نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 42 (پاییز 1399)

To evaluate the effect of varied concentrations of chlormequat chloride (CCC) on yield, yield components and grain quality of rapeseed under different nitrogen (N) levels, a field study was conducted as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014-2015 growing season in Marvdasht. The treatments were consisted of nitrogen fertilizer at four levels: 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 and CCC spraying at three concentrations: 0, 1.5 and 3 g.L-1. IThe results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of N on all traits, the effect of CCC on all traits except hundred grain weight and the effect of N and CCC interaction on all traits except hundred grain weight and protein percentage were significant. Nitrogen and CCC had positive and significant effect on yield, yield components as well as protein and oil percentage of seed. In general, increasing N up to 150 kg ha-1 was associated with enhanced quantity and quality of rapeseed crop, whereas more amount of N had no significant effect on yield components but reduced oil percentage of seed. There is no significant difference between 1.5 and 3 g.L-1 CCC spraying. Under no CCC application, N up to 150 kg.ha-1 and under CCC foliar application N up to 200 kg.ha-1 increased grain yield. Exceeded amount of N stimulate tillering and increase infertile tillers and reduce N efficiency, while CCC as a growth retardant increased uniformity intra plants and increased fertile tillers via prolong of development during.

Increase in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is important. Reducing or no chemical fertilizer application is inevitable in line with sustainable crop production. This experiment was conducted to evaluate `effects of clover (Trifolium resupinatum) green manure, chemical fertilizer and mycorrhizae on yield and yield components of wheat under drought as split-split randomized complete block design during 2015 at Boroujerd Research Farm. The main-factor were green manure and control (no green manure), first sub-factor was drought stress including; full irrigation (control), irrigation cut at flowering, dough stage and no-irrigation (rain-fed), and second sub-factor was no fertilizer, fertilizer (NPK) application, mycorrhizae and fertilizer (NPK) and mycorrhizae application. This experiment was conducted at two stages of planting and clover green manure and wheat planting. Results indicated green manure has significant influence on RWC, photosynthetic pigments, proline, yield and yield components. Effect of fertilizer on all studied traits was significant. Two factors of green manure and chemical fertilizer influenced agro-physiologic parameters and wheat yield. The greatest wheat grain yield (9946 kg ha-1) was related to green manure and full irrigation along with chemical and mycorrhizae application equals to 9946 kg ha-1. This increasing was related to organic fertilizer effects especially green manure on yield components including grain number, biological yield, plant height and photosynthetic indices. The results suggested green manure application in wheat production along with full irrigation and mycorrhizae application is appropriate and regarding obtained results in this experiment green manure at limited moisture condition is useful to cope with drought stress.

The effect of salicylic acid and calcium carbonate on water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficiency condition in Marvdasht, Fars Province Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and calcium carbonate application on water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of maize as Split factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during 2010 and 2011 growing season. The main factor was irrigation levels including three levels (75 mm, 100 mm and 125 mm pan evaporation), from four-leaf stage to the end of growing season and the secondary factors were spraying of four concentration of salicylic acid (control, 1 mM 1.3 mM and 1.7 mM) from the four-leaf stage to the end of growing season and application of four concentration of calcium (control, 1 kg per hectare, 2 kg per hectare and 3 kg per hectare). The studied traits were leaf area index, chlorophyll a and b, proline, grain protein and grain yield. The treatments of Hormone concentration of 1.7 mM and 3 kg per hectare of calcium carbonate at all levels of irrigation caused significant increase in studied traits. Key words: maize, water deficit stress, salicylic acid, calcium carbonate and yield.

