نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 47، اردیبهشت 1399)

The Adolescent’s age is considered the most rigorous lifetime of each individual. These stresses are caused by various personal factors such as personality, gender, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and so on, as well as environmental factors such as school issues, peers and parents. Teens use different ways to cope with stress during this period. These strategies to cope with stress can be beneficial or destructive and adversely affect their physical and mental health. If students, particularly teens, are not able to use efficient stress coping styles, their perceived stress leads to many difficulties to them such as depression, anxiety, and physical abuse ... Another problem will be related to their motivation and success in studying at university level. University education can determine their future opportunities and if it is damaged due to stress and its consequences, one will encounter problems. This research has been designed to analyze the relationship between individual and environmental factors in creating stress, coping with stress and its consequences on the health and future success of a person.

In recent years many studies have been done in the field of the ability of mentalization and parental reflective function  and its role in the development of different kinds of psychological disorders.  The ability of mentalization shows parents’ understanding of their child’s mental state which will ultimately lead to the acquiring of this ability by the child during his or her development. This study is a review of the interventions based on mentalization, empirical studies in the field of parental reflective function, and especially the role of parental mentalization ability on children’s disorders and problematic behavior. For this reason, all the available articles until 2019 considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria has been studied. The phrases mentalization, reflective function, parental reflective function, and interventions based on mentalization have been searched for in reliable databases of scientific articles. Eventually, the collected articles has been studied and the similarities and differences between them has been discussed.

The issue of talent-discovering is one of the most important issues in the field of education and research that has always been a concern for educational systems. Studying the issues of identifying and guiding talented students can illuminate a large part of the activities of the executors and practitioners in order to accomplish their mission effectively. On the other hand, quantum physics has always been used in educational matters and has been very effective in explaining educational issues.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the implications of the laws and principles of quantum physics in the field of student talent-discovering. In this study, due to the nature of the research, the qualitative method of commentary search was used. In this research, while exploring the concepts of quantum physics such as wave/particle dichotomy, Heisenberg uncertainty, Bohr's complementary principle, Schrödinger's cat, holism, and interfering (constructive/destructive) phenomena, the problems of identifying and guiding talented students were addressed. The findings showed that wave/particle dichotomy implies the awareness and stimulation of learners' talent; Heisenberg uncertainty problem, Bohr measurement, and Schrödinger implies the use of several tools and resources for identification, identification in the specific talent location and accurate observation of learners in different environments; The issue of holism implies a departure from the general view to the talent domain and have a subtle look to it; and also the phenomenon of observer interference implies the creating a collaborative learning environment for learners with the same talent fields and paying attention to how we behave towards talented students.

Identity exploration process is one of the most important tasks that everyone should do in life which is, in fact, the same answer to question of "Who am I". During the identification process, person initially concludes that "I am a man" or " I am a woman" which is named gender identity. After defining themselves, the person chooses a partner, that this choice represents his sexual orientation. But in society, there are people who are attracted to their same sex. In this regard, it must be said that less understanding of their identification process is available. In this paper, by using library studies method and taking notes and reading documents and collecting scientific material in international papers, in Persian and English languages in 1970-2019 it has been attempted to describe homosexuals identification models to be achieved the necessary and sufficient cognition of these people and finally can be used by mental health professionals to provide better counseling and psychological services to them. The findings indicated that there are six well-known models of homosexual identification that explain this process well. The conclusion is that the identification processes in homosexuals and heterosexuals are very different, and time and place factors have a profound effect on it.

