoquardi among the small ruminants of East Azerbaijan province based on molecular method. For this purpose, a total of 166 whole blood samples (including 125 sheep and 41 goats) were collected from different regions of East Azerbaijan province, and then, all samples were examined under routine microscopic method and molecular assay. According to the molecular findings, 30(18%) of 166 specimens were only infected with T. ovis, whereas no infection was found on microscopic examination. The infection was only related to sheep samples. There was no significant difference between infection and age and sex, statistically. Sequencing showed that the amplified fragments in the present study was 98-100% identical to the corresponding sequences on GeneBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the sequence obtained in this study with many sequences from different parts of the world in different years in a set and is closely related to these sequences. As a result, it can be noted that Theileriosis has a clinical and subclinical feature among the small ruminants of the East Azarbaijan province and T.ovis is the main cause of Theileriosis.

This experiment was performed to compare the effect of adding microalgae Spirulina and probiotic Bacillus subtilis in the diet on carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology and blood parameters of broiler chicks. A total of 300 Ross one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicken were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement including three levels of Spirulina platensis (0, 0.05 and 0.1% of diet) and two levels of probiotic (0 and 0.05% of the diet) and reared for 24 days. The mixture of 0.1% spirulina and probiotic decreased the relative weight of abdominal fat pad when compared to the treatment provided with 0.1% spirulina and without probiotic. The use of probiotic diet (without spirulina) increased the duodenal villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth compared to the treatment without these additives (P <0.05). In the jejunum, the mixture of 0.05% Spirulina and probiotics increased the villus height than the treatment containing only probiotic (P <0.05). Supplementing of spirulina or probiotic can reduce heterophil count and the heterophile to lymphocyte ratio in the boold of broiler chickens (P< 0.05). The results of this experiment showed that spirulina, especially 0.1% level, alone or in combination with probiotic, can improve carcass quality and intestinal mophology. Also, due to the beneficial changes in blood parameters, each of these additives could be recomendable to improve the health of broiler chickens.

Two hundred and forty Arbor Acres broiler chickens with 4 treatments and 4 replicates for 42 days in order to prevent environmental contamination due to the disposal of waste from the breweries and optimal usage of these wastes in broiler chickens. Chickens of a group were considered as control and fed with corn and soybean diet. In order to feed the other three groups, the base diet was replaced with 5, 7.5 and 10% lemon pulp respectively. The results indicated that the inclusion of 5 and 7.5% lemon pulp in diets had a significant effect on body weight (P>0.05), although the use of its 10% level significantly reduced body weight compared to the control group. Using the 10% level of lemon pulp increased the feed conversion ratio in the periods of 21-49 and 1-49 days (P<0.05). Using the 10 % level of lemon pulp reduced the blood cholesterol concentration and increased the production of antibody against red blood cells of sheep at 35 and 42 days of age (P <0.05). Although hemoglobin level and hematocrit percentage were not influenced by experimental treatments (P>0.05), the amount of reactive substances was affected by thiobarbituric acid (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of lemon pulp at 7.5% of the diet without affecting the body weight can stimulate the immune system, which is a good alternative to poultry diets.

In this study, the effect of diatary supplementation of gpape pomace poweder (GP) was investigated on semen quality, serum testosterone levels and fertility of rossters in a broiler breeder stock. A total of 240 hens and 24 cocks at 31 weeks of age from Ross 308 strain were divided randomely into three experimental groups with 10 replicate within each (8 hens and 1 cock in each replicated).  From week 32 to week 41, birds in the control group were given the standard basal diet, but in the treatment groups fed the basal diet supplemented with either 1.5 or 3% of dried grape pomece on dry matter basis. At the end of experiment (week 41) some of the semen quality parameters, serum testosterone levels and the amount of hatchability was investigated in each experimental group. The results indicated that supplementation of grape pomace  had no significant effect on semen volume and sperm concentration of cocks (P>0.05). Sperm motility, progresive motility and viability was higher significantly in the roosters receiving 1.5 or 3% diatary GP compared to the control (P<0.05), but sperm morphology and plasma membrane integrity were not affected by dietary treatment. Moereover, 3% GP supplementation effectively (P<0.05) increased serum testosterone levels and hatchability percentage compared to the control group. In conclusion, the diatary addition of  antioxidant fibers such as GP may improve rooster semen quality and concequently hatchability in the broiler breeder stocks.

The Caspian Pond Turtle, Mauremys caspica, is a terrapin belonging to family Geoemydidae. Testudines have different habitats in different stages of their life cycles. Terrapins have a limited locomotion that changes their population density in certain seasons. Totally 134 specimens (65 males, 69 females) were collected from 14 different aquatic habitats in Golestan province in 2016 – 2017. 25 morphometric characters were measured. Sex ratios of males to females were nearly 1:1. All morphometric characters showed normal distribution (P>0.001) except weight in females (p=0.001). Four characters (W, PL1, PFLW and PHLW) did not show normal distribution in males (P<0.001). Comparison of the parametric characters showed, mean values of characters TL1 (p<0.000), AnSL (p<0.005) and TL2 (p<0.005) were significantly different between the sexes. None of the four nonparametric characters showed significant differences between males and females (p>0.66). The ratio Tail length2 (TL2)to Tail length1 (TL1) and TL1 to Right bridge length (RBrL)are fast and simple grouping index to determine sex of the specimens. The most and the lowest number of specimens were collected in summer (n=52) and fall (n=6) respectively.

Esas Protected Area with an area of 2997 hectares in the south of Savadkouh city along the easthern side of the Ghaemshahr-Tehran road is located in Mazandaran Province, Iran. This study was performed to identify the snakes fauna of this region from early April to late November 2013. Live samples were photographed in the area and transferred to the laboratory. During this research, 50 specimens were collected and a total of 11 species of 10 genera and 5 families were identified. These include: Dolichophis Schmidti, Elaphe dione, Hemorrhois ravergieri, Platyceps najadum najadum, Telescopus fallax iberus, Zamenis persicus, Malpolon insignitus fuscus,  Natrix natrix persa,  Natrix tessellata,  Xerotyphlops vermicularis and Gloydius halys caucasicus. The highest frequency belong to the species Elaphe dione (16 %) and Gloydius halys caucasicus (16 %), and the lowest belongs to the Malpolon insignitus fuscus (2%). The identification key and distribution map of the samples of the region were also provided.

