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سال هفدهم شماره 83 (اردیبهشت 1399)

Several factors caused the fundamental changes of Iranian architecture during the early 20th century. One of these factors was the personal observations of the Iranian in Europe. These observations were effective from an urban and architectural point of view and they probably had effects on the architectural and urban mentalities of the Iranians.

The main aim of this paper is to review and categorize the positive criticism of Iranians on the European towns and architecture in the late Qajar era until Reza Pahlavi’s coup, then to compare them with the negative criticism of Iranians on architecture and town planning in Iran in the same period.

This paper applies a hermeneutic-historical method. It is formulated in the theoretical framework of the “Multiple Modernities” theory. In this research, 21 late Qajar travelogues have been reviewed and the data related to the research questions have been separated and categorized. Furthermore, they have been compared with the negative criticism of Iranians on pre-Modern Iranian architecture and town planning.

The main positive aspects of European towns and architecture in the eyes of Iranian travelers have been the hygiene of the towns and buildings, building in principle (building based on a plan, and the order and regularity of the built environment), technology, height, the beauty of the staircases, protection of historical heritage, and the abundance of public spaces. Later, it is depicted that the abundance of positive criticism of some certain aspects of European towns and architecture (sanity and order) is a symptom of the authors’ main concerns about the Iranian architecture and town planning, not just an objective evaluation of European towns and architecture. In other words, Iranian Modernity -which is a “different Modernity”- has paid more attention to some specific aspects and accomplishments of the architectural Modernity in Europe, based on its own local needs and concerns. Therefore, Iranian Modernity has presented a collective and local interpretation of architectural and urban modernization.

With the extension of human societies and the promotion of human social needs, the necessity of being present in communal spaces and identifying the components that affect the sense of attachment to the place for some human activities is of great importance. The lack of attachment, the separation of individuals from one another, and the lack of social interactions, along with other urban problems, are the result of a modernist vision of space.

The purpose of the study is to classify the qualitative components of communal spaces in residential complexes with moderate urban density in Tehran. To extract the values of qualitative, physical and perceptual qualities in the residential complex scale, as well as the manner and magnitude of the influence of physical components in creating a sense of place attachment, is the main purpose of this research.

The method of this research is the combination of quantitative and qualitative method. Using the causal-comparative strategy, the effect of physical characteristics of residential spaces was studied on the attachment of residents. In order to conduct empirical and survey studies, after field surveys, based on the scale, class and form of open and closed space, different types of residential complexes were selected. From regular daily visits through behavioral recording and completing 361 questionnaires along with analysis (Multivariate regression) through the correlation strategy and quantitative analysis of the data using SPSS 19 software, were tested on several components and personality and behavioral characteristics of users.

The results of the research show that physical components such as "privacy", "integrity", "legibility", "visual richness", "composition", "management and supervision", "natural elements" in order of priority have the greatest impact on the sense of place attachment. Therefore, the designer as the creator of space by choosing the scale and layout of the blocs together with the design of the structure of the spaces leads to a change in the sense of attachment of people living in the future.

Persian Garden is the symbol of thought, culture, and beliefs of Iranian people throughout history. Meanwhile, the Timurid era had a significant impact on Iranian landscaping, its advancement, and its presentation to the world. Therefore, the assessment of Timurid landscaping and its hidden ideas can be a guide for today’s landscape designer.

The current research tries to detect the effects of the mental and cultural patterns of this dynasty on the landscaping of this era and the appearance of new physical features in the garden by examining the gardens of the Timurid era.

To find the research question, first, the Timurid landscaping and its characteristics were examined, then the mental ideas and beliefs of the Timurid dynasty were assessed according to the writings of historians and authors present at the court. Finally, relying on the approach of cultural history, the relationship between the two components of the mental patterns of the Timurid rulers and the landscaping of the Timurid era identified and this relationship was adapted with the study samples. The purpose of this study was fundamental and the data analyzed in a historical-analytical method. Data collected through libraries and websites.

The results of the research indicate that some of the cultural foundations and mental patterns of the Timurid dynasty, such as Economic prosperity, urban development, respect for the nomadic tradition, appreciation of artists, displaying the power, etc., affected on the Timurid landscaping significantly. Creating some spaces such as the pergola in the Timurid Gardens and the conversion of the garden into political and economic prosperity symbol of the government are the results of these mental patterns and cultural foundations.