The purpose of this study was to predict female students' achievement motivation based on mothers' perfectionism and personality traits. The study was carried out using descriptive-correlational method. To this purpose, of all the female students in the first round high schools of Tehran city and their parents in the academic year 2018-2019, 384 cases were selected as the statistical sample using multi-stage cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, Herman's Achievement Motivation Scale (1987), Frost's Perfectionism Scale (1990), and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI, Costa & McCrae, 1997) were used. The collected data were analyzed using multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results of data analysis showed that maternal perfectionism dimensions predict 65.5 % of female students' achievement motivation. The greatest contribution is related to casting doubt over the action, individual standards, parent's criticism, concerns about mistakes, and order components, respectively. Meanwhile, casting doubt over the action, parent's criticism, and concerns about mistakes negatively, and individual standards and order positively contributed to the prediction of achievement motivation. Moreover, parental expectation component had no significant contribution to the model prediction. Additionally, mother's character components predict 46.6% of the female students' achievement motivation; and conscientiousness, flexibility, agreeableness, neuroticism, and extraversion made the greatest contribution, respectively. Of these, only   neuroticism negatively contributed to the prediction of achievement motivation.

This study examined the relationship between personality traits and love styles with alexithymia. This research was a correlational study. One hundred persons of married women’s between 20-50 ages were selected from the Islamic Azad University of Karaj in 2018-2019 by available sampling method. The sample replied to three questionnaires include five factors of NEO Personality, Sternberg’s theory of love, and Toronto’s Alexithymia. Data obtained from samples were analyzed using the Pearson correlation method and regression analysis. Results showed that there was a positive relationship among neuroticism and alexithymia and negative relationship among conciseness and alexithymia. There was no significant correlation between extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness (P<0/001). There is a significant negative relationship between intimacy and alexithymia. But the desire, commitment, and alexithymia were not a statistically significant relationship. Also, suggest that Personality traits and Love styles can predict Alexithymia (P<0/001).

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of satisfying basical psychological needs and self-compassion in predicting bullying in high school students. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all male and female high school students in Tehran in the academic year of 1398-98 that were 224400 people. The sample size was estimated 380 using Krejcie and Morgan table and were selected by cluster random sampling. Data were collected using the Bullying Questionnaire (Pachin & Hinduja, 2011), the Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale (Lagardia et al. 2000) and the Self-Compassion Scale (Nephi, 2003). The results were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with Enter method. The results showed that self-compassion has a negative and significant relationship with bullying. Among the basic psychological needs, communication with others and autonomy have a significant negative relationship with bullying. However, there was no significant relationship between competence and bullying. Self-compassion, communication with others, and autonomy significantly predict bullying in students. Based on the findings of the present study, it is suggested that psychological and educational interventions based on promoting self-compassion and satisfying basic psychological needs be conducted to reduce bullying in students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric parameters of Perth's anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ) and its relationship with cognitive emotion regulation. To investigate the validity of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation and SPSS version 24 software was used. The results showed that 22 out of a total of 24 items translated into the Persian language are suitable for Iranian culture and cover four factors that together account for 60.90 percent of the total variance. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for all subscales and the total scale was higher than 0.7. Regarding the study of the relationship between emotional collapse and emotional adjustment of the total emotional collapse scale, there is a direct and significant relationship with "self-induction," "anticipatory," "catastrophe" and "positive re-focusing," and the full scale.

Social life is one of the most critical factors of the evolution of the behavior of non-human primates and humans. Several factors, such as an increase in brain size, adaptive modules, and grooming, are related to the complexities of social groups. Although some scientists have mentioned foraging as a rival hypothesis for the evolution of behavior, in this research, we tried to investigate the role of social life. Factors like an increase in brain size, cheat-detection module, the theory of mind, and group size in the evolution of human behavior and the end, the function of the group, and mechanisms of group integration are discussed.