The determination of animal´s age is important to obtain information about life history of species, growth, age and longevity or population structure. In amphibians skeletochronology is an effective tool to estimate the age. In the present study, the age structures of 50 samples (30♂, 20♀) in the two populations of Pelophylax ridibundus(Ranaidae) distributed in north of Iran (Rasht and Sari) were determined. The phalangeal cross-sections showed that males are on average older than females. The ages ranged from 4 to 13 years, with an average age of 8.50±2.13 years in males and 6.55±1.40 years in females. Frogs from Sari were older and larger than Rasht frogs. The correlation between age and SVL (the snout-vent length) was positive in both localities. With this study, we obtained new information about age and size of P. ridibundus in north of Iran. These kinds of studies on the same and similar species allow us to understand environmental effects on populations’life history characteristics. The age of maturity will be helpful for planning captive breeding programs and conservation in the future.

Euthynnus affinis is one of the most commericial tuna species in Northern of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In order to come up with the responsible fishing pattern, there was a need to identify some of characteristics and population dynamic parameters. Data were collected randomly from three major artisanal fish-landing sites Bandar Jask, Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan Province, from April 2015 to March 2015. The average of fork length estimated 60.1 cm. The "a" and "b" parameters in Length- Weight relationship were estimated 2.84 and 0.0000212 respectively and showed that E.affinis has allometric growth. The growth parameters of L∞, K and t0 were computed 90.9 (cm), 0.78 (1/year) and -0.15 year respectively. The fork length attained at the end of 1, 2 and 3 year to be 53.8, 73.9 and 83.1 cm respectively. Growth performance index caculated 8.77 which was in agreement with the finding of the other studies. Total mortality, natural mortality and fishing mortality were estimated 2.49, 0.85 and 1.64 (1/year) respectively. The Fopt and Flimit as biological reference point were calculated 0.43 and 0.56 (1/year) respectively. The exploitation ratio was estimated 0.66. The results showed overfishing on E.affinis stocks in Hormozgan Province and it is necessary to reduce activity for fishing management.

Length-weight relationship, sex ratio and condition factor of Trichiurus lepturus were conducted from September 2014 to August 2015 from different landing sites along the Sistan & Baluchistan province coastline – Oman Sea. A total of 283 specimens were randomly collected during study period. The monthly collections were sexed and size grouped (8 size groups with 10 mm class intervals). Among the studied species, 42% were male and 56% were female and the overall sex ratio was female biased (1.37:1).  The maximum and minimum total length were 115 cm and 49 cm, respectively. The maximum and minimum total weight for this species was 1000 g and 180 g. respectively. Samples were found to be ranged from 49 to 115 mm in total length and the total weights were found to be ranged from 180 to 1000 g.  In the present study, the length-weight relationship for total population was calculated as W=0.048TL2.67, R2 = (0.919). The length-weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.066 TL 2.410, R2 = (0.945) for males and W = 0.0087TL 2.301, R2 = (0.925) for females. t-test analysis showed a significant difference between the b values obtained for Female, male and total population from number 3 which show a negative allometric growth. The maximum condition factor (K) of 1.25 was recorded during the study period. The condition factor declined from March to mid-August, and then gradually increased, reaching its maximum level in the fall.

Study of dietetic diet of Psettodes erumei dandelion on the coast of Sistan province In the Oman Sea, 173 samples were taken at the time before Manson and after Manson in 2011 In this regard, nutritional factors like Determination of food priority index, empty stomach filling and relative length of the intestine were investigated. The gastric emptying index (CV) was found in all the examined samples This fish is a medium with moderate nutrition. It was also determined by the time of the analysis of this index that This fish is a species with moderate nutrition. It was also determined by the time of this index This species has a moderate nutrition before and after the manson. The Indicator Length Index (RLG) for this species indicates that the spittoon fish is a part of the carnivorous fish, and its diet includes: fish, shrimp Crab, Scalo, Marine Tetaya, Fish eggs, Worm, etc. Fat preferences were obtained for 88% of fish, 8% for crustaceans, 2% for shellfish and 2% for other fish. Fish, therefore, was recognized as the main source of dental plaque. Investigating the relationship between length and weight showed that the growth of this fish with allometric growth factor (26.23 b) was. Also, the male sex ratio was 1.22: 0.78.

Current study was aimed effect of environmental factors on spatial ecology and habitat use of three sympatric elasmobranch species in the Iranian waters of Gulf of Oman. Sampling was carried out from the northern part of Gulf of Oman using bottom trawl of FERDOWS from October to November 2017. Environmental factors were recorded by CTD and the GAM model was used to determine the factors influencing on habitat preferences by species. The results showed that chlorophyll a is the most effective factor in the habitat use of Iago omanensis. On the other hand, the frequency of Rhinobatos annandalei had a significant correlation with the dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, temperature and electrical conductivity. Also, temperature and electrical conductivity had the most important role on the spatial ecology of Torpedo sinuspersici. The results of this study improve our knowledge and understanding of the ecology of the distribution of sympatric elasmobranch species in the Gulf of Oman, which can be used to introduce locations with the probability of these species and their spatial analysis for other interested researchers and future fishery management.

The aim of this study was to determine the carcass chemical composition and amino acid profile of carcasses and the level of activity of the digestive enzymes of Khajoo (Schizothorax pelzami). To this end, Khajoo fish were harvested from the north-eastern region of Iran, and after preparation, relevant analyzes were carried out in three longitudinal classes (8-12, 12-16, 16-20 cm).As the fish size increased, carcass protein content decreased significantly (p <0.05), and the amount of crude fat and ash increased (p <0.05). The results showed that arginine and leucine are the most abundant and methionine is the least amino acids in the Khajoo fish carcasses. With increasing fish weight, the amount of leucine, lysine, threonine and methionine of the carcasses increased significantly (p <0.05). Total protease enzyme have the highest amount of activity and the level of activity of the total protease and lipase enzymes showed a significant increase (p <0.05) with fish body weight gain. The results of this study showed that Khajoo fish could be considered as a species with omnivorous eating habit which tending to carnivores.Information on the chemical composition and amino acid profile of carcass of Khajoo could be applied as a template for formulation of dietary foods.

