فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 33 (زمستان 1398)

In parallel with the change of urban systems from the inner-city level to the inter-city scale, one can expect that many of the issues that manifested themselves at the city level will arise today at the regional level. One of the most relevant issues in this regard is the change in the regional space organization and the patterns of movement and consequently the social costs of traveling by private car. One of the most important social costs is the cost of emitting greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, as the most important greenhouse gas associated with human activity. Accordingly, the present article tries to clarify the consequences of negligence and neglect over time by calculating the carbon footprint and social costs caused by carbon in intercity travel in the Central Mazandaran region. The research methodology is based on the proposed method of IPCC and using the release factors of the Department of Environment, Nutrition and Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom. In addition, estimates of the world''s major banks, such as the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank, have been used to financially convert the social cost of carbon. Also, using the statistics of the Road Transport and Highways Organization, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, its social costs and the amount of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by implementing policies such as launching transportation, light rail transportation system, high-speed bus system, replacing fuel and planting trees in intercity axes - Babylon - Ghaemshahr and Sari were calculated. The results of research in Central Mazandaran show that in 1387, 1392 and 1397, respectively, about 223, 270 and 365 thousand tons of carbon dioxide were produced from the movement of people and goods, the social cost of which can be estimated at about 12.5 to 18.6 million dollars. . Calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emissions shows the proposed scenarios in the region; Thus, replacing LRT with hybrid vehicles with gasoline vehicles, BRTs, and replacing gas-powered vehicles with gasoline-powered vehicles can have the greatest impact on reducing carbon and the resulting social costs. However, the use of complementary policies enhances their effectiveness. In addition, designing and planting trees on interurban axes and urban afforestation can complement the above options. However, none of the cities in the province will be able to finance the design, construction and commissioning of public transport infrastructure alone; Therefore, the synergy and cooperation of these cities is necessary to implement these policies.

Today, one of the most important approaches in the optimal organization of space is the creation of a balanced spatial structure that plays a fundamental role in sustainable development. Optimal spatial structure requires balanced spatial distribution of population and activity in the environment. Optimal spatial structure requires a balanced spatial distribution of population in the environment. These two factors are the main pillars of the spatial structure and important role in creating or lack of proper organization of space. on the other hand, population distribution in space depends on the activity of distribution; as a result, the distribution of activity plays an essential role in the organization of space. The aim of this study was to examine the balance or imbalance of the spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan core based on performance. The research method is descriptive and analytical and of type its Causal-correlation. Information and data collection is a library. The data includes urban activities extracted from documentary sources. The number of indicators based activities was 25 cases. There are 25 activities which are included in 7 industrial, commercial, administrative, educational, recreational, cultural and therapeutic indexes. These seven factors are considered as the core functional metropolis. To investigate the functional core in Tehran metropolis is used Peter Hall Method used (the division activities on population in urban areas). To analyze the distribution of functional core activities and population in the metropolis of Tehran is using kernel density estimation method. To analyze the spatial patterns is used from the the mean center and standard deviation ellipses. To model spatial correlation Is used whit the geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results indicate that spatial patterns of functional core are a single pole. However, some components might have been bipolar. The positive changes have been made compared to the previous period. Spatial correlation results show that there is no link between the core functional and population distribution. Consequently, the location and position of the functional core of Tehran metropolitan area have a lot of problems and crisis

In the present era, the development of the tourism industry is considered necessary in order to earn money and develop the country's economy. Subsequently, environmental damages in this sector have raised concerns about tourism destinations internationally to provide a product that complies with environmental standards. So, the attention has been paid to the idea of designing eco-camps, which are based on the principles of sustainability and ecotourism and considered among the green settlements. Locating eco-camps properly is one of the most important parts of sustainable tourism planning that leads to the eco-camps success and return on investment. To this end, areas that have the potential for the construction of eco-tourisms in terms of tourism and ecotourism values should be identified. This study was conducted aimed at determining the appropriate location for the construction of eco-camps in Lorestan province, according to the criteria and factors affecting the quality improvement of eco-camps using multi-criteria decision analysis (TOPSIS) method. This was an applied study in terms of objective and a descriptive-analytical one regarding methodology. In this method, five alternative tourism areas of the province, including Bisheh Waterfall, Gahar Lake, Valiasr Wetlands, Shiraz Strait, and Chekan Waterfall were selected to score the necessary criteria and sub-criteria required for locating eco-camps using the province's tourism experts. 25 certified experts from the National Tourism Committee of Lorestan were surveyed using a questionnaire. The results indicated that Gahar Lake had the highest score of 0.711 and Valiasr wetlands had the lowest score of 0.394 for constructing an eco-camp.

