نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 70 (زمستان 1398)

Today, with the increase of waste production in urban and rural communities, the waste management system can be considered as part of comprehensive management systems. Basically, establishing a solid waste management system is one of the things that matters to control the production, consumption and consumption of materials, as well as the process of collecting and disposing of waste. the economic and health damage caused by the uncontrolled control of solid waste in the Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone explains the need to take substantive steps in the control of solid waste. this research is aimed at the management of solid urban waste and its role in sustainable development in the special economic area of petrochemical in Mahshahr city. the research data are mainly collected through fieldwork. according to the obtained data, the status of municipal solid waste management was studied. The SWOT model was used to analyze the findings. for this purpose, the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) and the external environment (opportunities and threats) of the region were studied. then, in order to complete the o-btained data, a questionnaire was prepared by citizens and staff of Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone, which, by weighting the desired items, completed the SWOT matrix, finally, presented the strategies and strategies for proper management of the collection. and disposal of wastes. the results of this study showed that the questionnaire survey showed that respondents of municipal solid waste management situation in Mahshahr petrochemical specialty region are more suitable for most parameters and that management and proper planning of waste management of the special economic zone organization of petrochemical are economically justified.

City is the most important habitat for the man and the greatest cradle of civilization. Due to this fact, studying this phenomenon is of paramount importance. The problem today is that in the contemporary society many of Islamic traditions have been neglected. The impact of religious values on the construction of city spaces is of even greater importance. Cities are created according to ideologies and worldviews and the most sublime example of space occupation is Islamic beliefs and values. The mosque in an Islamic city, for instance, has been a site of political, nonmilitary, legal and economic gatherings. Nowadays, some religious rituals and ceremonies are held in spaces other than mosques and due to the paucity of favorable and appropriate space in the cities, streets and roads are occupied and traffic problems created. 200 students participated in this study and a close-ended questionnaire with a rating scale of 5 was used to gather data.  In this article I have tried to emphasize the necessity of holding religious rituals out of mosque space, and suggest and provide the procedures needed for the definition and formation of appropriate spaces for the aforementioned rituals and ceremonies.

In the atmosphere of globalization, cities are struggling with each other to enter the global cycle. Globalization has had many positive and negative effects on cities, especially on metropolises. The development of appropriate programs and perspectives and strategies is necessary for survival and growth in a complex, interconnected and competitive global world. Metropolitan management, with the goal of globalization and global standards, requires the development of local and national programs and urban and national diplomacy and requires the adoption of government measures to support international metropolitan interactions alongside national goals. This paper intends to analyze the state of the metropolise of Tabriz, with an emphasis on investment potential in the form of strategic planning and present constructive strategies for further development in the path of globalization. The results of the study show that the metropolis of Tabriz can take advantage of its benefits in case of active and constructive policy on the use of domestic potential and foreign opportunities in the process of globalization, and use it as an opportunity to realize sustainable urban development.

Heavy rainfall occurrence on April 14th, 2017 which followed by flood in Azarshahr and Ajabshir regions caused 48 deaths at East Azerbaijan province. Detecting synoptic mechanisms for such event was our main motivation for this study. In this regard, observational, upper atmospheric and SkewT data were used. First, spatial distribution of precipitation in the study area was plotted. Then, Geo-potential height, vorticity and omega, specific humidity, moisture transition, jet stream for upper level and Huff-Muller chart were analyzed for different atmosphere layers. Finally, some atmospheric stability indexes were surveyed by using SkewT charts. Results showed that, highest rainfall was occurred as a rain corridor between southwest of West Azerbaijan province and middle regions of Urmia Lake to the central regions of East Azerbaijan Province with 30 to 57 mm range. Synoptic maps showed that in this day simultaneous expansion of the ascending area of Mediterranean trough in mid atmospheric layers and the core of polar Jet stream in upper levels provided favorable conditions for unstable atmosphere on the northwest of Iran, so that the amount of omega was less than -0.3 Pascal per second. Specific humidity maps indicate that, at the same time a significant moisture flux has flown from the Red Sea to the northwest of Iran. Therefore, the rapid conversion of atmospheric moisture into the rain in the ascending area of Mediterranean trough was the main cause of the heavy rainfall occurring on this day. This issue was proved by convergence moisture flux map and the Hoff-Müller graph. SkewT charts and instability indexes of Tabriz station also confirmed high amount of moisture and favourable ascending conditions in the atmosphere on April 14th

