کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 36 (زمستان 1398)

The frustration and isolation of some Western intellectuals as a result of the painful repercussions of the First World War made them inclined to the imagination and subjectivism of modernist rationalism and materialism, they explore the human’s unconsciousness, then they found surrealism school which influenced literatures and writers of the East and West. The present article illustrates a surrealist features due to the descriptive-analytical approach to explore the components of surrealism in Fi Yum Marh” by Zakaria Tamer (Syrian Writer) and “Three Drops of Blood” by Sadegh Hedayat's two short stories, These authors have created a completely surreal space for expressing their minds in the stories mentioned above and the principles of this literary school, namely automatic writing, attention to fantasy, love, allure and madness, humor and irony, objective coincidence and affairs. They have dramatically and supernaturally represented their works. Tamer's main goal is to protest the irresponsibility of institutions related to community security and to issue judgments on behalf of people who are not competent to judge. Hedayat by this story has followed the critical and turbulent situation of Iran during the Pahlavi era, when intellectuals, writers, and poets protested against it, in which the elements of power suppressed them in the various ways.

Critical discourse is the complete form of discourse analysis, in which the language layers of effective discourses in literary work are identified and examined. In fact, this theory is based on two main axes: linguistic analysis and social analysis, and in critical discourse analysis studies of these two axes, and the relation between these two words are examined. In the social approach of discourse, situational context and in the linguistic approach, textual text is described. This research is based on the types of connections and links, tries to study the literary and social aspects of the novel Om Saad Ghassan Konfani and the daughter of Shina's Behnaz Zarabzadehon on the basis of the critical discourse model of Fairclough. The descriptive-analytical method and the use of library tools Including: At the level of description, scenes depict a significant part of these two novels, these illustrations help the reader to gain a deep understanding of the subject and the main content of the story and novel. At the level of the commentary, the context of the story is analyzed, the time in Om Saad novel dates from the years of the occupation of Palestine by the Zionist occupation and the Daughter of Shina to the years of the war between Iran and Iraq. At the level of explanation, it reflects the ideology of the writer, the struggle and resistance to the occupation of the homeland, stability and resistance. Also, in the internal context, the thinking of combating occupation and sustainability and resistance have been addressed to the author.

The principle of the status transformation, as a social reality, can be examined based on sociological studies and in harmony with Anthony Giddens’ Structuration Theory. This theory is founded on the inseparability of two dimensions, i. e., agency and structure, in the realization of social events. Likewise, his other ideological approaches evoke the establishment of a certain type of human relationship and the realization of utopia. Based on Structuration Theory, the role of women in the realm of literature, in harmony with the motivations of works’ agent/creator, and the spatial-temporal requirements, has experienced numerous ups and downs. The presence of this element in the poems of the Iraqi poet, Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati, and those of the Iranian poet, Ahmad Shamlou is significantly frequent. In this paper, the suggested solutions of Giddens are examined; in addition, to depict the process of the transformation of woman’ social status in the poems of these two poets, woman has been studied as an expression of personal love, along with the reflection of social commitment and in conflict with imaginative realism. The results revealed that the poets noticeably converge in the first two levels whereas they diverge as far as the third stage is concerned.

Mirzadeh Eshghi and Gibran Khalil Gibran have reflected some of the principles of the Romantic school in their works, which have led to common ground between the works of the two Iranian and Lebanese poets. This article seeks to study the differences between the three poems of Three Pictures of Maryam (Ideal) and Mirzadeh Eshghi (1) and Khalil Gibran's Merta al-Bania (2) based on the criteria of the School of Romanticism and their success rate, they are compared and examined. Naturalism, village bias against the city, freedom, dead-end, imagination, empathy, despair, despair and idealism are among the features and principles of the Romantic school that appear in the works of these two poets.The findings of this study indicate that both naturalism and its manifestations have both descriptive and narrative expression in Mirzadeh Eshghi as well as in Khalil Gibran, and this expression creates a rich and romantic atmosphere that is not a romantic kind of romanticism, but a social and revolutionary one.

One of the great poets of the literary return career and Qajar era is Mirza Mohammad Khan Moosa Beig Kermanshahi, who is known as Nasibi Kermanshahi;one of his different works is the Collection of Rovnagh al Majales which might be only expansive collection due to the principles of Quran and the documents of Shi’ite hadis and narrations, but it has not yet been scientifically revived in the scientific and literary circles. The present study shows that this great work in its artistic and semantic field has received many influences from Qur'anic verses, religious traditions and Arabic mystical literature; Qajar's use of the combination of the two styles of Khorasan and Iraqi and, most importantly, his special acquaintance with Arab culture and literature, have made him effective in making the new combinations and innovating them in the translation and the application of Arabic vocabulary and combinations, the pride and self-esteem to the Arabic poets , sympathy or expression of their doctrinal teachings are considerable.

Love as the origin of the myths for creation and death has long been one of the most prominent elements of the oriental literature especially in both the poetic and prose works in Arabic and Persian literature. In contemporary Iranian and Iraqi poems, the use of the concept of love in poems by al-Sheikh Ja'far and Ahmad Shamlou has made it a respectable motif for both poets’ so much that it can be seen In their poems with a scholarly study of love and its kinds that are analyzed and compared. One of the reasons for writing the present article is the lack of a comparative study of both contemporary Arabic and Persian prominent romance poets, Hasb Sheikh Jafar and Ahmad Shamlou. The author of this article aims to reveal the typology of patterns of love and its visible templates in the ideas of both poets based on an analytical – comparative research of their poems. The final results of this article show that in both poets’ poems the patterns of Anima love, mythical love and universe based love, are shown and their only difference is that Anima love is characterized in Shamlou poems but mythical love is the resource for Hasab – al -Sheikh Jafar poetry.

Statistical stylistics is one of the most important branches of statistical stylistics which has been recently taken seriously. The statistical stylistics determines literacy of given piece of work, in terms of mathematics and statistics. Busemann equation is one of the researches which has been considered in statistical stylistics. Busemann equation is an emotion measure which determines literacies of given piece of work. In current paper, Simin Behbahani and Nizar Qabbani are respectively Iranian and Syrian poets who are being studied with analytical- statistical methods and stylistics approaches. The main point of the paper is studying their literacy of their styles. Results showed that Simimin Behbahani’s style enjoys more literacy than Qabbani. This is mainly because of feminine emotions of Behbahani which leads to more literacy. Furthermore, the internal and environmental factors were influential.