In order to investigate the effect of Zinc (Zn) foliar application and transplanting stages in two spring rapeseed cultivars, this experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute (SPII) in 2016-2017. There were 10 treatments including (seed planting of Hyola 420 hybrid and Delgan cultivar on 5 March, transplanting of Hyola 420 hybrid and Delgan cultivar in 2 and 4 leaf stage with and without foliar application of Zn). The results showed that the highest and lowest mean seed yields were belonged to Hyola 420 transplanting treatments at 2 leaf stage with Zn foliar appliction and seed planting of Hyola 420 hybrid as 2628 and 1046 kg ha-1, respectively. Transplanting of Hyola 420 at 2 and 4 leaves with Zn foliar application increased by 51% and 86% seed yield compared to seed planting method. In addition, transplanting of the Dalgan cultivar at 2 and 4 leaves stage was significantly increased by 93% and 35% seed yield compared to seed planting method. Generally, in transplanting cultivation and especially in zinc spraying treatment, irrigation frequency was reduced one to two times compared to seed planting method. In transplanting cultivation and especially in zinc spraying treatment, harvest index was higher compared to seed planting method due to increased SPAD value and leaf area index (LAI), better absorption of light radiation, higher number of silique and number of seeds per siliques and seed yield.

Rice is one of the most important strategic products that is considered to be the main food of the world. In this regard, an experiment was conducted with 30 native and modified rice genotypes in a randomized complete block design at research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with four replications in 2016-2017. The studied traits were plant height, length of panicles, number of effective tillers, total number of grains, number of unfilled grains, number of filled grains, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophyll index and growth period. The results of analysis of variance showed that genotypes have a significant difference in terms of traits, which indicates the existence of genetic variation among genotypes. The results of mean comparisons showed that the highest mean total number of grains and number of filled grains in the cluster belonged to the genotype of the Keshvari. The results of principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components accounted for 78.050% of the total variation. The cluster analysis by Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic (UPGMA) method and with the euclidean distance criterion for studied traits, genotypes studied were divided into five groups.

In order to evaluate the reactions of advanced winter canola cultivars to the plant density with zinc application, an experiment was done within a factorial split-plot arrangement based on RCBD with 3 replications during two years (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) in the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran. The experiment factors were plant density including 40, 60 and 80 plants/m2, zinc application including non-application and application zinc sulphat at concentration 0.3% in silique stage were considered main plots and six canola cultivars as sub plots consisted of GKH3705, GKH2624, GKH0224, GK-Gabriella, Neptune and Elvis. The results showed that the simple effect of zinc application increased of oil yield by 5.8% and also, considering the charge of zinc foliar application and rate of oil rapeseed can be said zinc application has increased the economic productivity by 29/545/000 Rials per hectare. In this research, GK-Gabriella cultivar in the 40 plants/m2 and zinc application condition with an average of 6221 and 2629/66 kg/ha, had highest seed and oil yield  respectively. The results of quantitative and qualitative traits of the cultivars in this study showed that the fewer plant density and in the application conditions, the desired seed and oil yield could be achieved

Amaranths is one of the new forage crops that less studies have been done about it in Iran. In order to investigate the effects of plant density on quantitative and qualitative forage of three Amaranths in Gorgan region, an experiment was conducted in 2017. The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. This experiment was carried out at Gorgan research station of Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The experimental factors included: The cultivar in three levels (Cim, Loura and Kharkovski) and plant spacing on rows at three levels (5, 10 and 15 cm). Based on the results of the experiment, the spacing on the row and different cultivars caused a significant difference in fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, percentage of crude protein, crude protein yield, non-soluble fiber in neutral detergent (NDF), percentage of lignin, calcium and phosphorus. Interaction effects were significant only on lignin, calcium and phosphorus percentages. The highest fresh forage yield, dry forage yield obtained at a spacing on row of 5 cm. In three genotype with increase spacing on row, calcium and lignine decreased. But the amount of phosphorus did not follow a particular trend. Also the highest percentage of crude protein, crude protein yield, NDF and crude fat observed in Loura. The dry forage yield of Loura less than other genotypes. However, in terms of qualitative and nutritional characteristics, forage was favorable. Therefore, using this genotype is desirable in order to achieve high quality forage.

Soil water scarcity is one of the factors that has a significant effect on the performance and physiological function of mung beans. In drought stress conditions, seed priming can be a simple and inexpensive way to reduce the effects of stress. Therefore, in order to study the soil moisture content on yield and yield components, field cultivars were cultivated in Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016. The experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. The main irrigation factor was three levels of 80, 60 and 40% of crop capacity and sub factor including line A73-726 and Uzbek variety (hydroperimed and non-priming). The results showed that A73-726 line had the highest and lowest grain yield and harvest index in all levels of applied moisture regime. Seed hydroperimed treatment showed an increase of about eight percent of the seed yield compared to non-priming conditions.

