نشریه شهر ایمن
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1397)

Safety and security have been the most important concerns in design process of industrial complexes especially power plants. Diversity of hazardous risks beside the severity of their effects, required the designers to consider and enhance the safety/security factor in design of these complexes. However, this study has stressed that, there is no theoretical literature on this subject in architecture realm. Therefore, the goal of this study was to specify the effective designerly strategies to enhance safety/security factor in power plants. The research method was based on the theoretical survey of relevant standards and also experimental survey of the existing power plant design. The results have indicated simplification, separation, minimization, diversity/redundancy, distribution, integrity, focus on reference plan and defense in-depth, are most prominent strategies employed in architecture design of power plants Complexes to enhance safety/security factor.

The country of Iran, due to its special political-geographic location, Among the countries that have always been threatened by hostile countries. For this reason, crisis management is one of the important issues in the country’s priority. mWith this approach, a city-shaped entity needs a command and control unit of the crisis to manage and manage the city and the people in a critical condition in the face of this unit management. In the sense of city problems, it is rooted in the absence of urban unit management. Accordingly, the issue of managing urban crisis units can be important in removing obstacles and deficiencies in city management during the crisis. The purpose of this study is to identify, describe and analyze the structure of the incident command and management of urban disaster in several sample countries, in order to improve the performance and provide a model in this regard. Therefore, it attempts to introduce a descriptive-analytical method in a comparative study in a two-step process; Referring to documents, books and articles related to research and method of field including interviews and using the opinion of experts and experts in different stages and cases, suggestions to improve the management of urban crisis units through the provision of structural-management model of expression.

Given the high stock of investment and establishment of many facilities and critical centers in cities and metropolises and most importantly the large number of population around them, this settlements in the event of human-induced threats, will suffer significant financial and material losses.Zone # 6 of Tehran, with 251,384 population (2.81% of city population) and 20 km2 area (3.2% of city area), is one of the main municipal zones of Tehran (Iran center of statistics, 2006). Major land-uses, like ministries, embassies, universities, general hospitals and medical centers, big financial firms and so on, manifest the high importance of this region on local and national scale. Thus, it is necessary to pay close attention to issues concerning crisis management in this area.To analyze the vulnerability, using the Matlab software, the knowledge base and rules database are built using expert opinions. Mamdani fuzzy method was selected for the inference system and the membership functions to assess the vulnerability and finaly the results obtained from the fuzzification of indices in Matlab software are exported to the GIS software to generate vulnerability maps.the resuls shows total blocks in the GIS environment were 29053. Vulnerable classes assigned as: 320 blocks, 1.1%, as very low vulnerable; 3249 blocks, 11.2%, as low vulnerable; 11576 blocks, 39.8%, as moderate vulnerable; 12024 blocks, 41.04%, as high vulnerable; 1881 blocks, as 6.48%, as very high vulnerable. With moving from the north to the south of the region, the vulnerability has an increasing trend because the northern part of the area has a fairly large passageway to the south, with resistant and young buildings. Also, Kargar Street is not in a good condition due to its low width and the multiplicity of illuminated intersections and the absence of intersections of different levels. The vulnerability of Kargar Street is visible after the Jalal Al Ahmad highway in its eastern body because low-density land uses are located in the western body and in the east one is revers. The presence of highly vulnerable bridges (Hafez-Taleghani, Karimkhan-Gharani and Enghelab-Hafez bridges) that leads to closure of these streets and spread of vulnerability to around, created the most dangerous zone in Sixth District of Tehran because the collapse of these bridges will be a complicated problem of relief and rescue operations.

In this research the quantitative and qualitative of the vulnerability of the non militant airports against human threats is being evaluated based on principles of passive defense. Airports are known to be one of the symbols of development in society for being able to transfer high capacity of passengers and goods between long distances in the least required time. Non-militant airports are considered as one of the most valuable source of finance in any country and the slightest impairment in its function of damage of any kinds would cause significant loss to the country. The pattern of the applied research and the methodology of the current research AHP-FEMA technique has been used to analyze. The results show that most. The results show that air strikes and bombings bring the most damage to the non-militant airports according to the 15 specified key assets. Thereupon each of the main components of the airport will be examined.

The proper planning and management of the country’s basic infrastructure in the field of transportation is one of the most basic needs of all goverments with a passive defense approach, in order to prevent, in the event of a crisis and chaos. In this research, the main components of the basic infrastructure of the country was analyzed in the field of passive defense. In this study at first, the main components of the intelligent transportation system was identified with passive defense approach through questionnaires and information analysis. Subsequently, the analysis and evaluation of these components were carried out through an Analytical Hierarchy Process using pairwise method. The community used in this research is elder and senior officers of the field of transport and passive defense. In the last analysis in this study, the effects of identifiable transport system components were investigated on various types of human crises. The results of this study showed that the effects of the components of the intelligent transportation system can show their preventive effects and reduce the damage and risks it poses during the onset of the war crisis and terrorist attacks on other crises.

Identifying and evaluating risks in development projects is one of the important issues that will play a significant role in the success or failure of these projects. In the meantime, dam construction projects, due to the nature of the dimensions and complexity, as well as having a dynamic technical and environmental structure, have several risks that are identified and analyzed, and by planning and recognizing uncertainties In a structured way, one can take the appropriate response for a variety of risks and increase the success of the project to success. Neglecting identifying uncertainties that lead to risk, as well as not identifying high-risk risks, can affect project goals. Because dams are one of the key infrastructures and structures that have been used to supply drinking water to the communities of old. In this regard, based on the five-ring model of the Immunization (classification of vital and sensitive facilities), the provision of water supply, storage and distribution networks, which, like the circulatory system in the body, allows for the survival and activity of the community, is part of the Water supply management. Given the importance of water supply facilities, sometimes in enemy destructive operations and sabotage, these facilities are targeted as strategic centers, which may lead to serious damage to society and sometimes to security crises. The enemy, if it is unable to harm through physical attacks, may attack a water facility with destruction or contamination of resources, which will be very difficult and time-consuming to compensate or replace them. The necessary measures in the field of risk management (during design and construction) and inactive can at the time of construction and operation reduce the impact of enemy operations and ensure the sustainable security of water supply systems such as dams and transmission lines and water reservoirs. In this paper, while analyzing this issue, the requirements for passive defense in damming are explored and carefully analyzed. Using hierarchical analysis and Delphi technique, risks are prioritized and, ultimately, logical solutions for proper risk management Related to the barrage dam. The results and research findings of the Haraz reservoir project, as a pilot study and pilot study, show that the risks of electricity, generator and facilities (in the general hazards section), explosion, drilling with a jumbo and installation of the frame are prioritized. They had to take preventive measures in order to reduce their likelihood of occurrence and the severity of their impact