The purpose of this study was to increase the fish fillet keeping period under freezing conditions. For this purpose, Satureja hortensis, a family of peppermint, contains phenolic compounds such as chemol, thymol and carvacrol, was used. During this experiment, 5 specimens of scomberemorus guttatus weighing about 1 kg were freshly harvested and fillets weighing about 100 grams. Then After seeking to with different levels of sage essential oil (0, 1.5 and 3%), the fillets were stored in a fpolyethylene container packs at -18°C. Samples were evaluated at days 0, 30, 60, and 90 laboratory for measuring peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, sensory properties and determination of fatty acid profile. The results showed that storage of Ghobad's fillet containing essential oil the essential oil treatments had a significant difference in control treatment (p<0.05). Also, the amount of peroxide value (PV) and the index of thiobarbituric acid in the fish fillet treated with essential oil were significantly lower than the control sample. And the results on sensory characteristics indicate that the sensory evaluation is not differentiated in the studied groups over time. In general, it can be concluded that adding 3 percent of essential oil to fish fillets could increase its antioxidant properties and significantly reduce oxidation corruption.

This study was done in order to determine and compared the accumulation of iron and zinc in the muscle tissue of fish Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and its relation to the total length, total weight and age of the fish in the waters of the Persian Gulf was northwest. 96 fish samples were collected at 6 length group. Measuring the level of essential elements samples were digested through dry digestion method. The difference between the means analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the presence or absence of difference and a significant relationship was estimated at 95%. Mean concentrations of iron and zinc in muscle tissue of Rachycentron canadum were 25.50±2.78 and 9.06±1.23 mg/kg dry weight (P<0.05). The highest concentration of iron in groups belonging to different lengths of 102-110 cm (28.21±0.74 mg/kg dry weight) and most of the zinc and nickel belonging to groups larger than 127 cm in length (10.27±0.47 mg/kg dry weight). A positive correlation was established between in the total length and total weight and age and accumulation of metals, iron and zinc at levels not significantly (P>0.05). Concentration of Zn in muscle ofRachycentron canadum was lower than more WHO, MAFF and NHMRC (1000, 50 and 100 mg/kg). Concentration of Fe in muscle ofthis fishwas higher than more FDA (5 mg/Kg).

Recently shrimp industry has faced great challenge. Viral disease of the white spot causes the ‎inactive ‎of many farms. . Sea bass ‎fish with fast growth, easy replication, tolerance to high salinity and ‎the ability to accept formulated ‎foods can be used as alternatives to shrimp farms. Therefore, applied ‎research was designed. All ‎stages of the research were conducted at Chouebdeh Abadan Shrimp ‎Center. ‎‏9‏‎ pools of ‎‏7000‏‎ square ‎meters were selected in ‎‏3‏‎ treatments. The treatment was stored ‎with ‎‏12000‏‎, ‎‏13500‏‎ and ‎‏15000‏‎ fish per hectare. The ‎fish were ‎‏40‏‎ grams. The biomass was every ‎‏3‏‎ ‎weeks. Nutrition and growth indicatores including ‎specific growth factor (SGR), Food conversion rate ‎‎(FCR), Weight growth (WG), protein efficiency rate ‎‎(PER) and survival rate (SVR) were studied. Pellet ‎feeds were used at ‎‏2‏‎-‎‏5%‏‎ body weight . Physico-‎chemical factors including pH and pH were measured ‎during the course of the experiment. The results ‎showed that final weight had a significant difference ‎after ‎‏175‏‎ days. Treatment with high-density ‎growth in less than two treatments. (P <‎‏0.05‏‎). The final ‎weight was ‎‏14.9‏‎ ± ‎‏17.749‏‎, ‎‏5.9‏‎ ± ‎‏5.763‏‎ and ‎‏3.8‏‎ ‎‎± ‎‏5.662 gr. Food conversion rate did not show a ‎significant difference in treatments. And ‎‏1.39‏‎ ± ‎‏0.33‏‎, ‎‏1.42‏‎ ± ‎‏0.05‏‎, and ‎‏1.45‏‎ ± ‎‏0.60‏‎, respectively. ‎Survival percentage did not show significant difference. ‎And ‎‏82.54‏‎ ± ‎‏0.86‏‎ ± ‎‏84.81‏‎ and ‎‏86.21‏‎ ± ‎‏0.87‏‎ ‎respectively. The results showed that the density of ‎‏13500‏‎ fish /hectare was the best treatment. Can ‎be used as a method.‎

Olfaction is one of the fundamental senses to detect odors from long distances in sturgeons, and it plays an important role in feeding behavior and orientation fish. This sense can be a reliable criteria to investigate the effect of pollutants on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate effects of silver nanoparticles on olfactory feeding behavior of Persian sturgeon. This behavior was investigated following exposure to 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001 mg L-1 AgNPs for 7 days (each group with 3 replicates) and 6 amino acids were used to evaluate the olfactory behavior. During the course of the experiment, solution containing amino acids was introduced into the aquarium for 3 min. Then the number of fish and their behavior was counted every30 sec after the start of each trial. The results showed that the concentration of 0.01 mg L-1 AgNPs significantly reduced the olfactory attractiveness of alanine, glycine and leucine amino acids. Also, olfactory behavior responses were significantly reduced only at a concentration of 0.01 mg / L. but responses to the repellant amino acids (tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) were not significantly different in none of the concentrations of silver nanoparticles.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ultra-Amax perboitic on 1 g / kg diet Morphometric characteristics, growth performance and nutrition indices in adult male and female Huso huso for 120 days. For this purpose, 60 fishes with an average weight of 4.24± 0.27 kg after one week's adaptation They were randomly divided into 2 treatments and each with three replicates (with 10 replicates per each). The results showed that ultra-Amax prebiotics produced a significant difference in morphometric factors. But it did not affect the parameters such as Fork length and body length in the pectoral Fin. However, adding 1 g / kg of ultra-Amax perbiotic to fish diets Improved growth and nutrition parameters, specific growth rates, relative weight rates, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio and relative eating were improved, However, no significant difference was observed between treatments   (P>0.05). The amount of obesity and nutritional conversion efficiency indicated a significant difference between treatments with control treatment. Based on the data analysis, it has been shown that commercial ultra-Amax is a more effective and effective effect on Adult male Huso huso. The total results of this study showed that dietary supplemented diets with ultra-Amax of 1 g / kg diet Can be effective in improving morphometric factors and growth performance and nutritional indices.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of using probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici and Natuzyme multi enzyme in diets on growth indices and hematologic parameters in Huso huso juveniles. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in 5 treatments and 3 replications. Probiotics and multi enzyme in 6 levels include, 0.1% probiotic, 0.025% multi enzyme, 0.05 multi enzyme, compound of probiotic (0.1%) and multi enzyme (0.05), compound of probiotic (0.1%) and multi-enzyme (0.05%) and control group were added to the diet and fed to experimental diets for 8 weeks and growth factors include: weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and food efficiency ratio Was investigated. Blood factors such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC were measured and evaluated. On the probiotic level 1 and multi enzyme 3, as well as probiotic level 2 and multi-enzyme level 3, they had the most significant effect on final weight, weight gain, SGR and efficiency ratios was the most effective and have a significant effect on the control group (p< 0.05). The level of FCR in the level of probiotic 1 and multi enzyme 3 showed the lowest and had a significant effect on the control group (P <0.05). Different probiotic and enzymatic levels had no significant effect on blood factors (P >0.05). The results of this experiment showed that the use of multi-enzyme and probiotic can influence on fish growth factors and improve the growth and nutrition status of Beluga.