This study reviews the relationships between the elements of the inner and outer text, and their impact on the overall meaning of the architectural work based on the intertextual reading. In this research, after an explanation of the basics of the theory of intertextuality as a tool of criticism, the model of intertextual criticism of architecture has developed. A model has been tested for Valiasr Mosque reading.

This research seeks to answer the question: How does the application of the intertextual criticism model provide a context for reading the architecture?In this research, the main hypothesis is that using intertextual relationships in syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes and diachronic and synchronic analysis, will lead to the recognition of deeper text layers and decryption. It seems that using of intertextual reading has prevented superficial reading of architectural works and it investigates the work of architecture as part of a series of works which have been formed over time and its application can lead to better understanding the hidden layers of meaning and it causes more precise interpretation of work in broader paradigms.

This research is qualitative research. In the data-gathering step, the descriptive method been used to describe the subject matter and in the analytical phase of the data used logical reasoning method. This research is based on the theory of intertextuality and has studied the text (here the work of architecture) in various layers.

The findings of this research indicate that the text of the architecture formed in several semantic layers from the phenotextto, genotext, and the types of implications are effective in the formation of its layers, by applying the intertextual criticism model the layers of the layout retrieved from the layers of architecture to extra-architectural.

Some natural or collective urban landscapes and their behavioral settings, due to the interferences and abnormal human changes in the configuration of their bodies, face a decline in environmental affordances or an imbalance in the utilization ratio among citizens. In some cases, environmental changes, in addition to reducing the quality of location, are associated with the decline of the natural landscape and the body. Therefore, recognizing the damages and creating maximum compatibility between citizens’ mental and behavioral patterns with environmental stimuli and the physical configuration of the work is essential in the qualitative changes of the environment. “Koohrig” in Mehriz of Yazd province is among the natural landscapes that its physical changes have damaged and weakened the quality and affordance of the environment in this behavioral setting, especially for women, whereas in the past it was the dominant territory of this group.

This article tries to investigate the causes and factors that reduce the environmental affordance, enjoyment, and contradictions between Koohrig’s behavioral setting and the institutional behavior of citizens and presents solutions.To supply maximum compatibility between behavioral patterns contradictory to the environmental nature, and to reduce its physical and qualitative damages.

The present research has been conducted via a descriptive-analytical and phenomenological method.

Factors such as environmental fragmentation formed by improper actions, separation and abrupt differentiations of spaces, and the creation of edges in Koohrig, which are in conditions different from the introvert mental and behavioral space of citizens and even the previous pristine landscape, have weakened the affordance of environment and its landscape. Abnormal environmental changes cause the pause and the entrance of people, especially women, to mental privacies and intensify the institutionalized mental meanings (such as introversion, privacy, invisibility, and so on) and the emergence of behaviors corresponding with it. For this purpose, it is necessary to avoid changes inconsistent with the context nature, to remove environmental fragmentations and to change the environmental changes gradually as a soft attraction in the direction of the different nature of mass extroversion.

Nowadays, considering the age of globalization, urban branding is reflected very important by means of a great opportunity for cities existing in global competition. In this regard, the main purpose of urban branding is creating an attractive image for the city and the urban branding approach has centered on the concept of the city’s image. For urban branding and effectiveness of city, the image of the city can be a tool and even a goal.

Regarding the importance of this issue, the objectives of this research are theoretical explanation of the components of city image and their relation to urban branding.

The present study was conducted as a descriptive-analytic theoretical-practical study. The method of data collection is documentary-libraries.

The image of the city is formed in two ways: direct (experience of the environment) and indirect (influenced by the advertisement). Undoubtedly, it has a primary component which includes the design dimensions, physical structures, cognition, awareness, and the functional dimension of the environment. On the other hand, it includes the complementary component that encompasses the evaluative, affective, likeability, and emotional dimensions. They are formed after understanding the primary component. Branding focuses on the concept of image and utilizes physical, socio-cultural and infrastructural techniques to influence the primary component of the image. By this way, it also makes the space more attractive for the complementary component to emerge. The advertising technique also enhances the influence and impact of the two mentioned components in branding and ultimately enhances the image from the exterior point of view (tourists) and the interior point of view(citizens).