Space Ontology International Journal
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2016

Sense of security is one of the basic human needs and the most influential social components of urban life. Perhaps it can be the most important factor in promoting or hindering walking in cities. In other words, if the neighborhoods of a city have a good level of security, the presents of pedestrians can be seen in local streets even in the late night hours. In this regard and to the answer to this question that what kind of structure can be the supplier of pedestrian safety, the present study deals with comparison of an old neighborhood and a newly built neighborhood in the city of Qazvin by utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) and also spatial analysis with GIS software.Initial hypothesis is based on the assumption that organic older neighborhoods bring safer feel in comparison with new neighborhoods for pedestrians and neighborhood residents. The results largely confirm the hypothesis and also show that nowadays, the old neighborhoods in cities has changed and distanced from the primary structure which require some reforms.At the end of the research, new ways to strengthen the sense of security in the new neighborhood and improvements of old ones are offered. It is hoped the issue analyzed in this study, helps the promotion of pedestrian life in cities.

The remarkable development of sciences and technologies in the world of]o today has apparently brought mankind comfort and well-being, but it has also created new problems for humans including environmental pollution, widespread changes in world weather conditions, etc. Fossil fuels cause numerous environmental pollutions. In other words, on the one hand poisonous gases enter the environment following the burning of fossil fuels, make breathing difficult for people, and pollute the environment. On the other hand, accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere prevents heat from escaping the earth, leading to temperature increases and widespread weather changes on earth called the greenhouse effect. The best way to stop the increasing trend in the concentrations of these poisonous gases is to use clean energies such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydrogen energies instead of energy obtained from burning fossil fuels and thus to prevent environmental pollutions and the problems they caused. Since cities are the major consumers of energy, the need for utilizing clean energies (including wind energy) becomes more obvious because attention to the way energy is provided for cities, and the management of this energy, will influence the preservation of environmental health and the optimal use of energy resources of the earth. With this purpose in mind, optimizing energy consumption and utilization of new energies in cities will be taken into account from the very first in urban and regional planning. Through utilizing renewable energy in cities, we will achieve the above-mentioned goals, including reduced use of fossil energy and saving costs, and movement towards sustainable development and environmental health. In this project, the SWOT table of utilizing renewable energy was prepared for the region of Hashtgerd in order to analyze the available information and offer a strategy suitable for the subject of the research. Following that, a flowchart of studies and conditions required for utilization of this energy, with emphasis on ecological sustainability, was prepared to select suitable conditions for utilizing wind energy in cities. Important and effective indicators in these processes were then used to draw up tables for analyzing and estimating various conditions, amounts of generated electricity and reduction in emission. Moreover, using the KLIMM software, two regions around Hashtgerd were selected for establishing wind farms, taking the required areas for the farms and electricity consumption in Hashtgerd into consideration. Finally, a region south of Hashtgerd was judged the most suitable site with respect to location and other characteristics.

The emergence of new neighborhoodsin historical cities like Isfahan has been due to rapid population growth regardless of the context circumstances and in an attempt to meet the need for housing. On the other hand, old neighborhoods could not often form suitable environments for life because of incapability to meet the needs and wishes of the residents.Contrary to this situation, new ideas and theories are emerging in the urban world in which the main objective is improving the quality of urban environments. One of the basic concerns of modern urban planning in the world is returning to the nature and reducing the problems caused by automation and endless attack to the natural environment of human life. Hence in this study, we tried to further study and analyze one of the outlined characteristics of these ideas known as "Ecological city"and identify and separate the physical characteristics of an ecological city and also compare the physical criteria of new and old districts of the city in terms of closeness to these criteria. The main objectives of this study can be summarized as: 1. recognizingthe physical criteria of the ecologicalcity 2.studying the status of ancient and contemporary urban fabrics in compliance with these criteria. To investigate, twostudy sampleswere selected from Isfahan neighborhoods; one from traditional districts (Charkhab) and the other from contemporary districts (Mardavij). Then, these two areas were analyzed based on physical characteristics using Analytical Hierarchy Process and the results of this analysis were shown by GIS. The results of this analysis indicated superiority of the traditional fabrics to the contemporary one. This represents the human-oriented and sustainable urbanism of the country's pastwhich is neglected and forgotten today.The necessity of analysis of the past urbanism and contemporizing its criteria and indicators concerned with what is known today as the modern urbanism science can be considered as the most important result of this study.