Limited fossil energy source and increase of energy use is always pushed man to replace the energy source. In this case the winds have always had a special place in the new generation of energy sources. East Azarbaijan province because of the topographical and relativity situation is one of the best places for building a wind farm. therefore this research have been done to find out the best places for building wind farms in East Azarbaijan province, to find this places different criteria and sub criteria have been used. Given the importance of information fusion, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were selected for weighting the layers and were implemented by the help of Expert choice software. For special analyses and overlapping of layers the Arc GIS program have been used and after the analysis of information, according to the capacity of building wind farms, province of East Azarbaijan have been divided to four parts, great, good, normal, weak. At last, final conclusions represent that Geographic Information System as a Supportive Decision making system can be practical both in preparing of data and designing the priorities and expert's ideas dealing with different factors and also help the designers to select the proper location to found the wind farms. In this research,15 regions have been determined, considering priority of, overlay, limitation of land and places, survey of priority area, climate condition and personal observation have been determined that in sequence this places are Tabriz, Sahand, Osko, Azarshahr, Bostanabad, Shabestar, Jolfa, Haris, Miyane, Bonab, Marageh, Sarab, Ahar, Charayomagh and Hashtrod.

Alluvial fans are the most obvious Landforms of fluvial geomorphology which react to changes in tectonic as geomorphic phenomena, and they can be used as a tool for identifying of the tectonic aspect of regions. In this research at first, alluvial fans and their drainage basins located in the northern slopes in Bozqush were extracted in terms of morphometric (area, volume, distribution) and physiographic features (length, area, height) and the relative status of regional tectonic activity was evaluated by using 5 Geomorphic Indicators (α, AF, Bs, Hi, SL).The required parameters consisted of (R, S, H and α) and the other parameters were collected through DEM as well as digital geological maps. The Church Giles methods and Stream power model were used for computing the volume of alluvial fans and the uplift rate of watersheds by using ArcGIS, CAD and MATLAB softwares. Then Correlation was established between the results. Results showed that there is no significant relationship between the catchment area (BA) and the Volume of Alluvial Fans (V); in contrast, a significant and direct relationship was observed with a correlation coefficient 78% between the basin uplift rate and volume of fans. In this regard, by providing  geological maps and location of the faults and its overlap with watershed and alluvial fans, It was found that the formation of large alluvial fans (Bijand, Elahagh) is consistent with upper two reverse and normal strike-slip fault lines (at the outlet of the basin). According to the results, in the current Morph-climatic conditions, tectonic can be considered as a major factor in increase or decrease of the volume of alluvial fans.

Strong winds are one of natural disasters that sometimes cause enormous Financial and physical damages. Since northwest of Iran and specially Ardabil Province is one of windy regions, this study tried to identify synoptic patterns which bring strong winds. Through considering equal and threshold wind speeding over 28 knots per second, 783 days identified as wind crashing days in Ardabil province. Then by data component- based analysis of 500hPa geo-potential height of the 783-days detected seven components which explain 92% of variance. Finally by clustering seven components identified ten patterns as synoptic patterns that are responsible for Strong wind of Ardabil province. The survey of topographic arrangement of these patterns indicates the rise of trough and ridge levels to these patterns. This means that the patterns consists of, mainly, trough, ridge, or combination of both and aren’t observed other systems such as cut off, block systems, etc. Although mentioned systems may be observe in individual patterns of each of the 783 days, but the systems aren’t responsible for the dominance and influence. The temporal distribution patterns show that  two patterns, 6 and 7which occurs in the summer, has a similar system at 1000 hPa level when it  compares with other models which occur in winter, spring, fall. What's notable, reversal of location position of pressure systems, 1000 hPa, in two patterns of summer, so that a low pressure instead of high pressure is over the Zagros and a high pressure instead of low pressure is over the Caspian Sea.