This study aimed to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and internet addiction, regarding meditating the role of self-esteem. This study was descriptive-correlational. Participants were 300 undergraduate students of Tabriz University in 2018-19, selected by multistage cluster sampling. The instruments were the internet Addiction Questionnaire (Yang, 1998), Adults Attachment Inventory (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) and Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1979). Data were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling method and the results showed that the measured model has a relatively favorable fit with the theoretical model (RMSEA=0.04, CFI=0.91, GFI=0.92). Attachment styles, in addition to their direct role, could significantly explain the symptoms of internet addiction through self-esteem. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that deficits in parental functions and insecure relations with caregivers affect individuals' self-esteem, and fluctuating self-esteem is associated with problematic behaviors like extreme tendency to the internet. It is suggested to consider the role of attachment styles and self-esteem in prevention and treatment interventions of internet addiction.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on quality of life and marital burnout  in opiate dependent male. This is a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of research included all opiate dependent male who referred to one of the addiction treatment centers in Rasht during the second half of the year. Thirty addicted men were selected by purposeful sampling (inclusion and exclusion criteria) and were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). mindfulness-based stress reduction program was administered to the experimental group in a group of 8 sessions for 90 minutes once a week; the control group was in wait list for two months. World Health Organization Quality of Life-BRIEF and Pinez Burnout Scale were used in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of post-test scores in the experimental and control groups in the variables of quality of life and marital burnout. it can be said that attention-based stress reduction therapy has an impact on improving quality of life and reducing marital burnout in opiate dependent male.

Attachment styles can explain many of the psychological traits such as self-differentiation, cognitive flexibility, and marital intimacy that warrant attention to this variable. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between attachment styles with self-differentiation, cognitive flexibility and marital intimacy in married female students of Azad University. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of the study included all married female students of Islamic Azad University of Rasht. A sample of 300 people was selected as available and then the data were collected using the Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaires of Hazzan and Shaver (1987), Self-differentiation of Skorown and Friedlander (1998), Cognitive Flexibility Dennis and Vanderval (2010) and Walker, Skowronski & Thompson (2003) Marital Intimacy were collected. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between self-differentiation and cognitive flexibility with secure attachment style and a significant negative correlation with avoidant and anxiety-ambivalent insecure attachment styles (P<0.05). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between marital intimacy and secure attachment style and negative and ambivalent anxiety-insecure attachment style (P<0.01). Given the results and the importance of attachment styles in marital intimacy, it is suggested that more attention be paid to attachment styles at different ages in order to experience fewer problems in the future.

This study aims to analyze the educational ideas of postmodernism philosopher Michel Foucault. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical and the statistical population has been all the books, works, and articles in Michel Foucault's thinking. The sample has been purposely targeted, all texts available. Documentation method and fisheries research tool were used for data collection. The method of data analysis was descriptive-analytical. The findings of the study in terms of purpose, method and content are as follows Michel Foucault describes the purpose of education as liberating power and self-creation. On the other hand, he believes in the active and dynamic teaching and training of critical students; And as for the content dimension, the results showed that the content had to be chosen according to the situations. And the management of this program recommends it patiently and easily.

The present research aimed to study the effectiveness of group hope therapy in resilience and happiness of female students. The present research was a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all female high school students of Quchan, Razavi Khorasan Province, in the academic year 2013-2014. In order to select a sample, one of the 21 all-girls high schools in this city was randomly selected and then students who were willing to participate in this research project were invited to enroll. Finally, a total of 45 students were assigned to two test groups of 15 and a control group of 15. Students in the test groups participated in 8 one-hour sessions of group intervention based on Snyder’s protocol (2002), whereas those in the control group received no intervention. The required data were collected using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Oxford Happiness Inventory. The data were statistically analyzed using descriptive tests and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the pretest and posttest scores of resilience and happiness. The study findings suggest that group hope therapy was effective in resilience and happiness of female students and, therefore, it can be used as a psychological intervention along with other ones.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive-thinking education on cognitive flexibility and resiliency in mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Tehran. In a semi-experimental with pretest- posttest design, 30 mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder were sampled using the convenience method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. For the experimental group, For the experimental group, 7 sessions were performed for 120 minutes of positive thinking training. The data were collected using Denis and Vendoral cognitive flexibility scale (CFI) and the Conner and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (CD-RISC). Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. The results of this study showed that positive thinking education has a significant effect on cognitive flexibility and resilience of these mothers. Therefore, positive thinking education can be considered an effective intervention to increase the cognitive flexibility and resilience in mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.