With the development of urbanization and population growth in the use of land for construction of residential and industrial areas and other infrastructure and turning to remove more vegetation,construction materials and non-systematic misuse of cities,urban areas have forced some changes that pollution and poor air quality,dehydration,high temperatures are some of its results.The temperature difference between the central and dense big cities and its suburbs is named Urban Heat (Thermal) Islands that enter the city to a self-destructive cycle.In this way the hot and polluted air increase the city temperature in the central and dense big city,due to closure of wind passing ways and absorption heat by the most of materials in city surfaces and decreasing humidity,so we use more utilities and electricity for temporary relief.However,the generated heat return to the cycle by the facilities,causing to be warmer and upper city temperature and enhance heat islands.This has devastating and fatal effects on human health.It causing many diseases and encounter with loss of water resourses,drought and more polluted air.Then must find ways to reduce this phenomenon at the same time,such as:Planting trees(especially the shady type of them),vegetation(with increasing humidity and cooling environment),the use of reflective surfaces(rooftops and sidewalks,walls of buildings that organize most of city areas)which includes cool paving such as light-colored materials and create shadows on the floor, also porous and pervious paving,ligh-colored roofs,green roofs,use of green walls in the building,reduce facility outcome heat by using natural ventilation,reducing the height of buildings for local winds passage.In this research,one of the strategies have been fully reviewed namely the green walls and its role in reducing urban heat islands.And present the best model by examining a few built examples in Tehran.Correlation Research methodology is descriptive-analytic.Some results of this research are as follows:Green wall on the facade of the building acts as insulation and prevents thermal fluctuations by creating an air layer.Some of the radiated rays is reflected by the leaves of plants and the others are absorbed by plant  and it cause surface evaporation and moisturing to the environment.By using of green wall in canyon(due to high altitude of buildings or topography)can prevent of absorption and storage of too much sun radiation energy during the day and also of anthropogenic heat.

The form and morphology criteria are among  effective components in enhancement and improvement of urban environments and one of the features of successful urban spaces, is the way these criteria are arranged alongside each other especially at the visual landscape of an entrance space, because entrance of every place is the first and most important communication ring between the person and the space. Therefore the expectation from the entrance of an urban space is that it be capable of 'inviting' persons and this capability is manifested when  the person is attracted towards it. In fact creation and enhancement of “Sense of invitation” in the entrance of an urban space cause continuation and sustainability of persons presence in the place and creating a right relationship and establishment of the expected interactions with the urban space. Presence of persons in the urban space, entails the sense of place and sense of belonging towards the space, so it is expected that the form and morphology sub – criteria because of being objective and due to their visual effects are influential in enhancement of sense of invitation of an entrance. In this research the historical region of Bazaar of Qazvin, located in the central and historical texture of this city, has been chosen which is among the urban spaces requiring effective and frequent presence of people. The main purpose of this research is measurement of the effectiveness of morphology criterion on enhancement of the sense of invitation in the region of Masjed-e nabi  mosque forecourt to the Bazaar of Qazvin forecourt. The basic assumption of this research is that the form and morphology criteria have major and effective role in enhancement of sense of invitation of the entrance landscape. The research method used in this study has the explanatory nature and due to the implemented approach is functional. It has been accomplished through field and visual studies of the mosque forecourt to the Bazaar forecourt region and at the end this result is attained that form and morphology component sub- criteria have significant effect upon enhancement of the sense of invitation of entrance spaces compared with other criteria.

One of the important issues for the majority of the planners is the optimized concentration and distribution of service centers. The well-balanced distribution of these centers and services need appropriate site selection so that all walks of life have easy access to these services. From among service centers, site selection for higher education centers is important in terms of their importance and the quality of environmental and physical conditions such as comfort, efficiency, health and safety, vicinity to compatible centers and distance from incompatible centers. This is important in quality of the services. For realization of this type of site selection various data should be gathered and it is very difficult to extract outputs from these data to remove the problems. During the recent years, new systems and models have been added to the urban planning and land use planning, which have become good instruments for understanding and confrontation with everyday complications of cities thanks to the advancements made in the information technology. One of the recent technological developments is the geographical information system or GIS that has high capabilities in spatial analysis. Due to the complexity and abundance of information on the subject matter of this research, we have used GIS. This research, that has been conducted by descriptive-analytical-applied method and based on GIS system, spatial analysis, using spatial data, and reviewing and comparing sites proposed in upstream plan of Qazvin (Sharmand), reviewed selection of best sites for higher education centers in Qazvin. The selected sites were compared and contrasted with the land use of the existing parcels of land and finally sites with first and second priority were selected for construction of higher education centers in District 3 in a concentrated way. The selected sites were located in Ayatollah Abutorabi Blvd. and around Mir Emad Blvd. with first priority. The lands on Abutorabi Blvd. gained priority due to certain reasons we will mention in the coming pages. In the second priority, the downstream areas of ShahrakMinoo were proposed for establishment of higher education centers.