Landslides and slope instabilities are among the important natural hazards, which cause human and financial casualties and loss of economic resources every year. These hazards mostly occur in natural slopes or those manipulated by human. Landslide hazard zonation is one of the methods by which, areas prone to landslide occurrence can be determined and plannings can be done using the obtained zonation maps to reduce the casualties. The aim of this contribution is to study landslide hazard zonation within the Baleghluchai watershed in NW Iran. First, the main factors including the slope and its direction, geology, soil, climate, distance from the road and river and land usage were determined. The method of current investigation was Fuzzy AHP in the GIS environment, based on which, after preparing data layers using the above-mentioned parameters and giving weights to them in the GIS environment, the landslide potential map, as well as classification was carried out by Fuzzy AHP method. Results showed that the largest part of the watershed (32.21%) has low landslide potential, while about 13.5% of it has very high potential. Areas with very high and high landslide potential (327.39 km2 area) are mainly located in the northwest of the watershed, with some small areas distributed in the south and east, while areas with very low and low potential (504.06 km2) are mainly found in the central to northwestern and southern parts of the watershed.

One of the consequences of the instability of Settlement System in local- regional spaces is the functional - spatial disability of  rural and urban settlements in the in creating the settlement connection through a effective spatial network. In many of the geographical areas in the country, the patterns of economic activity based settlement system network is formed that due to negligence of the cognition and analysis of structural-functional of this local networks, urban and rural settlements instability is escalated. in the rural areas of Hashtrood and Charoymaq (macro-region of Azerbaijan), the local-regional network is creating, based on the production and processing of milk products. For cognition and structural -functional analysis of this product in settlements relationships and spatial flows, 119 dairy workhouses, 269 rural settlements and 5 urban settlements was evaluated. The research method of this research is the combination of descriptive – analytical  Data sampling method was the snowball method and data analyzed through NodeXL and GIS software. The results showed that relationships and flows of the milk production network in the hurdles in realm faced the barrier and in Reciprocity extra-regional centers is interactive and complementary. Based on the reciprocital of relations, Degree centrality, Between ness centrality and Eigenvector centrality of the Bostan Abad city outside the studied areas recognized as the main node in the network structure of the studied region’s milk and following this, was the urban centers of Tabriz, Maragheh, Ghareaghaj and Hashtrood and  ganjine ketab rural with a significant difference. Sustainable pattern of local-regional network in the mentioned metropolitan area can be achieved with modification in the functional structure of urban and rural settlements through the functional allocation of activities and

The aim of this research is to investigate the spatial structure of Tabriz Metropolis based on functional nuclei. The research method is descriptive-analytic research of causal-correlation type.   Data collection was done in a library method. Data includes urban activities that are extracted from the census. The number of activity indicators is 25, which is classified in five main industrial, commercial, administrative, financial, service and recreational categories.  And these are considered as metropolis functional nuclei. To analyze the distribution of functional nuclei from the kernel density estimation method, for analyzing spatial patterns from the mean center and the elliptic of the standard deviation, spatial correlation modeling of geographical weight regression and least squares regression have been used. The results of the research show that the spatial patterns of the functional nuclei are single-core. Tabriz is still far away from the formation of a multi-core metropolis and core subsidiary have not yet succeeded in attracting their activities and population. Spatial correlation results also show that there is a positive relationship between functional nuclei and population distribution and strengthening functional nuclei will focus the population, especially in the city center.

One of the most important effects of climate change is increasing in extreme climate events. Change in the frequency or intensity of extreme events can have significant impacts on natural environments and human societies so their analysis is very important. The aim of this study is to identify the trend of precipitation extremes in Lake Urmia basin and to investigate their relation with Teleconnection patterns. For this purpose, daily precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations in the basin during 1987-2014 was used. 11 extreme precipitation indices were extracted using the RClimDex and their trends were calculated by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Then the relationship between these indices with Teleconnection patterns was determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of time series analysis showed that all extreme precipitation indices in Lake Urmia basin have decreasing trend exept consecutive dry days (CDD). The spatial distribution of trend in extreme indices showed almost all indices have a significant trend at the 5% significance level in basin. There is no significant trend in consecutive dry days (CDD). The changes in extreme precipitation could be affected by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), East Pacific-North Pacific (EP-NP), Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO).