Provision of nutrients for crops such as rice has a significant role in achieving optimal yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was to maximize the rice plant potential by optimizing the use of mineral and biological fertilizers along with cutting height of ratoon of rice. The experiment was carried out split factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amol) during the growing season of 2014 and 2015. Three levels of harvesting height including 0, 15 cm and 30 cm from the ground as the main plots and phosphorous fertilizers (triple superphosphate) and potassium (potassium sulfate) in two levels (0 and 50 kg ha-1) were first sub-plots and foliar application of Azospirillium brazilennes and Pseudomonas fluorescens were in two levels (foliar application and non-foliar application) as the second sub-plots. The results demonstrated that the highest grain yield was obtained in treatment of 50 kg of phosphorus fertilizer with a harvest height of 30 cm from the ground with an average of 2017.8 kg ha-1. All mineral and biological fertilizers significantly increased plant height, number of tillers per hill and filled spikelet percentage per panicle. In addition, the use of biofertilizers along with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers resulted in increased yield and yield components. Therefore, the application of the above fertilizers can be a suitable alternative for high consumption of nitrogen in the production of rice rice in the region.

In this research the effect of spraying iron and zinc sulfate fertilizer on lemon balm (Melisa officinalis L.) essential oil component was studied at Khoramabad. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized design with three replications. Two factors were iron sulfate fertilizer at 0, 2 and 5 ppm and zinc sulfate fertilizer at 0, 2 and 5 ppm. Essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation with Clevenger device. The essential oil fraction identified and measurement by GC/MS. The result obtained from this study led to  identification of 28 fractions on lemon balm volatile oil. In the essential oil of lemon balm Jeraniol (66.65%), Trans caryophilen (8.41%), Caryophylen oxide (4.99%), Verbenol
(2.17%), Citronellol (1.615), Alpha morelol (1.525), Germacrin D (1.38%) and Alpha cadinol (1.68%) were the major components. Results shows that under fertilizer treatment no significant observed (P ≤ 0.01) in terms of herbal dry yield. But the amount of essential oil differences between fertilizer treatments was significant (P ≤ 0.01). To increasing the essential oil amount, 5 ppm zinc sulfate treatment was best treatment. In this study according the results, the Jeranol component was observed 66.65 percent of whole volatile oil fraction of lemon balm, which is considerable high. But the Citronellol component allocated 1.6 percent of all lemon balm essential oil components. In this research to be seems that the fertilizer and climate condition caused the differences on amount of essential oil component in plant.

This experiment was conducted to study the ethephon application and male inflorescence topping on the quality and quantity characters of maize at the research farm of agriculture faculty, Islamic Azad university- Sanandaj branch during 2016-2017 year. The research was carried out as split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. In this experiment, ethephon spraying was used as the main factor in six different levels (control: distilled water, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 liter per hectare), and the sub factor was the removal of tassels in two levels (non-removal: control and removal of tassel or male inflorescence). The results showed that the effect of ethephon was significant on characters as: dry weight (leaf, stem, cob with its leaves and seed), number of rows per cob, number of seeds per row, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, protein and oil percentage. In this experiment, the maximum grain yield was obtained by ethephon at 0.5 liter per hectare, which increased by 34.56% compared to control. Maximum biological yield was obtained from 0.5 and 1.5 liters per hectare, which increased by 40.89% and 41.22%, respectively, in comparison with control. The effect of tassel removal on all traits was significant. The maximum grain yield and biological yield were obtained from tassel removal, which was more by 14.83 and 11.13%, respectively, compared to control. The results of interaction effects were shown that the highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained from 0.5 and 1.5 liter ethephon with tassel removal, respectively.