In the present study, the effect of dried purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract was evaluated on some growth indices, and carcass quality and intestinal microbial flora in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. For this purpose, 600 rainbow trout fry with an average weight of 3.30 ± 0.1 grams in a completely randomized design with 5 levels including 0% (control, T0), 0.5% (T1), 1% (T2), 1.5% (T3), and 2% (T4), dried purslane extract/kg of feed, and three replicates in 15 tanks of plastic 300 liters (40 fish/tank). Sampling of fish in treatments after 60 days of the experiment period was performed randomly. After sampling, some growth indices were measured such as final weight and length, feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight percentage (BWP), specific growth ratio (SGR), condition factor (CF), survival rate (SR), protein precipitation in the body, the protein efficiency ratio, intestinal microbial flora and carcass quality. The results of this study showed that dried extract of purslane at 1% level increased body weight and reduced feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments (p <0.05).  The survival rate of fry in the treatment of 0.5% increased compared to other treatments (p <0.05). Also, the condition factor decreased significantly in 2% dried purslane extract. The treatments showed that dried purslane extract at 1% level is suitable for improving the growth performance of rainbow trout. The carcass protein content in all treatments increased except 2% dried purslane extract (P <0.05). The amount of carcass fat in all experimental treatments decreased significantly (p <0.05) in the control treatment, especially in the treatment of 1.5% drird purslane extract (P <0.05). The carcass moisture content was respectively treatments of 0.5% and 0% dried purslane extract that were higher than other treatments (p <0.05). Also, the amount of carcass ash in treatments with 1.5% and 2% dried purslane extract was higher than other treatments (p <0.05). The other positive results of dried purslane extract were increased intestinal bacteria in 1% treatment (P <0.05). Overall, the results of this study show that a 1% dried puslane extract in combination with food can be used to improve the growth performance and improve nutritional efficiency in aquatic animals.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of vitamin C in water on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa) growth indices in an aquaponics system, 90 rainbow trout fishes and 260 seedlings of lettuce were randomly introduced into 9 experimental unites. Treatments were affected by increasing the vitamin C concentration of 0, 15 and 30 mg per liter of water for 60 days. Growth indices of fish showed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments at the end of experiment. Lettuce growth indices such as leaf length, leaf width, plant height, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, root length and root dry weight were not significant (P≥0.05), but the root fresh weight showed a significant difference between treatments (P <0.05). Biochemical parameters of blood showed significant differences in treatment with 15 mg of vitamin per liter of water compared to other treatments, the highest mean concentration of red blood cells (MCHC) in hemoglobin recorded, 34.13 ± 0.73 g / dl in this treatment as well. Other blood indices such as hematocrit (Hct), Mean Corpuscular Volume )MCV(, hemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were not significantly different (P≥0.05) among treatments. It was indicated that adding 15 to 30 mg L-1 of Vitamin C to water, have a positive effect on the biological conditions of the plant and fish in an aquaponic culture of rainbow trout and lettuce.

This study was conducted to survey the antimicrobial activity of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NABRII66 lactic acid bacterial strain against common bacterial pathogens in aquaculture and human populations by in vitro experiments. L. lactis subsp. cremoris NABRII66 has been isolated from rainbow trout intestine. Two methods including double layer agar and microtiter plate assay were used to evaluate the inhibition activity of selected bacterial strain against two bacterial pathogens L. garvieae and Aeromonas salmonicida species affecting salmonids and other fish speciesand two other bacterial pathogens including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as two most common source of infection in human population. The results of double layer agar method showed the antimicrobial activity of L. lactis subsp. cremoris NABRII66 bacterial strain against all the tested pathogens and the highest significant growth inhibition zone was observed against A. salmonicida and S. aureus bacterial pathogens (p<0/05). The results of the microtiter plate assay method showed that cell-free supernatant of L. lactis subsp. cremoris NABRII66 bacterial strain could significantly inhibit the growth of A. salmonicida (p<0/05). This study showed that Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NABRII66 bacterial strain isolated from rainbow trout intestine had antimicrobial activity against four aquaculture and human's bacterial pathogens by producing some extracellular inhibitory compounds, which should be evaluated in future studies.

Organophosphate pesticides are one of the chemical pollutants of surface water, which may increase the susceptibility to disease in fishes.Therefore, in the present experiment, the effects of subacute chlorpyrifos poisoning on immune system function and disease resistance of rainbow trout to aeromonasis infection was evaluated. Numbers of 180 fish with an average weight of 42 g were divided between 4 experimental groups (3 replicates) control, low dose (2.5 μg/L), middle dose (5 μg/L) and high doses of chlorpyrifos (10 μg/L) and they were subjected by the above treatments for 10 days. At the end, blood samples were taken to measurement of haematological and immunological parametersand fishes were subjected to bacterial challenge by intraperitoneal injection of lethal dose of Aeromonas hydrophyla for 14 days. Evaluation of haematological parameters showed a significant decrease in the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin and the percentage of blood lymphocytes in fish treated with highest dose of chlorpyrifos (P<0.05).The evaluation of blood immunity index also showed a significant reduction in total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, complement, total protein, albumin and globulin in the highest dose of chlorpyrifos (P<0.05).The cumulative mortality rate of fish in the challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila showed a direct correlation with the increase in chlorpyrifos dose, but only the highest dose group compared with the control group showed a significant difference (P<0.05).According to the results of this experiment, it is concluded that increasing the environmental concentration of chlorpyrifos has harmful effects on the defense system of rainbow trout and decreases its resistance to bacterial pathogens.