Todays, rural managing plans are the most important tools of the management of rural development. After more than three decades, from the beginning of the implementation of such plans in rural areas of the country and to acquire experience, it is necessary to know that such plans for rural community of the country, has had what results and outcomes. This article, take notice the evaluation of amount of realization of suggested usages and then the amount of adaption of this usages in the implementation phase of project with the map of approved usages of this plan in the vilages of khaf County.  For estimating the amount of realization of suggested usage of managing rural plans was used. A compilation of approved suggested map of studied villages in 2001 –2003 and the map of their status quo in the current year 2013. In this article, research method is descriptive– analytical and for data collection was used of field and documentary methods. Search finding, was ArcGIS and also preparation and analysis of all plans by using software shows that the highest percentage of realization is related to sport usage with 87.8 percent and the lowest is related to green space with 12.1 percent of realization. Also the lowest adaptability of suggested usages is related to Sedeh village with 71.8 percent of adaption and highest is related to Khergerd village with 99.3 percent. In the field of becoming operational of suggested usage, regarding the implementation just 53 percent of area of suggested usage, we can conclude that in these village's has been poor. But this same running area had the necessary adaption with the usages of suggested plan.

The increasing waste production and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges facing human societies which has increased the focus on Retrieve and recycling of raw materials One of the ways to recover and recycle municipal solid wastes (MSW), composting from organic materials. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) is a partially new method which is particularly advantageous over others, as it provides a transparent and permanent record of analytical process while simultaneously organizing the EIA procedure, which in turn significantly reduces the time taken for EIAs. In order to weighting of impacts, the FANP method was used and the RIAM method was used to analyzing and scoring. The results show that among all the identified impacts, 19 environmental impacts of factory operations are harmful. But for the other six environmental impacts, it has had a positive result and therefore it has very beneficial effects on the regional scale and, in some cases, has national positive result.

Immigration is one of the four key elements of demographic change and circular and seasonal migration of rural labor force into the city, one of the sources of income of rural households in some rural areas. This study intends to study and analyze seasonal and circular migration patterns of rural labor force to the cities. About purpose this study is applied, the method is analytical, Gathering data on the basis of documentary research and field study, in the field section, questionnaires and observation method was used. Based on documentary research and field data collection method in the field of questionnaires, observation method was used. The study population included all heads of rural households of Sarvabad County. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was carried out. according to the total number of households in the rural of sarvabad county, 324 samples were selected from a total statistical population and  of 60 villages, 13 villages (20 per cent of villages in the city) randomly selected, in each village as well as an equal number of households selected to complete the questionnaire. By comparing the situation of migrants and non-migrants in 5 Asset of households in two parts, were found in three types of physical capital and human and financial capital, situation of immigrants are better than non-immigrants, and non-immigrants at the social and natural capital are better. The situation was better in the objective capital (capitals that can be seen) of immigrants. According to the results, it can be concluded that the circular and seasonal migration at the case study base on two pattern of coping and cumulative are in cumulative pattern.

Tourism attractions are one of the most important elements of tourism planning and development in each region, so that the advancement of tourism and its dependent industries depends on attraction. Therefore, the study and evaluation of tourism attractions is essential for effective management of tourism industry in each region. Due to the importance of the subject, some of the most important historical attractions in the city of Birjand were evaluated by the importance - performance matrix. The survey is an applied research in terms of its purpose and it is a descriptive-analytical type in terms of its nature and method. The data gathering tool was a five-dimensional questionnaire. Population of the research is Tourists that visiting Birjand, among which 106 tourists were studied. Based on the results of tourists' points of view, among the 13 historical resource studied in Birjand, the attractions of “Hosseinye Nawab”, “Araste House, Masoumiyeh Mansion” and “Rahim Abad Mansion” respectively ranked From 1 to 3, and for the sake of performance, the three attractions of the " Araste House", "Shaukatabad Mansion", and "Hosseinye Navab" have created the most satisfaction of the tourists. The results of the importance -performance analysis showed that attraction such as "Rahim Abad Mansion", "Old Post", "Shoktiyeh School" and "Masoumiyeh Mansion" due to its high importance and poor performance should be given priority in the planning of tourism development And trusted government agencies must prioritize strategic and operational priorities in budgeting and allocating resources for these attractions. But about the attractions such as “Akbarieh Mansion”, the “Sharif's House”, the “Charderakht Mosque”, the “Kolah Farangi Citadel”, the “Baharestan Citadel” and the “Castle of Birjand”, whose importance is low, the best strategy recommended for decision makers is informing and advertising tourism attractions to introduce them for tourists and other peoples.