Waterlogging stress has negative effects on the growth and yield of wheat plants, which recognizes the defense mechanism of the plant against waterlogging, can be valuable. In order to study the response of three wheat genotypes to different levels of waterlogging stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with five replications in Gharakhil (Ghaemshahr) Agricultural Station. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of waterlogging (0, 7, 14 and 21 day) at tillering (ZG21) and stem elongation (ZG31) stages on the growth, total chlorophyll, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and enzymes of fermentation pathway in root of three wheat promising lines (N-93-19, N-93-9 and N-92-9). The results showed that waterlogging stress in both growth stages reduced the total chlorophyll and growth of all three genotypes, however, the highest contents of total chlorophyll and shoot and root dry weight were observed in N-92-9 genotype. Increased waterlogging stress increased the contents of proline, MDA, H2O2, activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase and decreased peroxidase activity of root of genotypes in both growth stages compared to control treatments. The results of this experiment that N-92-9 genotype had better response than other two genotypes in all studied traits under waterlogging conditions and was introduced as a flood tolerant genotype.

The development of food conversion industries has revealed the necessity of increasing the production of durum wheat in the country and, on the other hand, environmental stresses are responsible for decreasing the yield of crops. In order to compare 12 advanced durum wheat lines in drought tolerance, a randomized complete blocks design with four replications in two conditions (without irrigation and supplemental irrigation) in the crop year 1393-94 at Gachsaran dryland research station were conducted and morpho-physiological traits such as plant height, spike length, peduncle length, grain filling period, number of plants per square meter, 1000 seed weight and grain yield were evaluated. Results showed that all assessed traits in genotypes (except peduncle length) showed a different reaction to supplementary and without irrigation conditions, which indicates high genetic diversity among studied genotypes. Regarding most traits, Ter line was the most susceptible genotype to drought in both supplementary and without irrigation conditions. Regarding to GMP and STI indices, Ter, Icajihan and Aghrass lines were the most susceptible genotypes. Cluster analysis in both supplementary and without irrigation conditions classified lines into four groups, but tolerated lines did not get together. In general, according to yield and tolerance indices, Icajihan line was the most suitable genotype for cultivation in non-irrigated conditions.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and some fermentation parameters of whole-crop corn forage (WCCF, Single cross 704 cultivar) collected at the dent stage, before and after ensiling. A whole sample of forage corn was ensiled in multi-layer plastic bags for 60 and 120 days, and one sample was considered as control (without ensiling). Some chemical compounds, gas production parameters and fermentation parameters in the media and silage environment were determined using common laboratory methods. The chemical compounds (including CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, CF, EE, NFC, and OM), metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, and gas production parameters of WCCF were not affected by the ensiling. However, by ensiling, the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and ammonia nitrogen in the culture medium were significantly increased compared to the control group. Also, lactic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen showed a significant increase in the silage environment when WCCF ensiled, but in contrast, water-soluble carbohydrates and pH decreased significantly. The overall results showed that ensiling had no negative effect on the chemical compounds of WCCF, but increasing in some parameters (such as increasing TVFA in the medium and increasing the acetic acid and lactic acid) could have represented an effect on the fermentation process of WCCF after ensiling. No difference was found between the experimental results for corn silage, 60 and 120 days after ensiling. Therefore, WCCF (single cross 704) can be ensiled at dent stage with acceptable quality.

The aim of this study effect of different grazing intensities in the degradation of rangeland, on the same vegetation type with almost the same ecological condition, on the indicators of vegetation and soil properties in the rangeland of Panjalo village in Ardabil province was conducted. At each site three transects and in each transect 10 plots of 1m² was taken. In each plot, the parameters of density, production, canopy cover, litter, bare soil and stone and gravel were recorded. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm. The soil parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, potassium, lime, phosphorus, organic carbon and nitrogen were measured. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan test were used to examine all parameter means equality and grouping of treatments respectively. The results showed the highest production and canopy cover (129/61 gr/m2 and 87/41%) in the light grazing and the lowest (71/91 gr/m2 and 25%) in the heavy grazing. The highest bare soil and stone and gravel amount (65/63 and 5/31%) in the heavy grazing and the lowest (10/05 and 0%) in the light grazing were observed. The highest diversity and richness (0/85 and 2/28) in the medium grazing and the lowest (0/79 and 2/08) in the heavy grazing were observed. The results showed that by increasing grazing intensity, the amount of EC, lime and phosphorus were increased (P<0/01). The highest amount of potassium (3/96) and pH (7/82) in the medium grazing and the lowest amount of organic carbon in the heavy grazing were observed.