Arginine is one of the amino acids that its impact on improving the growth and immune system of human and many animals always been one of interest of researchers. In this study, the effect of this amino acid on growth indices and resistance against salinity tension on common carp fish has been investigated. For this purpose, four treatments (each treatment with three replicates) were made from common carp and fed with dietary foods containing arginine 0, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% for 60 days. During this period, the fishes three times were biometrics. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18 and Excel and the comparing the mean of treatments in a completely randomized design have been performed analysis with Duncan test and one way ANOVA and existent or lack significant difference were performed in 5% of the level Probability (P<0.05). Regarding to the results obtain from arginine acid on food conversion rate (FCR), body weight gain and percentage of body weight gain of carp, it had significant impact (P <0.05), however, increasing body weight gain and decreasing FCR were observed in treatment groups (P<0.05), however condition factor (CF), growth specific rate (SGR) and survival rate (SR), did not showed any significant difference (P>0.05). Therefore, according to the present results, applying of salinity stress on different treatments showed that the presence of arginine in the feed of carp fish may have a significant effect on their resistance and survival, so that for feed treatments with 1.5% and 2% of arginine within 72 hours did not show any casualties, therefore. Hence, according to the present results, use of 2% L-Arginine to increase weight of carp, recommended.

In this research, it was studied the effect of acidifier supplementation on growth, hematological and immune indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. A completely randomized design was performed with four treatments in three replicates. Acidifier supplementation was added in four levels including 0, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg to the basal diet. A total number of 84 common carp fingerlingsweighing 18.30±2.08g were fed and kept at a density of 7 fish per aquarium in twelve 40-L aquaria for 60 days. Results showed that the highest final weight, body weight increase, average daily growth, specific growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed at the level of 8g/kg acidifier supplementation (P<0.05). No significant difference was recorded in condition factor and survival rate among the treatments (P>0.05). Acidifier supplementation at the level of 8 g/kg showed significant difference (P<0.05) in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin and neutrophil counts with other treatments. Also, this treatment had the highest non-significant WBCs and monocyte counts (P>0.05). On the other hand, the highest values of IgM and lysozyme were showed in treatment 2g/kg acidifier supplementation (P>0.05). Based on obtained findings, it can be declared that acidifier supplementation can promote growth performance and improve some hematological and immune indices of common carp.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lysozyme on dietary supplement scales in some growth factors, hematologic immunity indexes, and serum biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 180 pieces of fish were weighed 25.94 ± 0.1 g in 12 tanks and 4 treatments with 3 replications. After the adaptation period, fish were fed with diets containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g / kg lysozyme for 8 weeks. At the end of the period, the fish were biometric and blood samples were taken and blood indices were examined. The results of this study showed that this immune stimulant had a positive effect on growth rate of about 26/37 grams and there was a significant difference between treatments (p<0.05). Lysozyme diet showed a significant difference between the number of white blood cells and the control group. There was an increasing trend in the number of hemoglobin in the experimental group. The differential count of white blood cells only showed a significant increase in lymphocyte count between treatments and control. There was a significant difference between treatments and control in neutrophil count. Also, in the study of biochemical parameters of blood, we found that there was a significant difference in all three factors and there was an increasing trend. According to the results of this study, it seems that the use of doses of 1 and 1.5 g / kg of lysozyme may have a beneficial effect on the improvement of blood and biochemical parameters of the serum and the growth of this breeding stock.

In this research to study genetic diversity of cultured broodstocks of common carp, 60 samples were collected from Guilan and Mazandran provinces (30 from each province). DNA were extracted by phonol- chloroform method and investigated for 11 microsatellites loci. The results showed that the range of alleles number, expected and observed heterozygocity were 11-18, 63%-86%, respective. The analysis of molecular variance was not showed high genetic diversity (93%) within populations, but the Fst and Rst values were significantly different between Guillan fish and Mazandran fish populations. The Fst value was 0.011 wich indicated the low genetic differentiation between the studied sites. this differentiation may be due to broodstock transportation by farmers. Tree investigated loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p<0.005), mosly due to the excess of heterozygocity of Mazandran samples. The Fst value and Gen flow due to number of alleles were 14.5 and 2.11, respectively. UPEMA cluster analysis based on Nei genetic distance showed that there are two different populations. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there were significant differences between number of allelesand genetic diversity in Guilan and Mazandran.

This study examined the effect of probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici), sodium propionate salt and probiotic compound and sodium propionate salt on growth and expression of GH and IGF-I genes in common baby carp. For this purpose, 142 baby fishes (weighing approximately 14 g) for eight weeks were treated with four treatments of zero, 0.1% probiotic pseudococcal acidic acid, 1% sodium propionate, 0.1% pseudococcus acidic acid and 1% sodium propionate , Were classified and fed. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. At the end of the biomarker period, there was a significant difference between treatments. The highest body weight gain (35.53 ± 0.47 g) and specific growth rate (3.5 ± 0.01) were observed in the third treatment (p <0.05). Also, the amount of food conversion factor (1.05 ± 0.07%) was observed in the third treatment (P <0.05). After sampling, GH expression in probiotic and sodium propionate salt treatments was significantly different with other treatments (P <0.05). Also, expression of IGF-I in probiotic and sodium propionate treatments was significantly different with probiotic treatment (P <0.05). Due to the beneficial effects of P. acidilactici, sodium propionate salt and probiotic compound and sodium propionate salt are clear on the expression of GH and IGF-I genes, it seems that the use of probiotic and sodium propionate salt in fish meals Ordinary carp can affect the growth and expression of GH and IGF-I genes in this species.

Due to silver carp fry mortality in Rasht city from April to August 2017, 90 fish from 3 farms were sampled.  Samples collected from 3 pools in each farm. They were included 1- infected to parasite, 2- Blood samples were taken to measure blood factors, immunity and stress. Blood samples were collected using caudal fin cutting to measure blood factors, immunity parameters, and stress factor. Then fish weight and length were measured. Also parasitology and gill histology examinations were done. Diplostomum spathaceum, Dactyloyrus sp, Chilodonella sp and Trichodina sp were find in fish samples.  In fish belong to unknown syndrome group, just Dactylogyrus was seen. The highest WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin were seen in group with unknown causes, also the highest Glucose and Cortisol were seen in infected group and the highest Igm was seen in safe group. Histology studies showed the most gill injuries in infected group and group with unknown causes. Moreover, parasites were included Dactylogyrus, Trichodina and Trichopyra. Also Dactylogyrus and Desmocystidium spore were observed in group with unknown causes.  Totally, the results should that silver carp health status is influenced by fish parasites.

