نشریه تحقیقات مالی اسلامی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

One of the values emphasized by Islam is ethical values, and one of the successful experiences that has emerged in recent times in the traditional economy is an alternative banking and ethical banking that can be used for the Iranian banking system. Considering the wide range of ethical banking features, their implementation in the Iranian economy in a short term is not feasible, so it is essential to prioritize these features for Iranian banking in line with economic needs.    In this research, by using theoretical foundations and experience of ethical banking in the world and meta-analysis method, the characteristics of ethical banking with priority have been identified. Also, by benefiting from the opinions of the elites through questionnaires, the applicable cases in Iran's economy and the priority of their implementation have been determined. Based on the results of elites' opinions and their analysis according to binomial test, effective factors of ethical banking have been identified. In the next step, according to Friedman's test, these results have been prioritized and those that should be considered in Iran's economy have been accounted for and announced. In view of the results, it is suggested that all features be prepared by the central bank under the name of the Banking Code and sent to the relevant banks and all banks should be indexed accordingly. Also, based on the views of the elites, it is suggested that the central bank gradually considers the operational incentives for the first eight priorities and tries to plan in such a way that each year four of them become operational.

Based on the foundations of stakeholder theory, one aspect of customer support is fair contracts. This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance of observing the principle of fairness in concluding banking contracts in corporate governance with reference to juridical and legal foundations of stakeholder theory. According to the principle of property, the rule of law and the principle of justice, the protection of customers’ rights and the design of fair contracts is necessary.This article, which is based on content analysis, suggests that in the current context, banking contracts are faced with an unfair disadvantage. The existence of multiple requirements is one of the most important challenges that is in a serious conflict with the principles of corporate governance based on stakeholder theory. Accordingly, it is advisable to emphasize the necessity of concluding fair contracts while taking into account the clients' rights in drawing up bank contracts, as one of the strategic principles for protecting stakeholder rights.

In personal financial management, individuals seek to manage their financial resources and achieve goals and financial satisfaction. In general, you can divide personal finance into two parts: income (equipment) and allocation of funds. Islam, as a comprehensive religion, has operational teachings in the area of personal finance allocation. The purpose of this research is to find operational principles for the allocation of personal finances, based on the statements of the Supreme Leader as an Islamist and a jurisprudent aware of the circumstances of the time. This operational framework offers general guidelines for personal financial planning. To derive these principles, we have referred to Ayatollah Khamenei’s statements using theme analysis method. The principles include two categories, positive and prohibitive that are outlined in this article.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has recently attracted the attention of many organizations, especially banks. In fact, by social responsibility we mean a series of duties and obligations that organizations must undertake to safeguard and help the social environment they work in. Today, all organizations, regardless of the type of their activities, have come to notice their being responsible and accountable for all their shareholders, environmental protection and the society in which they are active. Thus, this research seeks to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility initiatives on banking customers. The three different CSR initiatives mentioned in this research are customer-centricity, philanthropy and environmental protection.    From the ‘practical objective’ and ‘data collection’ points of view, this is a descriptive survey research and the data are gathered with a 27 item and 7 point Likert scale questionnaire. Because it measures the relations between the variables, it is correlational and in regard to the data obtained by the tests, it is a field research. By using Cochran formula, from 400 questionnaires distributed among Maskan Bank clients, a 382 sample volume was analyzed using SPSS23 software and descriptive and inferential statistics. The Cronbach Alfa coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire with the result 0.93, and for checking the questionnaire’s validity we used Content Validity Ratio together with the supervising and advising professors’ opinions as well as factor analysis. Finally, the hypothesis was tested with MANOVA method.

The Unity of Ownership is one of the critical issues in the field of Islamic banking and finance that may have some considerable implications for the money and capital markets. Thus, this study, while explaining the unity of ownership concept and offering a jurisprudential analysis of it, tries to answer its basic question: “What are the effects of the Unity of Ownership between the partners of contracts on the money and capital markets?”    Using an analytical-descriptive approach, this paper aims to prove the hypothesis that “the Unity of Ownership will prevent the enforcement of some conventional rules of the Islamic contracts”. The results show that Unity of Ownership carries some specific implications for the financial market relations. As an example, we can refer to the financial transactions by the government,  Central Bank and state banks being exempted from the forbidden riba; the secondary market would not be applicable to treasury bills for the government’s debts to the Central Bank and state banks; and in the capital market, if the issuer and seller of debt sukuks are the same, the issued sukuks for financing the purchase of commodities by the intermediary company will face transactional challenges and lose their jurisprudential legitimacy.

Today, the role of capital markets in financing projects and businesses has more than ever been recognized by economic policy-makers. In spite of designing various instruments of financing, the capital markets’ share in financing is far from policy- makers’ expectations. So to let capital markets attain their desirable place in financing economic enterprises, investigating and removing the hindrances in the process of issuing sukuk is essential. The present study intends to examine alternatives to guarantee in the process of issuing Islamic securities due to the former’s delaying effect on fulfilling the task and its impact on the ultimate costs of financing, then to provide solutions from experts’ viewpoints.    Based on the existing literature, warranty replacements were identified. In the next step, questionnaires based on the obtained factors were distributed among capital market experts. The criteria were then ranked based on TOPSIS method.    The results indicate that determining the top companies for issuing securities without guarantors, supervising the issuer’s revenues by an intermediary agent, issuing securities together with permission for their sale, sinking fund, Sukuk  guarantee fund, and bond ratings, act as substitute guarantees respectively in the process of issuing sukuk  for the capital market.