Soil salinity is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth. Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss., as a salt tolerant specie grows in a wide range of desert lands and has a significant impact on wind erosion control. The present study investigated the effects of different soil conditions (soil saline and non-saline-sodic playa -sand), on amino acids and minerals of H. salicornicum. Sampling was done Completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that in both habitats, serine has the highest contribution to the formation of the content of total amino acids of the H. salicornicum .The content of total amino acid in the two regions was significantly different at 1% level (p <0.01), the highest amounts of total amino acid (414.75 ppM) measured in sandy habitat and lowest amount (268.38 ppM) measured playa habitat. Sparic acid, glutamate, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine in the sandy habitat was more than Playa. While glutamine and threonine in Playa had a higher content. Mineral analysis showed that the highest amount of phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in playa and most of nitrogen were in sandy area. Accumulation of ions such as sodium in plant tissues in playa is the most important physiological response of H. salicornicum to the regulation of osmotic potential. The role of osmolites such as Amine acids are considered at a later stage.

Among stresses, drought stress has high impact on limitation of maize (Zea mays L.) production. potash management under water limitation condition is an important factor to obtain high grain yield of maize. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of chemical and biological potash fertilizers and drought stress quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn varieties in 2014 and 2015 in Dehloran, Iran. The experiment was conducted as split split plots in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments included drought stress (normal irrigation, cutting irrigation at 12 leaf stage and at tassel emergence) as main factor, potassium sulfate application in three levels (100% potassium sulfate, 70% potassium sulfate fertilizer with 30% fertile-2 fertilizer, and 50% potassium sulfate fertilizer with 50% fertile-2 fertilizer) as sub plots and three corn hybrids (AS71, NS640 and CORDONA) as sub sub plots. The results of showed that the combined application of potassium chemical and chemical fertilizer with modulating effects Drought stress increased the characteristics of corn. The AS71 hybrid, the most tolerant and hybrid NS640, were the most sensitive hybrid to drought stress. The highest plant height, grain yield and biological yield, total chlorophyll (a + b), seed protein and seed iron content were obtained under application conditions of 50% potassium sulfate fertilizer with 50% fertile-2 fertilizer. The application of this fertilizer recommended in Dehloran region.

A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and No-Till (NT)) and corn residue (residue removal and retention) on soil organic matter content (OM), earthworm population, and wheat yield at Zarghan, Fars province in 2013-2016. The experimental was a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil organic matter decreased by CT method and residue removal at 15 and 8% in the soil depth ranges of 0-10 and 10-20 cm compared to conservation tillage, respectively. In contrast, applying CT method accompanied by keeping residue increased OM content by 27% compared to residue removal. The highest earthworm population was obtained by NT method and residue retention, while the earthworm population decreased by CT method and residue removal at 17% compared to RT and NT methods. The highest grain yield (8113 kg ha-1) and harvest index (40.26%) of wheat were obtained by RT and CT methods when residue returned, respectively. Applying NT method and residue retention reduced wheat yield up to 40% compared to RT method. It is concluded that, to grantee the wheat yield potential and improve earthworm activity and soil fertility under wheat-corn rotation, adopting RT method accompanied by corn residue retention on the soil surface, is recommended.

Rose is one of the most important ornamental plants which nowadays holds the first top position in production and export of cut flowers due to its beautiful and colorful flowers. The quantity and quality of rose cultivars depend on environmental and nutrition. Pre and post-harvest application of plant growth regulators is one of the common methods for quality improvement of this flower. Therefore, in the present study, cut ‘Black Magic’ rose flowers were treated at pre harvest with spermidine (0, 50 and 100 mgl-1) and with salicylic acid (0, 50 and 100 mgl-1) during postharvest. Consequently, postharvest quality from various point of view such as internal polyamine content, activity of free radical enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase) and destructive lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde content) were studied. Results indicate that foliar application with spermidine and with salicylic acid increases petal soluble protein content, improves the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and poly phenol oxidase in the petals of cut ‘Black Magic’ rose flowers. Activity increment of enzymes that are involved in oxidative stress, decreased lipid peroxidation and consequently, they decreased malondialdehyde content as destructive biomarker. Internal polyamines such as spermine, spermidine and putrescine were also significantly affected by spermidine and salicylic acid application.