The aim of this study was to determine the use of olive pomace in the diet and effect on growth performance and blood parameters in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish with average weight of 13.73 ± 0.03 g were fed for 8 weeks with five diets including controll diets without olive pomace and diets containing 2, 4, 6 and 8% dry and alcoholated olive oil. Finally, blood samples were taken from caudal vein and hematological indices including red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), differential count of WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were determined. Based on the results, fish were fed by the diet supplemented with 2 percent olive pomace displayed significant difference in final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, body weight increase, condition factor, protein efficiency ratio and lipid efficiency ratio (P<0.05), while dietary olive pomac had no effects on the final length and feed conversion ratio of goldfish fed different diets (P>0.05). Differences among treatments in all hematological indices were not significant (P>0.05). According to the results of this study, the use of olive pomace in goldfish diet up to 2% is suggested.

Fat plays an important role as the source of energy and essential fatty acids for growth and development of fish. Excessive dietary fat can penetrate into the liver and accumulate in it, and resulting fatty liver disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Livergol drug on growth parameters and gonadal development in different levels of fat in goldfish diets. For this experiment, 9 diets of different were prepared with 3 levels of 0, 0.2 and 0.5% of Livergol and three levels of 9, 12 and 15% fat. 540 individuals of gold fish were applied in this study. The feeding trial was carried out to complete the reproductive season of fish. Gonadal sampling was performed for detection of gender and determination of sexual development every 45 days after feeding with experimental diets. After the end of experimental period, fish growth indices (end weight, percentage of weight gain, weight gain, status index, specific growth rate, survival rate and food conversion ratio) were investigated. The results showed that the final weight, body weight gain, body weight gain, specific growth rate, status index and feed conversion ratio were significantly different in the experimental treatments (P≤ 0.05), While survival did not show significant difference between treatments (P≥ 0.05). The highest growth indices were observed in treatment 8 (fat 15% + livergol 0.5%). In this experiment, the comparing of ovarian stages of fish fed with different diets indicated that all stages of ovarian stages except treatment 6 were similar in all treatments, but delay of the vitellogenin and development phases were observed in treatment 6 containing 15% fat and without livergol drug.

Iranian cichlid fish is one of the unique ornamental fish such as other fishes, feeding cost is determined the final product price. On the other hand, invasion of Azolla to Anzali lagoon changed it to a pond. By using Azolla powder in Iranian cichlid fish feed formulation, it can be an opportunity to optimum utilization of this aquatic plant. In this study, different percentages of this plant powders (15, 30, 45 and 60%) was replaced to basic feed protein resources, fed for 8 weeks, 4 times per day on sanitation to fish with weighing 4.0±0.3 g. Food was purchased from CP Company, Thailand with 40% crude protein, including fish, soya, corn, squid and head of shrimp) with 41% iso-nitrogenous and 4230 kcal per 100 g of dry weight, iso-caloric. Results showed that azolla as a protein supplement replaced with protein sources of Iranian cichlid fish feed formulation without any adverse impacts on growth performance (P>0.05), with statistical impact on survival (P<0.05). Treatment with 45% replacement led to increase in body weight but higher replacement percentage caused negative effect on growth performance and survival rate.

In order to mitigate impact effects of shrimp culture on the coastal waters environment and improve shrimp culture management, an investigation on the using of biofloc technology in Litopenaeus vannamei culture was carried out in Shrimp research center. Post larva were Stocked with density 250 animals/m²into one pond 40m2, aeration were done continuously, pond was filled with effluent water of shrimp culture, exchange water was zero and treatment of water were done by using different source of carbon such as starch, sucrose and bread. Feeding was done by trash fish and plate food, average amount of salinity and temperature were about 31g/l and 29ºC. After of 72 days culture, harvesting operation was done due to electricity and water aeration problems, Average weight and FCR were computed 13.37g and 1.4, respectively. The results showed that in spite of some physical problems such as the lack of emergency power, water refining during breeding period is possible without any management problem.

The optimal utilization of waste from aquaculture factories is one of the most important issues and needs to be reviewed. On the one hand, the entry of these wastes as waste in addition to the production of leachate and threats of aquatic ecosystems and the occurrence of environmental problems can be a contributing factor to various diseases. On the other hand, such valuable resources can be exploited and result in the production of high added high value products such as enzymes, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and so on. Considering the biologically and biologically active effects of extracted oligosaccharides from quintic compounds of marine molluscs in recent years, known as chitooligosaccharides, Possibility of using these superficial components as antioxidant compounds was studied. In surveys, in almost all tests, chitooligosaccharides showed a fairly good inhibitory ability that could be considered as a good source for antioxidant studies. In the DPPH radical neutralization test, with a little distance from vitamin C, indigenous oligosaccharide squid with acid extraction of 78.23%, Investigation of iron ion regeneration, chitooligosaccharides of crayfish with enzymatic extraction showed the highest effect of 19% reduction activity. Also, in the antioxidant capacity test, total acidity extraction of white leg shrimp chitooligosaccharides showed the highest antioxidant capacity of 42.19.