As the Second Five-Year Development Plan of Ahvaz metropolis (2018-2022) in the transportation and traffic sector puts out, one of the most important strategies for the transportation development in Ahvaz metropolis is to identify barriers to transportation development in its various dimensions. One of the dimensions is the barriers to making transport smart. This issue makes the necessity of doing the present study more significant. The present study aimed to investigate and analyze barriers to make intra-urban transport in Ahvaz. The present research is applied-theoretical in terms of objectives, and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. For data collection, two methods of library and field studies (questionnaire and interview) techniques were employed. The data analysis method was quantitative and the DEMATEL and ANP multi-criteria decision-making techniques were used. The results show that a total of 65 factors were extracted as barriers to make transport system smart. These barriers are divided into management barriers with 21 sub-criteria, economic barriers with 11 barriers with 11 sub-criteria, socio-cultural barriers with 23 sub-criteria, and physical barriers with 10 sub-criteria, among which managers’ weakness of technical knowledge, lack of credit, population growth in Ahvaz, and lack of smart facilities are the most important barriers as sub-criteria of management, economic, socio-cultural and physical factors.

Due to the exponential importance of justice in the society, the political arena and urbanization, recognition of this issue is of significance. Living in the cities based on social, economic and cultural differences among the individuals, has led to formation of a spatial differences and these spatial differences have a key role in categorization and separation of the individuals. The following study is based on meta-analysis approach. The statistical population in this study included 49 scientific research papers on the subject of spatial justice in a time interval between 2007 and 2018. The data collection method in this research was based on PRISMA-P[1] (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols), that is a standard for meta-analysis studies. By considering the results from the studies, it was concluded that the urban public services are not equally distributed in the majority of the studied regions. Also, despite the great significance of spatial justice and its great impact, on the one hand and the presence of problems due to the spatial imbalance in almost all metropolitans in Iran on the other, it has not been a research priority in the scientific community, including university and research centers. The research results indicated the low number of these studies, the low depth of these studies in an urban scale in Iran and the lack of generalization for the research results. It is therefore recommended that, considering the importance of justice, the scientific community pays a special attention to the theoretical challenges and the roots of injustice in this regard, in order for the theoretical strategies to be able to be undertaken.

The physical and natural effects of green space on the urban system and its various ecological, social and economic impacts on the structure of urban communities are to so important that they are regarded as one of the indicators of sustainable development.Inappropriate spatial distribution and unsuitable location of parks and green spaces, more than the shortage of them in terms of surface and per capita, have led to lack of proper access to them in most cities of Iran.Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the accessibility of these spaces to people and the optimal utilization of parks and green spaces in the form of a case study in the city of Khomeinishahr. The data used in this study included field observations, reports and the existing maps of urban land use, as well as library and documentary studies. In the data analysis, analysis techniques and functions of access radius, access time analysis, and analysis of direction to the park, as well as access to neighborhoods in the GIS environment, were used. The results of this study showed that based on the analysis of access radius, more than half of the population of Khomeinishahr city had no access to the park at any district, neighborhood, area and city level.Based on the time of proper access to the park, which should be within an accessible range of 400 to 600 meters, equivalent to a 10-minute walk, in many areas, blocks and neighborhoods of this city, it takes more than an hour for people to walk to reach the nearest park.Also, according to the direction analysis and the attractiveness of the parks, it was found that a significant portion of the population, despite spending more time, were more interested in going to parks in the southern part of the city. Based on analysis of access to neighborhoods, 80% of the city of Khomeinishahr Park had no park at the neighboring scale.

Access to safe and sustainable water is one of the most urgent needs of citizens in all societies, particularly large cities and metropolises, and any disruption to the functioning of water infrastructure in cities, poses immediate and serious threat to citizens' security and can become a national security issue. Terrorist acts can take many different forms and means. One of the most dangerous types of terrorism is "bioterrorism" and the use of toxic and biological substances to contaminate water supply facilities, such as water resources, treatment plants and distribution networks, which can adversely affect the health and well-being of the community and make a crisis.The results show that bioterrorism can contaminate various elements of urban water infrastructure in the supply, treatment, and transmission through lethal and pathogenic bacteria and toxins, such as anthrax, cholera, typhoid, botulinum, etc. The vulnerability and likelihood of bioterrorism attacks in each element of the water resources infrastructure were also evaluated and it was determined that there was a difference between the vulnerability. The results show the likelihood of bioterrorism attacks in different parts of the urban water infrastructure. Thus, based on the "vulnerability", among different sections of the water infrastructure, the "distribution network" of urban water is at a greater risk and based on the "likelihood of threat" the "water supply" is at a great risk.