In this research, we have investigated the effect of Islamic components on banks’ individual shareholders’ decision-making. For this purpose, we have used five variables of transparency, interest-free banking, profit and loss sharing, Islamic securities preference and the correct implementation of Islamic contracts. To this end, 170 individual equity holders of the banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and OTC have randomly been selected and the required data have been collected through field survey method and questionnaires. The research findings show that among Islamic components, interest-free banking, transparency and profit and loss sharing have a positive and significant effect on the decision-making of the individual shareholders of banks but the Islamic preference for securities and the correct implementation of Islamic contracts do not have a significant effect on their decisions. Also, the transparency variable has a high impact level, whereas profit and loss sharing and interest-free banking have a moderate effect on banks’ individual shareholders’ decision-making.

Ijarah sukuk is one of the new securities in Islamic finance. They provide a partial ownership of the property whose interests are paid, according to the rental agreement, to the issuer. Due to the newness of Ijarah securities and their complete legal status, their importance is on the increase, and in recent years, with the issuance of them in secondary markets, including the stock market, these securities are becoming more attractive to investors. Hence, in this study, we are going to investigate and prioritize the attractiveness factors of ijarah securities (sukuk ijarah) from the investors’ perspective. The statistical society of this study includes investors and experts in ijarah securities in Iran. The time of the research is the first half of 1396, Solar Hegira. The data gathering tool was interview and questionnaire. At the beginning, through using the background of the research and interviewing investors and experts on these securities, 9 factors that influenced the attractiveness of ijarah securities were investigated. In the next step, using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) techniques, we determined the weight of the factors. According to research findings by ANP technique, the ranking of those factors are as follow: 1. low risk 2- trust 3-the ability to exchange in secondary market 4- low agency cost 5- guarantee of basic capital 6- specific profit 7. different investment periods 8- sharia 9. tax exemption.

Considering the importance of the issues surrounding resistance economics and the essential role of the capital market in fulfilling the objectives of the policies stated therein, it would be necessary to survey the functions of modern Islamic financial instruments in the capital market to be utilized promptly by the government. Treasury documents are one of those instruments and the main question in this article is how they can serve to attain the resistance economics objectives. To answer the question, by adopting the analytical-descriptive method and using library resources, we have verified the hypothesis that Islamic Treasury documents can affect the components of the resistance economics through supporting national production, Iranian labor, entrepreneurship, transparency of government debt, maximum use of the resources and reducing the government's dependence on oil.

The clearing and settlement operations of securities transactions are subject to numerous risks. Some of these risks can be controlled by tools such as the "Margin" (initial guarantee) by the clearing house, but after all these tools have been implemented, there is the risk of default by one of the parties at the stage of settling and fulfilling obligations. In such a situation, due to the necessity of settling all transactions in due time (the third day after the transaction), the market faces numerous risks. The "Settlement Guarantee Fund" was established in 2012 by the "Central Securities and Depository" Corporation so that the clearing house as the central counterparty could deal with the management of clearing risks. The present research, having as its purpose to analyze this new institution, has been compiled by descriptive- analytical method in three sections. In the first section, three functions of the SGF, namely the transaction risk control, the ability of the central counterparty mechanism or CCP in clearing house, and security promotion of the capital market are examined. In analyzing the juridical-legal nature of the SGF, we ultimately selected the "Mortgage in condition of mandate" after reviewing various named contracts. In the third section, the structure of the SGF will be outlined on the basis of its newest formulated guidelines.

In general, there are two kinds of bank rating by ranking institutions. ‘Independent ranking or monetary power’ and a ‘comprehensive or credit rating’. In the independent ranking, the intrinsic financial capacity of the bank is assessed without considering external support factors such as shareholders, but in a comprehensive or credit rating, the possible external support and its degree are assessed together with the intrinsic financial capacity in order to determine the bank's overall ranking. Most of the research done in Iran in regard to the banks’ and companies’ ranking has been of the independent or monetary power type. The present research has used the comprehensive rating for the first time to provide a model for credit rating of Iranian banks that have been accepted at the capital market and their financial information is available. In this research, by using theoretical foundations and empirical findings in the field of methodology of credit rating of banks, their dimensions, components and indicators have been studied, and by considering the Iranian environmental conditions, the related questionnaire was designed and handed out to a number of experts in the field of banks and credit institutions, and their views on the dimensions, components and indices of credit rating of banks according to the tests used led to the design of the final model including 4 dimensions, 13 components and 61 indicators.

Risk and return are key concepts in financial science and are actually considered to be the two sides of the investment coin. Since Islamic finance instruments are emerging tools in Islamic countries, especially in Iranian capital market, identifying the risks of these instruments and, consequently, the expected return from investment by investors due to the risks associated with these tools is significant. Thus this study, through examining the risks associated with manfa’at sukuk, tries to examine the relationship between risk and return from manfa’at sukuk using factor models. In this paper, the model of the expected rate of return for manfa’at sukuk has been investigated while considering the risks of these securities. The statistical population of this research is the issued sukuk, which is based on assets, i.e ejareh and manfa’at sukuk in Iran’s modern financial tools market, from 1393 to 1397, whose data are available and accessible.