To find out the composition of the bottom trawl catch a sampling was used in the Bushehr waters in August and September of 2017. After sampling, the catch composition was included the species of Jinga Shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis), the Green Tiger Prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus), Kiddi Shrimp (Parapenaeopsis stylifera), or Fiddler Shrimp (Metapenaeopsis stridulans) and Trachypenaeus granulosus. P. semisulcatus with 92.74% was the dominate species, after it, M. affinis with 6.7%. Also, CPUA for P. semisulcatus was 49/1045 and for M. affinis was calculate as 57. 87 kg / nm2. The CPUE for P. semisulcatus was estimated 44.41 ± 17.05 kg / h. The amount of biomass for P. semisulcatus was 3842.924 t and for M. affinis was 191.43 t. A total of 3320 fish including 25 species were caught in this study. Of these 25 species, G. poieti with 25.2% was the most frequent and A. obricus with 0.12% had the lowest catch. Also, G. poieti, N. japonicus, D. punctate, S. crumenophthalmus, C. talamparpides and N. peronei with 100 percent occurrence were the most frequent species and N. thalassina has the smallest abundance. The S. commersonnianus with a average length of 59.13 cm has the highest length and S. insidiator with 7.75 cm has the smallest length. Generally, the density of P. semisulcatus in the eastern part of the province, as well as in the western part, is the lowest and its abundance is moderate in medium and high depths. Therefore, we can say that its distribution is horizontal.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) extracted from Microcystis aeroginosa microalgae on Daphnia magna and determine the lethal concentration of this toxin (LC50-96h). Twenty-one Daphnia magna were exposed to concentrations of 0.5, 2, 10, 20 and 50 μg.ml-1 of MC-RR Microcystin in each replicate, and the daphnia survival for 24 to 96 hours was calculated. One treatment was considered as control (no toxin), each treatment had 3 replications. According to the results of this study, microcystin (MC-RR) had a lethal effect on Daphnia magna, so that even at a low concentration (concentration of 0.5), about 38% of mortality was observed, and none of the Daphnia magna had the ability to survive at 2 μg.ml-1 of pure MC-RR Microcystin for 96 hours. This ability decreased by increasing the concentration of poison, so that at the concentration of 10 μg.ml-1 of Microcystin, on the second day and at concentrations of 20 and 50 μg.ml-1 of poison, all daphnia were dead on the first day. The results of this study showed that in the concentration of 1.75 μg.ml-1 MC-RR Microcystin, during 96 hours, 99 percent of daphnia were died.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of the hemolymph of two bivalves of Cerastoderma and Didacna in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. In this initial study to determine the antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method, then MIC and MBC were used. In this study, different concentrations of 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56 percent was used. The highest and the lowest diameter of inhibitory zone in different concentrations against (ATC C25922) Escherichia coliin Cerastoderma was observed for concentration of 25% and 1.56%, and in Didacna for concentration of 25% and 3.125%. Also, the highest and the lowest diameter of inhibitory zone against Klebsiella pnuemoniae (NCTC5056) in hemolymph two bivalve Cerastoderma was observed for concentration of 25% and 3.25% respectively, and in Didacna for concentration of 25% and 3.125%. The highest and the lowest diameter of inhibitory zone against Entroccus faccium in Cerastoderma was observed for concentration of 25% and 3.25%, and in Didacna for concentration of 25% and 1.56%. With increasing the concentration of hemolymph, its antibacterial activity increased significantly (p<0.05). Didacna had a lower MIC compared to Cerastoderma against E. coli and P. Klebsiella, but the MIC of hemolymph of Cerastoderma was significantly (p<0.05) lower than Didacna against E. Facium.Thus, according to our findings Cerastoderma and Didacna can be considered as the important source of valuable bioactive compounds which can be used for producing antimicrobial drugs.

In this study, proximate composition of Stichopus herrmanni divers from Hormozgan province which were caught by diving, during autumn and winter 2016 and spring and summer 2017, determined. For this, one station was selected in each province, three specimens from each three replication of different seasons sampled. In nutrition laboratory, all specimens from replication of each season of separated province, minced and analyzed proximate compositions protein, lipid, Ash and Humidity based on standard methods. Results showed that the studied sea cucumber species compromised relative high protein level (P<0.05). The highest protein content was found in Hormozgan at summer season (15±3.69) and lowest not significantly in Bushehr at autumn season (10±1.73) at spring season (10±1.8), caused by higher WT. and consequently higer chlorophyll a contents in Hormozgan water at summer season compare to samples from other studies provinces at the same seasons. Humidity percentage were the highest in the sea cucumber caught at winter (86.1±8.43) and not significantly (P>0.05), while the lowest (P<0.05) was obtained from Hormozgan samples at spring season (81.1±5.63). Lipid contents with low levels in this species showed the highest in winter season (0.29±0.08) and the lowest lipid content was obtained from sampled in Hormozgan province at Summer time (0.12±0.02) (P<0.05).

Determining the conditions for water quality and the status of the trophy is one of the methods for assessing and assessing the ecological balance of wetland ecosystems, because the sustainability and continuity of productivity based on these unique ecosystems requires proper management of the monitoring and control of their environmental conditions. Therefore, conducting biological and ecological studies is necessary before any deployment of activity. Dolan Bayshah wetland is one of the largest wetlands of Lorestan province with a total area of 913.5 square meters and is located south of Boroujerd city and on the margin of Silakhor plain. In this study, the water quality index (WQI) was calculated based on 5 parameters: nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), turbidity (TURB), dissolved oxygen (DO), acidity (PH) and Characteristics of Carlsson Trophy Status (TSI) based on total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus to nitrogen (PN) ratio were used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of four sampling stations of Dalian bischled water in the summer of 2017 The results of this study showed that according to the Water Quality Index (WQI), this wetland for aquatic animals at poor quality sampling stations cement channel in the lower part of the village of Kaper Jodaki and Drainage area  ganjine is in good condition at station Perpendicular cement channel village of Kaper Jodaki and is located in the very poorly in Water Quality Station Bayshah Dolan wetland river  gle rod. Based on the Carlsson Trophy Index (TSI), the tropic level of the sandy lagoon is characterized by a slight mesotrophic trophic condition and the entry of mesotrophic conditions.

Due to the importance of Babrolrud and Kharoon rivers in providing agricultural water and fish farming around these rivers and discharging many pollutants to them, it seems necessary to evaluate the water quality of these rivers. On the other hand, providing a proper picture of the status of surface water makes any management decision that has direct or indirect impact on the surface water of the country more consciously made. In this cross-sectional study, sampling was carried out monthly from seven stations in Babolrood and Kharoon rivers over a period of one year (September 2018 to September 2019). The studied parameters measured seasonally were acidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, sulfate ion and Fecal coliform and some heavy metals, including Co, Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr and Ni. The data from the experiment were analyzed using the BCWQI quality index. According to the BCWQI index, the overall water quality of river water at all stations studied was evaluated for aquaculture and fish farming, but was moderate for agricultural use. It was found to be suitable in terms of pH, temperature and Total dissolved solids but was found to be unsuitable for aquatic dissolved oxygen. It also increases stress due to water turbidity in the two rivers and almost throughout the study period, while negatively affecting photosynthesis in aquatic communities, In the case of TDS, they were generally within the acceptable range. Heavy metals, too, were virtually exceeded at all stations that caused poor health. In such circumstances, it is necessary to take precautionary and precautionary work to preserve the ecosystem.

This research aimed to measure the fatty acids content of Cholorella vulgaris reared in different culture media containing urban sewage. Four treatments (each with three replicates) containing different ratios of urban sewage and f/2 culture medium were prepared,and kept in the laboratory condition. The microalgae cells were separated by centrifugation at different stages of the experiment. The growth rate and fatty acids profile of all treatments were measured. The results showed that treatments 1 and 4 had the highest growth rate. Among all the treatments the highest fatty acid content were those of 0:C17 (Heptadecanoic acid) and 0:C6 (Hexanoic acid), and the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids with a single double bond belonged to 1:C16 (Palmitoleic acid) and C18:1Cis9 (Oleic acid). Significant differences (p<0/05) were observed between the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of all treatments. The results of ANOVA on the effects of the culture medium on the Omega-3 (ω−3) and Omega-6 (ω−3) content revealed significant differences (p<0/05) between all treatments. The highest ω−3 content was recorded in treatment 2 (18.28%), whereas in the other treatments it was less than 2%. The highest value of ω−6 was recorded in treatments 2 and 4. Based on the results of this research, we recommend that urban sewage can be utilized as a substitute culture medium for the growth and mass production of C. vulgaris microalgae as a rich sources of fatty acids especially ω−3.