When the concept of space was seriously discussed among geographers and architects, this question has always been engaged in itself a lot of curious interested minds: what are the rules of phenomena syntax in the field that creates space? To explanation of the space syntax is defined like the language syntax. As the linguistic structures are express with a special rule, space configuration can be assigned similar to the rules of language. In this study, Topographic maps, Geology maps, Satellite imagery, Aerial photos, DEM (Digital Elevation Model) the region were used. The research was doing with Noumenonology[1] method. The Noumenonology method defined the several Land Context for Khuzestan plain. The Space Identity of each Land--Context reflects the of Space Memory the Land, which has played a key role in the vision of the people of this land and in the shape of the settlements. The results of this study show that: 1- The behavior of Khuzestan land-context rivers in interaction with the Persian Gulf terraces, defines the rule of urban settlement in this space. 2-River- meandering forms explaining the rule of rural settlements in this space. 3-Geoneuron or Hoors are definer special identity called "nomadic lacastrain”. [1] - Philosophic attitude is an essential matter for foundation of a consistent and reliable phenomenology (Novali, 1990). Hence, Hegel Noumenonolgy is considered as a philosophic fund of "Phenomenology in Geomorphology". In Hegel philosophic Noumenonology, concrete realities and objectivity phenomenon what a latent inside and spirit of phenomena called Noumenonology. "So against of other Phenomenologists, in this research, “Positivist” equals to “Phenomenology” and “knowledge of exist” equals to “Noumenonology”.

Providing sustainable security of border areas is necessary to manage and adapt to new threats that are disruptive. Meanwhile, one of the most important threatening factors is environmental threats which, given the climatic and topographical conditions of the country, as well as numerous economic, social and institutional weaknesses at the local level, by becoming a crisis, it may lead to vulnerabilities and many unwanted effects on the security of the borderline rural areas. In this regard, the current applied research is carried out by using descriptive-analytical method to investigate the vulnerability of security sustainability of border areas in the Kurdistan province and Darmian town in southern Khorasan province due to the continuation of environmental threats becoming a crisis. Many problems affect the quality of life and, consequently, the sustainability of the security of these areas. In this mixed research, in the qualitative section, with targeted sampling and semi-structured interview with managers, local experts and local people in the field regarding development and security of rural areas studied and analyzing them with grounded theory techniques, Data were collected and then, in quantitative section, the distribution of 100 questionnaires among these individuals and their analysis with factor analysis and path analysis has been confirmed. The most important findings of this study showed that the continuity of environmental threats in the rural areas of the mentioned districts caused instability in different dimensions of the security of the studied areas. The impact Were placed on 53 indicators in the form of three unsustainable security and political-military issues, the instability of food security and the environmental- physical, and the instability of economic and social security in the three main areas of the instability of national security, the instability of human security and the instability of the security of the area. Meanwhile, the instability of security in the economic and social spheres was the most affected by the continuing environmental threats (Total load is 0.492) on the sustainable security of the rural borderlands studied (current and future situation) due to the impact of environmental crises.

The urban environmental management faces challenges that require a fundamental solution to develop a comprehensive model of management performance. In the scope of performance, there are several criteria for evaluating management performance, but these criteria have not been formulated correctly to judge the performance of urban environmental management. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and analyzing the dimensions and criteria of enhancing the performance of Tehran's environmental management using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. This method is one of the systems analysis methods that surveies the interactions between the elements of the system. MICMAC analysis was used to cluster the criteria. The research is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and data collection, and the data-gathering tool is a questionnaire. Since this method is based on experts’ opinion, 10 experts in urban environmental management were selected by purposeful non-random sampling method and identified 8 main criteria and 27 sub-criteria according to their opinion. The results of this conceptual model are the design of a desirable and comprehensive model of municipal performance in Tehran, which reported variables in three levels, "Output of performance,"Key improvement processes," Capacity buildings.” Capacity building” criterion, with the most influence and influence, is given priority and incentive measures in promoting the performance of Tehran's urban environmental management. The proposed model has generalized capability to other cities in accordance with the potential of that city.