The excessive entry of nitrate from municipal wastewaters and agriculture to surface and sub-surface water resources leads to the formation of the eutrophication phenomenon, followed by the algal bloom and the decreases of dissolved oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. These changes reduce the biological balance of these ecosystems and ultimately the death and destruction of living organisms. Currently, various adsorbents are used to remove excess of nitrate ion from aqueous solutions. In this study, marine algae, Sargassum ilicifolium was studied as a bioabsorbent for removal of nitrogen ion. In this experiment, various range of pH including (pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), the amount of algae biomass S. ilicifolium (0.01, 0.3, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g) and the initial concentration of ion nitrate (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg L -1) at contact time (0-60 minutes) on removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solution was investigated. Nitrate concentration was measured by spectrophotometric method at 500 nm wavelength. The results of this experiment showed that marine macro algae, S. ilicifolium had the best nitrate absorption capacity of 560 mg g-1 in the most suitable conditions, and the nitrate removal efficiency was 48%. The most suitable conditions for nitrate absorption were obtained at 0.01 g L -1 algae biomass, pH: 7 and 350 mg L-1 of initial nitrate concentration. The results of this study showed that the dry powder of algae, S. ilicifolium is suitable for removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solution and is an appropriate bioactive agent for urban and agricultural wastewater treatment.

Prosopis juliflora is among the most problematic invasive species globally, and the negative effects of its biological invasion has targeted natural ecosystems of semi-tropical to arid lands of the Earth. High reproduction and dispersal capabilities and incredible tolerance and adaptability to new ecological conditions has led to the expansion of its distribution, reduction in native biodiversity and changes in community structure of the invaded areas. Since the eradication of invasive species is expensive and time-consuming, identifying areas that are exposing to the invasion of the species in the future, particularly due to the effects of climate change, provides an applicable tool for ecosystem planning and management. In this research using the concept of ecological niche modeling (ENM) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, and also different climatic models and scenarios the impact of climate change on the global distribution of the species was assessed. Evaluating the impacts of climate change revealed a remarkable range expansion to upper latitudes by 2050. In a global scale North America, Mediterranean Basin and Middle East, and in a country scale in Iran, in addition to the southern provinces, habitats of central Iranian plateau including South Khorasan, Kerman, Fars, Semnan and Razavi Khorasan will be experiencing the highest range expansion of the species. the results of this study could be used as an efficient tool to implement broad-scale and priority-setting monitoring programs in natural ecosystems.

Pesticides residues on foods are potentially toxic to humans and it is of great concern. They may induce adverse health effects such as cancer, effects on reproduction, immune and nervous system complications. One of the important goals of public and environmental health officials is reducing exposure to pesticide residues on foods. Food preparation highly influences the Pesticides residues and safety of the food. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of storagewashing, peeling and storage on residue contents of four pesticides in cucumbers grown in greenhouses. this study was performed in which cucumber samples were harvested after spraying and their concentration was determined.In this section, the following processes were examined: Washing with drinking water: The samples were immersed in drinking water for 10 minutes and had a ten-second wear,.Cutting operations: In the other part, to evaluate the effect of peeling with a knife and tried to even remove the thickness of the skin taken for all The samples were of the same size, Storage operation at 4 ° C:, on the amount of relevant pesticide reduction. To carry out this stage of the study, at first, 1 kg of samples were transferred to the laboratory after harvesting. In the laboratory, samples were stored in plastic nylon in the refrigerator at 4 ° C and kept in the dark. On days 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 about one quarter kilogram of sample was taken out of the refrigerator and the extraction of the toxins was performed on them. The studied procedures as simple and effective processing methods could be used for reducing and removing pesticides on greenhouse products as home or commercial processing techniques. . Accordingly, Peeling is one of the other important techniques in the processing of most fruits and vegetables(P<0.05).. The comparison of the mean levels of four pesticides residues showed a significant difference between the peeled and unpeeled samples .The washing procedure is an important method to pesticide residue dissipation in both household and commercial food processing . The effect of this procedure depends on the type of pesticides and the locations affected.  Which indicates that compliance with the PHI (Per Harvest Interval) reduce the risks of residual pesticides.

Confectionary Creamy is one of the most widely used dairy products in the food industry. In recent years, demand for low-fat products has increased because awareness of people about fat consumption increased. There are a lot of research on the high fat content of Cream provided. The aim of this study was to use the milk protein concentrate to produce low-fat confectionary cream. In this research, milk protein concentrate (2, 4, 6 and 8%) was used and acidity, water holding capacity, sucrose, dry matter, viscosity, fat content Measured. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and to compare the meanings, Duncan's multi-domain test was used at 95% confidence level. The results showed that with increasing percentage of milk protein concentrate, lipid, confectionary, acidity and fatty acids decreased, and the amount of viscosity and dry matter increased (p≤0.05). Also, the amount of water holding capacity was stable for all treatments. In order to perform sensory evaluation, the parameters of taste, perfume, odor, color, texture, concentration and total acceptance were evaluated. The results showed that the highest sensory evaluation score belonged to T3 treatment (containing 6% milk protein concentrate + 54% cream), which according to the viscosity, water holding capacity and fat content decreased, and that's treatment introduced as the best treatment.

Supply chains have grown rapidly in recent years because only focusing on economic performance for the optimization of costs or Investment return cannot lead to the development or sustainability in the supply chain. For this purpose, the concepts of green supply chain management and sustainable supply chain management emerged to highlight the importance of social and environmental concerns with economic factors on supply chain planning. The purpose of this study is Designing a model of sustainable green supply chain with a focusing on environmental effects. Due to its abundance of raw materials, ceramic tile industry has long been considered in Iran and is one of the leading industries in the country with industrial developments. Failure to pay attention to environmental issues in this industry will cause a lot of damage to the environment. The research was an applied and descriptive survey which implemented on the mixed way. The most important component to contribute were identified and localized by content analysis and Delphi.  After that, a conceptual framework was designed according to the recognized relationship on the literature reviews. Finally, the model was evaluated by questionnaire and experts and analysed by Minimal least squares method. The results confirm the main relationships between the model and the importance of the role of environmental impacts on the sustainable green supply chain.